In Vitro Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity Tests

abnormalities Acad actinomycin activity agents alcian blue alcian blue staining Anat animals antifungal arotinoid assay assessed azathioprine Basel Biol bud cell cultures cadmium carcinogens cell culture cell number chemicals chick embryo chondrogenesis colchicine compounds concentration Concepts Toxicol cyclophosphamide detection developmental toxicity differentiation dissociation drugs effects embryo culture system embryonic development embryos embryotoxic endpoints enzyme epididymis epithelial cells etretinate exposure Fertil fetal gestation human hydra induced inhibition Karger Ketoconazole Kochhar Leydig cell limb bud limb bud cell male malformations mammalian maternal metabolism metabolites methods mg/kg mice microsomal Morph mouse embryos Mutagens Neubert organ culture organogenesis peak serum pharmacokinetic poulet pregnant preimplantation rabbit Reprod reproductive retinoic acid retinoids rodent Sadler Schmid Schowing somite specific sperm spermatozoa Spielmann studies substances technique teratogenesis teratogenic teratogenic dose Teratogenicity Tests Teratology testis testosterone thalidomide tissue toxicology treatment trypan blue vitro tests vivo vivo teratogenicity whole embryo culture µg/ml