Exotic Matter: Equation of State, Neutrino, Bose-einstein Condensate, Alcubierre Drive, Dark Matter, Neutron Star, White Dwarf, Wormhole

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 71. Chapters: Equation of state, Superconductivity, Neutrino, Bose-Einstein condensate, Alcubierre drive, Dark matter, Neutron star, White dwarf, Wormhole, Degenerate matter, Weakly interacting massive particles, Strangeness production, Quark-gluon plasma, Compact star, Negative mass, Hyperon, Quark star, Dark flow, Massive compact halo object, Strange matter, Holeum, PICASSO, Hypernucleus, Glueball, Hypertriton. Excerpt: In astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is matter that is inferred to exist from gravitational effects on visible matter and gravitational lensing of background radiation, but that neither emits nor scatters light or other electromagnetic radiation (and so cannot be directly detected via optical or radio astronomy). Its existence was hypothesized to account for discrepancies between calculations of the mass of galaxies, clusters of galaxies and the entire universe made through dynamical and general relativistic means, and calculations based on the mass of the visible "luminous" matter these objects contain: stars and the gas and dust of the interstellar and intergalactic medium. According to observations of structures larger than solar systems, as well as Big Bang cosmology interpreted under the Friedmann equations and the FLRW metric, dark matter accounts for 23% of the mass-energy density of the observable universe. In comparison, ordinary matter accounts for only 4.6% of the mass-energy density of the observable universe, with the remainder being attributable to dark energy. From these figures, dark matter constitutes 83%, (23/(23+4.6)), of the matter in the universe, whereas ordinary matter makes up only 17%. Dark matter was postulated by Fritz Zwicky in 1934 to account for evidence of "missing mass" in the orbital velocities of galaxies in clusters. Subsequently, other observations have indicated the presen...