The New York Supplement

session. Belotti v. Bickhardt, 127 N. E. 239, | For review of rulings in particular actions or 228 N. Y. 296. proceedings, see also the various specific topics.

(E) Duration and Continuity of Posses

sion.

43(3) (N.Y.) May continue during posses-2 (N.Y.) Legislature may limit right of I. NATURE AND FORM OF REMEDY. sion of different persons if chain of privity unbroken.-Belotti v. Bickhardt, 127 N. E. 239, 228 N. Y. 296.

43(4) (N.Y.) Conveyance of lot held intended to transfer possession of building encroaching on adjoining lot.--Belotti v. Bickhardt, 127 N. E. 239, 228 N. Y. 296.

(F) Hostile Character of Possession.

68 (N.Y.) Deed or instrument not required when possession actual, and adverse claim otherwise evident.-Belotti v. Bickhardt, 127 N. E. 239, 228 N. Y. 296.

AGENCY.

See Principal and Agent.

ALIENS.

IV. NATURALIZATION.

People ex rel. Crane v. Hahlo, 127 N. E. 402, appeal or review, even in pending litigation.208 N. Y. 309.

V. PRESENTATION AND RESERVA-
TION IN LOWER COURT OF
GROUNDS OF REVIEW.

(A) Issues and Questions in Lower Court.
173(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Defensive
not raised on trial, not available.-Simpson v.
Atlantic Coast Shipping Co., 331.
contention,

173(1)(N.Y.Sup.) Matters not pleaded in lower court not available.-Seidman v. McCahill, 800.

(B) Objections and Motions, and Rulings Thereon.

197(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Claim cannot be made first on appeal that evidence was inadmissible 101. under pleadings.-Biggs v. Steinway & Sons,

68 (N.Y.Sup.) Certificates from Department of Justice do not entitle enemies to naturaliza-205 (N.Y.) Court must be adequately intion. In re Schuster, 357. Enemies must obtain certificate before apply- sall v. Shiverick, 127 N. E. 475. formed of purpose of evidence offered:-Boning for naturalization.-Id.

ALTERATION OF INSTRUMENTS.

30 (N.Y.Sup.) Whether indorsement was on check when received held for jury.-Hoerst v. Forest Box & Lumber Co., 903.

ANIMALS.

231(3) (N.Y.Sup.) General objection to evidence sufficient, where evidence in any event incompetent.-United Steel & Metal Corporation v. Catevenis, 879.

232(2) (N.Y.Sup.) Objection to testimony on untenable ground effective, if evidence not competent.-Treadwell v. City of Yonkers, 675. (C) Exceptions.

2011⁄2 [New, vol. 20 Key-No. Series] 251 (N.Y.) Question of law not reviewable without (N.Y.Sup.) Registry rule of association Synthetic Dyes, 127 N. E. 895, 229 N. Y. 106. exception.-McKellar V. American held not to warrant cancellation of record for 263(1) ̧ (N.Y.) Defendant, who did not exfraud.-Cabana v. Holstein-Friesian Ass'n of cept to charge, cannot complain.-Greenberg America, 658. v. Schlanger, 127 N. E. 896, 229 N. Y. 120. Registery rule of association held to author-280 (N.Y.) Exception and ize rejection of records based on dishonest tests.-Id.

Registry subject to cancellation on notice.—Id. Registry not subject to cancellation on vote of objectionable officials.-Id. Registry not subject to cancellation without cross-examination of witness.-Id. Registry subject to cancellation without regard to common-law rules of evidence.-Id. Registry subject to cancellation on ex parte statements and hearsay evidence.-Id.

69 (N.Y.Sup.) Injury by wild animal kept in zoological garden under legislative authority not actionable on theory of nuisance.-Guzzi v. New York Zoological Soc., 257.

ANTI-TRUST LAW.

See Monopolies, 13.

APPEAL.

charge not necessary to present error in subrequest mitting two grounds of liability, one unsupported.-Greenberg v. Schlanger, 127 N. E. 896, 229 N. Y. 120.

XIII. DISMISSAL, WITHDRAWAL, OR

ABANDONMENT.

805 (N.Y.Sup.) Abandoned appeal dismissed. In re Atkinson's Adm'r, 780.

XVI. REVIEW.

(A) Scope and Extent in General.

864 (N.Y.Sup.) On appeal from judgment alone, appellant may claim that verdict was against weight of evidence.-Neubauer v. Nassau Electric R. Co., 20.

(D) Amendments, Additional Proofs, and Trial of Cause Anew.

888(2) (N.Y.Sup.) Testimony for injured pedestrian, not within pleading, could not be

See Courts, 237; Criminal Law, 1066-made competent by amendment on appeal.1184.

Treadwell v. City of Yonkers, 675.

For cases in Dec.Dig. & Am.Dig. Key-No.Series & Indexes see same topic and KEY-NUMBER

927(4) (N.Y.Sup.) Facts stated in coun-
sel's opening taken as true on motion and ap-
peal. Chysky v. Drake Bros. Co., 459.

930(4) (N.Y.Sup.) Where verdict might
rest on either of two issues, it cannot stand if
there is error as to one issue.-Middleton v.
Third Ave. Ry. Co.. 598.

931(1) (N.Y.) Appellant entitled to benefit
of favorable findings.-Ball v. New York Cent.
R. Co., 127 N. E. 493, 229 N. Y. 33.

(F) Discretion of Lower Court.

961 (N.Y.Sup.) When discretion of judge,
granting order for examination before trial, will
not be disturbed.-Pierce v. Morris, 132.

Discretion in limiting scope of examination
before trial not interfered with.-Id.

(D) Reversal.

1169(6) (N.Y.) Judgment reversed, where
it cannot be determined whether based on
ground of liability properly or improperly sub-
(G) Questions of Fact, Verdicts, and Find-mitted.-Greenberg v. Schlanger, 127 N. É. 896,
229 N. Y. 120.

ings.

996 (N.Y.Sup.) Finding on conflicting evi-1180(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Riparian owner, filling
dence conclusive.-Housman v. Waterhouse, in land below high-water mark, held not a
249.
trespasser, after reversal of judgment in his
997 (3) (N.Y.Sup.) Finding, on both parties favor.-Tiffany v. Town of Oyster Bay, 738.
asking directed verdict, held conclusive.-Dur-1180(3) (N.Y.Sur.) Reversal inures to
ham v. Stuyvesant Ins. Co. of the City of New benefit of all jointly interested, though not all
York, SS7.
appealed. In re Schaefer's Estate, 732.
1008 (1) (N.Y.Sup.) Findings supported by (E) Rendition, Form, and Entry of Judg-
evidence as to ownership binding.-Reimer v.
Naughton, 70.

(H) Harmless Error.

1033(9) (N.Y.Sup.) Defendant cannot com-
plain that proof warranted larger judgment for
plaintiffs.-Pearlberg v. Levisohn, 615.

ment.

1182 (N.Y.) Appellate Division, reversing
finding of trial court or making new findings,
must set out such finding in its order.-Green-
Hartford, Conn., 127 N. E. 249, 228 N. Y. 388.
taner et al. v. Connecticut Fire Ins. Co. of

ARGUMENT. OF COUNSEL.

1041 (3) (N.Y.Sup.) Denial of motion to
amend harmless, where amendment would be
unavailing.-Durham v. Stuyvesant Ins. Co. | See Trial, 109.
of the City of New York, 887.

1060 (2) (N.Y.Sup.) Introduction of evi-
dence of conversations had with defendant, con-
trary to stipulations made by counsel, prejudi-
cial error.-Szunyog v. Kiss, 898.

1064(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Submission of attor-
ney's action for retainer, without placing bur-
den of proving fraud in procuring contract on
clients, held reversible error.-Hayden v. Pur-
cell, 293.

1067 (N.Y.Sup.) Refusal to give requested
instruction held prejudicial in close case.-Letz-
ter v. Ocean Electric Ry. Co., 649.

(J) Decisions of Intermediate Courts.
1083(1) (N.Y.) Court of Appeals will re-
instate judgment reversed on question of law,
there being no exception in lower court.-
McKellar V. American Synthetic Dyes, 127
N. E. 895, 229 N. Y. 106.

ASSESSMENT.

See Taxation, 376-422.

ASSIGNMENTS.

I. REQUISITES AND VALIDITY.

(A) Property, Estates, and Rights Assign-

able.

19 (N.Y.) Contractual rights involving per-
sonal credit or confidence cannot be trans-
ferred.-Paige v. Faure, 127 N. E. 898, 229
N. Y. 114.

Bilateral contract for services cannot be
assigned without consent.-Id.

(B) Mode and Sufficiency of Assignment.
for property need not be filed.-Vilbig v. Kyle
46 (N.Y.Sup.) Assignment of wages to pay

1094(2) (N.Y.) Where affirmance by Ap-
pellate Division is not unanimous, evidence may
be examined.-Greentaner v. Connecticut Fire & Purdy, 905.
Ins. Co. of Hartford, Conn., 127 N. E. 249, 228
N. Y. 388.

1094 (2) (N.Y.) Findings of fact conclu-

ASSOCIATIONS.

sive where there is evidence to sustain them.- See Insurance, 770-797.

ASSUMPSIT, ACTION OF.

See Work and Labor.

ATTACHMENT.

VI. PROCEEDINGS TO SUPPORT OR ENFORCE.

223 (N.Y.) Sheriff can sue to enforce chose in action belonging to attachment debtor.Castriotis v. Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, 127 N. E. 900, 229 N. Y. 74.

Complaint held to show property was chose in action which could not be taken into possession.-Id.

181 (N.Y.Sur.) Lien cannot extend to two separate actions. In re Eno's Estate, 571. A general or retaining lien may extend to any number of actions.-Id.

BAILMENT.

(N.Y.) Depends on possession and duty to act, and not on contract.-Foulke v. New York Consol. R. Co., 127 N. E. 237, 228 N. Y. 269.

(N.Y.Sup.) Purchaser of towel from employé in station held not entitled to recover for loss of coat handed to such employé.-Fischman v. Sanitary Toilet Co., 809.

Exemption of goods for which negotiable 14(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Judgment against bailee warehouse receipt was given is for benefit of

warehouseman.-Id.

I. THE OFFICE OF ATTORNEY. (C) Suspension and Disbarment. 41 (N.Y.Sup.) Preparation of bogus decree ground for disbarment.-In re Bunt, 434.

42 (N.Y.Sup.) Attorney for wife, who had agreement for half of alimony, which he did not disclose, suspended.-In re Dangler, 471. 44 (2) (N.Y.Sup.) Attorney converting funds of client disbarred.-In re Boughton, 440. 53 (2) (N.Y.Sup.) Evidence held to establish attorney's preparation of bogus decree.In re Bunt, 434.

58 (N.Y.Sup.) Attorney for wife, who had agreement for half of alimony, which he did not disclose, suspended.-In re Dangler, 471.

58 (N.Y.Sup.) Attorney censured for speech reflecting on decision of federal District Judge. -In re Markewich, 653.

II. RETAINER AND AUTHORITY.

86 (N.Y.Sup.) Stipulations binding on clients.-Szunyog v. Kiss, 898.

for nondelivery of goods destroyed improper, where plaintiff's counsel conceded destruction without defendant's negligence.-Hale v. Platek, 750.

14(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Counterclaim for damage to automobile repaired by plaintiff held improperly dismissed.-Kendrick v. Rolle, 775.

14(4) (N.Y.Sup.) Turkish bathing estab lishment bailee of clothes in locker of which bather had key.-Fischer v. Roman Baths Co., $90.

32 (N.Y.Sup.) Measure of damages for improper repair of coat difference in value before and after.-Prince v. Finkelstein, 160.

32 (N.Y.Sup.) Owner not required to accept part of goods from bailee in reduction of damage after trial.-Hale v. Platek, 750.

BANKS AND BANKING.

III. FUNCTIONS AND DEALINGS.

(B) Representation of Bank by Officers

and Agents.

116(2) (N.Y.Sup.) By reason of relations with depositor, bank held to have constructive notice of defects in title of notes negotiated.Title Guarantee & Trust Co. v. Pam, 824.

138 (N.Y.Sup.). Not liable for payment to III. DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF AT- person intended, though he used fictitious name. TORNEY TO CLIENT.

-Strang v. Westchester County Nat. Bank, 41. 148(2) (N.Y.Sup.) Liable for payment on forged indorsement, unless protected by estoppel. Strang V. Westchester County Nat. Bank, 41.

Representing payee as actual person estops depositor.-Id.

(F) Exchange, Money, Securities, and Investments.

1882 (N.Y.Sup.) Bank's telegram that it is remitting money does not raise contract.— Carpenter v. Sparta Savings Bank, 172.

V. SAVINGS BANKS.

301(1) (N.Y.) Unwillingness or inability to protect itself by interpleader does not relieve savings bank from liability to rightful claimant of deposit.-Scheffer v. Erie County Sav. Bank, 127 N. E. 474, 229 N. Y. 50.

301 (5) (N.Y.) Donee of deposit can recover it from savings bank.-Scheffer v. Erie County Sav. Bank, 127 N. E. 474, 229 N. Y. 50.

For cases in Dec.Dig. & Am.Dig. Key-No.Series & Indexes see same topic and KEY-NUMBER

36 (N.Y.Sup.) Note payable after date,
without grace, held "negotiable instrument pay-
able on demand."-Keister v. Wade, 119.
II. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION.
129(3) (N.Y.Sup.) Where no specific time
of payment is mentioned, note is payable im-
mediately on demand.-Keister v. Wade, 119.
V. RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES ON IN-
DORSEMENT OR TRANSFER.

(A) Indorsement Before Delivery to or
Transfer by Payee.

256 (N.Y.Sup.) Indorser not liable, where
payee's indorsement forged and maker paid
payee.-Greene v. Poz, 900.

318 (N.Y.Sup.) Negotiation of notes by
payee a breach of faith.-Title Guarantee &
Trust Co. v. Pam, 824.

VI. PRESENTMENT, DEMAND, NO-
TICE, AND PROTEST.

who had transmitted orders through insolvent
correspondent held not to state cause of action.
-Bouton v. Van Buren, 127 N. E. 477, 229
N. Y. 17.

Complaint in representative action for ac-
counting held insufficient.-Id.

IV. COMPENSATION AND LIEN.

56(3) (N.Y.Sup.) Broker, who tried to pre-
vent sale to purchaser he had introduced to
owner, not entitled to commission.-Weinhart
v. Dotzel, 886.

60 (N.Y.Sup.) Breach of agreement to buy
from a seller to be procured by broker gives
broker cause of action.-Newman v. Pierson,
227.

60 (N.Y.Sup.) Seller held not entitled to de-
feat broker's right to commissions by consent-
ing to cancellation of contract.-Frederick Zit-
tel & Sons v. Schwartz, 638.

69 (N.Y.Sup.) Buyer's refusal to buy from
seller procured by broker entitles broker to
reasonable value of services.-Newman v. Pier-
son, 227.

71 (N.Y.) Broker's commission computed
on fixed annual rental, not on contemplated
profits.-Nacirema Co. v. Cassidy, 127 N. E.
262, 228 N. Y. 459.

73 (N.Y.Sup.) No defense that commission
belonged to plaintiff's employer.-Cadman v.
Garcia, 797.

V. ACTIONS FOR COMPENSATION.
410 (N.Y.Sup.) Notary's certificate of pro-82(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Complaint held defective
test may be contradicted by evidence.-Greene in failing to allege value of services.-Newman
v. Poz, 900.
v. Pierson, 227.

421 (N.Y.Sup.) Notice to payee in care of
indorser not sufficient.-Greene v. Poz, 900.

VIII. ACTIONS.

525 (N.Y.Sup.) Assignee held to have ac-
tual knowledge of defects in assignor's title.-
Title Guarantee & Trust Co. v. Pam, 824.

87 (N.Y.Sup.) Commissions on gross rent-
als of lease procured do not extend to per-
centage of rentals under optional renewal lease.
-McMahon v. Beard, 475.

CANALS.

537(8) (N.Y.Sup.) Issue of mutilation with 1. ESTABLISHMENT, CONSTRUCTION,
intent to cancel held for jury.-Greene v. Poz,
900.

AND MAINTENANCE.

15 (N.Y.Ct.Cl.) No liability for excavating
Barge Canal outside excavation lines as shown
by plans, in absence of contract.-S. Pearson &
Son v. State, 481.

Contractor cannot recover for mispresenta-
tions as to character of material to be en-

countered, in absence of plea.-Id.

tra excavation due to state's failure to com-
No recovery allowable to contractor for ex-
plete specified dam, in the absence of warranty
of completion.-Id.

Contractor cannot recover for excavations
required to bring plant to winter quarters.-Id.
Interference with construction by power com-
pany held proper basis of claim by contractor
against state.-Id.

Contractor cannot recover damages caused
by encountering harder material, where re-
quired to make his own investigations.-Id.

Contractor held not entitled to compensation
for harder material than anticipated as for
misrepresentations.-Id.

Time to enable contractor to investigate be-
fore contract held not insufficient.-Id.

Evidence held not to show that contractor

(D) Personal Injuries.

was misled as to character of material to be
excavated.-Id.
Contractor may recover increased cost of
plant made necessary by misrepresentations.
-Id.

281 (N.Y.Sup.) Not obliged to close door to keep children inside car.-Longacre v. Yonkers R. Co., 373.

18 (N.Y.Ct.Cl.) Persons driving into open depended on reasonable prudence, not on hon281 (N.Y.Sup.) Duty to a sick passenger bridge must show negligence of state.-Fraser esty in assuming he was drunk.-Middleton v. v. State, 491. Evidence insufficient to sustain burden of 316(1) (N.Y.Sup.) Passenger has burden Third Ave. Ry. Co., 598. showing absence of watchman at open bridge. of proving carrier's negligence.-Slomka v. Nassau Electric R. Co., 156.

-Id.

18 (N.Y.Ct.Cl.) State held liable for in-318(3) (N.Y.Sup.) Where adjustable seat juries to lands due to the seeping of water.Thaxter v. State, 499.

CARRIERS.

II. CARRIAGE OF GOODS. (B) Bills of Lading, Shipping Receipts,

and Special Contracts.

55 (N.Y.Sup.) Bill of lading held nonnegotiable.-Gubelman v. Panama R. Co., 403. Failure to mark nonnegotiable bill to be such did not render it negotiable.-Id.

56 (N.Y.Sup.) Negotiable bill transferred only by indorsement.-Gubelman v. Panama R. Co., 403.

collapsed, evidence held to warrant finding that the carrier was not negligent.-Slomka v. Nassau Electric R. Co., 156.

318(5) (N.Y.Sup.) Evidence held not to show negligence.-Longacre v. Yonkers R. Co., 373.

318(8) (N.Y.) Evidence held to justify finding that motorman was negligent in running by intending passenger. Campbell V. Richmond Light & R. Co., 127 N. E. 271, 228 N. Y. 383.

(E) Contributory Negligence
Injured.

Person

346 (1⁄2) (N.Y.Sup.) Evidence held not to show absence of contributory negligence.— Longacre v. Yonkers R. Co., 373.

57 (N.Y.Sup.) Nonnegotiable bills of lading transferred by delivery, but carrier must 347 (3) (N.Y.) Contributory negligence of have notice. Gubelman v. Panama R. Co., 403. intending passenger, waiting for car, held a jury 58 (N.Y.Sup.) Nonnegotiable bills of lad- question.-Campbell v. Richmond Light & R. ing transferred by delivery, but carrier must Co., 127 N. E. 271, 228 N. Y. 383. have notice.-Gubelman v. Panama R. Co., 403. (D) Transportation and Delivery by

Carrier.

94 (4) (N.Y.Sup.) Damages for failure to transport measured by value at place of destination.-Seaver v. Lindsay Light Co., 30.

(I) Connecting Carriers.

177(4) (N.Y.Sup.) Carmack Amendment does not render connecting carrier liable for prior losses.-Grand Trunk Ry. Co. of Canada v. Satuloff, 81.

180(2) (N.Y.Sup.) Limitation in bill of lading governs after receipt by road to which diverted.-Grand Trunk Ry. Co. of Canada v. Satuloff, 81.

(J) Charges and Liens.

193 (N.Y.Sup.) Last carrier may recover all freight charges advanced by it.-Grand Trunk Ry. Co. of Canada v. Satuloff, 81.

(G) Passengers' Effects.

401 (N.Y.) Bound to exercise ordinary care to protect passenger's possession of property.-Foulke v. New York Consol. R. Co., 127 N. E. 237, 228 N. Y. 269.

Package left on car in carrier's possession as gratuitous bailee.-Id.

CHAMPERTY AND MAINTENANCE. 3 (N.Y.Sup.) Statute prohibiting soliciting for attorney not retroactive.-Sadden v. Sebring, 1.

See Equity.

CHANCERY.

CHATTEL MORTGAGES.

I. REQUISITES AND VALIDITY. (A) Nature and Essentials of Transfers of Chattels as Security.

Last carrier entitled to recover charges of connecting carrier against whom owner has 34 (N.Y.Sup.) Bill of sale, with paper counterclaim for loss.-Id.

196 (N.Y.Sup.) Consignee cannot offset damages on line of preceding carrier against freight claimed by last carrier.-Grand Trunk Ry. Co. of Canada v. Satuloff, 81.

showing transfer as security, constitute mortgage.-Finkenberg v. Levinson, 18.

IX. FORECLOSURE.

255 (N.Y.Sup.) To enforce payment of loan, sale and not delivery of collateral will be ordered.-Finkenberg v. Levinson, 18.

IV. CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS. (A) Relation Between Carrier and Pas-275 (N.Y.Sup.) Other creditor necessary

senger.

235 (N.Y.) Company and taxicab held respectively a "common carrier" and a "public conveyance" within accident policy.-Anderson v. Fidelity & Casualty Co. of New York, 127 N. E. 584, 228 N. Y. 475.

party in suit to satisfy debt from security.Finkenberg v. Levinson, 18.

See Infants.

CHILDREN.

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