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for the year 1857 was 668,700l., of which only 17,2937. 10s. were raised by the towns and counties, and the remainder, 651,406l. 10s., was defrayed by the public.

The number of the revenue police in 1857 was 1,141, and the cost was 44,947. The use of this force was discontinued in December, 1857.

The Dublin police numbers 1,071 men, and the expense for the year 1857-8 was 74,4981.

REFORMATORY SCHOOLS.-At the end of 1857 there were forty of these certified schools in England, and twenty-two in Scotland. The number of inmates in those of England on December 31, 1857, was 1,866; of whom 1,609 were boys and 257 girls. Several of the institutions are for Roman Catholics, of whom there were 411 boys and 97 girls; and of Protestants there were 1,198 boys and 160 girls. In Scotland several of the establishments are of the nature of industrial schools, and are not confined to offenders, but are open to paupers and even to day-scholars. Altogether there are 22. The houses of refuge at Glasgow provide for 394 boys and 131 girls, and upwards of 2,000 children are under careful superintendence. The scheme, according to the report of the Rev. S. Turner, promises well. In England habits of industry and application are formed, and at Redhill the agricultural operations of the year 1857 produced a net profit of 300l. In Scotland parents send their children of their own accord to the industrial schools, to keep them from idling in the streets, and Mr. Turner says, " they seem to offer the cheapest and most effective means for preventing the evil which the reformatory can only cure." He notices likewise the marked freedom of Aberdeen from that " large class of neglected and disorderly children so abundant in most large towns." In the year ending March 31, 1858, the number of cases of proceedings against parents and step-parents to compel them to contribute towards the maintenance of their children in reformatories was 605; the number of such parties under contribution on March 31, 1858, was 292; and the amount of money received in the year from parties thus proceeded against was 6297. 128.

COUNTY COURTS.-In 1857 the total number of plaints entered was 744,652 ; and the amount claimed under the plaints was 1,937,745., an increase over 1856 of 163,599 plaints, and of 404,0791. claimed. The total number of causes tried, or for which judgment was entered, was 395,731, of which 5,159 were for sums between 20l. and 50%.; the total amount, exclusive of costs, for which judgments were obtained was 978,5921.; and paid into court before judgment, 146,417. The total amount of moneys received by the court to the credit of suitors was 776,7117., and the amount paid out was 771,944%. The amount of fees in the year was 234,689. The number of causes tried by jury was 1,068, in 516 of which the party requiring a jury obtained a verdict. There were 92,894 executions issued against the goods of defendants, 27,783 warrants of commitment issued, and 10,607 persons actually taken to prison under such warrants. The total number of judgment summonses issued was 112,961, and the number of judgment summonses heard by the court was 56,655. The business of the courts had increased 25 per cent. on the previous year, and the number of plaints beyond those of causes tried arises in a considerable degree from the claim being paid without any further proceeding. From the commencement of the courts in 1847 to the end of 1858, there had been 5,440,080 plaints, of which 2,965,464 were tried; the amount of claims had been 16,279,3147.; judgment was obtained for 8,309,2361.; and 1,142,5651. were paid into court without proceeding to judgment.

V.-Population, Poor Laws, &c.

BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES.-In the year 1856 there were registered in England the Births of 657,453 children, a rate of 3.452 per cent. on the population, the highest birth-rate on record, and an increase of 22,410 over 1855; and the Registrar-General remarks that the births are always under-stated, as many are not registered. Of the total number, 335,541 were boys and 321,912 were girls; of these, 21,665 boys and 20,996 girls were illegitimate, 6.5 per cent. or nearly 1 in every 14. Cumberland and Westmorland, are highest in the list of counties, showing 10.5 per cent., while Surrey and Middlesex (cut of London) are lowest, only 47 and 4'9, and London itself gives only 42; but the Registrar observes that probably many of the unregistered are in this class. In the same year, there were registered 159,337 Marriages, an increase of 7,224 over 1855, but still a little below 1854. Of the total number, 133,619 were according to the rites of the church, 9 by special licence, 21,336 by licence, 104,280 by banns, 4,045 by superintendent-registrar's certificate, and 3,949 the distinction not recorded. Of the 25,718 not married with the rites of the Church of England, 7,527 were of Roman Catholics, 9,710 at dissenting places of worship, 8,097 at the registrars' offices, 312 of Jews, and 72 of Quakers. Of persons under 21 marrying, there were 9,120 men and 29,218 women. Of the total, 113,437 men and 99,204 women wrote their names, and 45,900 men and 64,133 women made their marks in signing the marriage register; which gives 71 per cent. of the men and 60 per cent. of the women

who could write. In 81,542 marriages both parties wrote their names, an increase of 4,808 over 1855, and in 32,238 marriages both parties signed with marks. The Deaths in the year were 390,506, a decrease of 35,197 from the previous year; of these deaths, 196,034 were males and 194,472 females, or 104 males to 100 females; and on the whole a little more than 20 in a thousand of the population, the lowest rate yet observed. The increase of the population by the excess of births over deaths was 731 daily; and on an average of 19 years it is found that there is I in every 61 of the population married, I to every 30 born, and 1 in every 45 dies.

BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES, SCOTLAND.-In the year 1857 there were 103,628 Births, of which 53,328 were males and 50,300 females. The total of Deaths was 61,925, of which 30,938 were males and 30,987 females. The Marriages numbered 21,314.

PAUPER RELIEF.-On January 1, 1858, in 627 unions and single parishes, there were 902,032 persons in receipt of relief, an increase of 25,377 over the same date in 1857, or 2.9 per cent.; of these 165,770 were able-bodied adults, an increase of 13,596, or 8.9 per cent.

POOR RELIEF, SCOTLAND.-On May 14, 1857, the number of registered poor who had been relieved in the year was 88,622, a decrease from the preceding year of 10,741; and the number of registered poor at that date was 69,217, also a decrease of 10,756. The number of casual poor relieved during the year had been 36,545. The cost of the poorrelief, for registered and casual poor, was 506,5221. a decrease of 2,3561. The adult casual poor relieved on January 1, 1857, was 3,113, and on July 1, 2,898, in both cases a considerable decrease from the numbers in 1856. The number of poor-houses continue to increase, and 209 parishes, either singly or in combination, either have poor-houses or are about erecting them. In 729 parishes the principle of parochial assessment has been adopted, and in 154 parishes the principle of voluntary contributions for the support of the poor is in use. The total sum expended on poor-law purposes was 627,6051., of which 4,012l. were spent on buildings not authorized poor-houses; 23,2657. on authorized poor-houses; 1,1227. on sanitary measures, and 23,731. for medical attendance, besides some miscellaneous items; and the amount expended on the poor as mentioned

above.

POOR RELIEF, IRELAND.-In the year ended September 29, 1857, the total amount expended on the relief of the poor was 498,2187., of which 292,6851. had been for in-door maintenance, and only 2,4117. for out-door relief. The number of persons relieved during the year had been 186,235 in the house, and 4,616 out-door. The poundage of the expenditure was 10d. in the pound on a valuation of 11,877,0881.

WORKHOUSE AND DISTRICT SCHOOLS.-In the half-year ending Lady-day, 1857, the average number of children attending the schools was 37,340, of which 34,369 were in workhouse-schools. In the workhouse-schools there were 8,759 boys under 10 years of age, and 8,611 above that age; and 9,641 girls under 10, and 7,358 above. In the district schools there were 431 boys under 10 years of age and 1,088 above; and 510 girls under ten and 842 above. The sum paid to Boards of Guardians out of the parliamentary grant in respect of the salaries of workhouse and district school-teachers, for the year ended Lady-day, 1857, was 29,3981.

WORKHOUSE NATIONAL SCHOOLS, IRELAND.-On December 31, 1856, the number of workhouse schools was 137, and the number of children on the rolls was 22,674; a decrease from the previous year of 2 schools, and 8,067 children.

PAUPER LUNATICS.-On January 1, 1857, the number of pauper lunatics in county and borough asylums, hospitals, and licensed houses, amounted to 16,657, and on the 1st of January, 1858, the number had increased to 17,572, showing an increase during the year of no less than 915 persons. The number of admissions of lunatics of all classes, in 1857, was as follows:-In county and borough asylums, 4,781; in hospitals, 790; in metropolitan licensed houses, 1,071; and in provincial licensed houses, 1,253; making a total of 7,895 persons. During that period, 2,865 were discharged as recovered, and 2,148 were released by death. Of the deaths 15 were cases of suicide. Although, as has been stated, there were 17,572 pauper lunatics in asylums, hospitals, and licensed houses on the 1st of January, 1858, they do not constitute much more than a moiety of the lunatics and idiots who are chargeable to the poor-rates of the country, for a great number of the lunatic poor are maintained by boards of guardians-chiefly on the ground of economy-in the workhouses or with their friends at the union expense. It appears from the report of the Poor Law Board, that on the 1st of January, 1857, there were so maintained, in workhouses, 6,800; and with friends 5,497; in all, 12,297

persons. There can be no doubt that the number of poor of this class not in asylums considerably increased during the year 1857; but even supposing that there was no increase whatever, the total number of lunatics and idiots chargeable to the rates on the 1st January, 1858, would be no less than 29,869 persons. The differences which exist in the cost of the different asylums are very remarkable. For instance, the cost of the building and fittings of the Derby asylum, for 300 inmates, was 88,852l.; whilst the Devon asylum, for 610 inmates, cost but 53,6761. The cost per head, in reference to accommodation, in the one case was 2961., and in the other but 951. Again, whilst the Surrey asylum, for 953 inmates, cost but 1437. 198. 10d. per head, the Colney Hatch asylum (Middlesex), for 1,293 patients, cost 250l. 11s. 84d. per head. The four asylums, in which the cost per head in reference to accommodation was least, are as follows:- the Cornwall, for 300 patients, 937. per head; the Devon, for 610 patients, 951. 48. 6d.; the Durham, for 312 patients, 100l. 188.; and the Monmouth and Hereford, for 363 patients, 1127. 18s. 8d. On the other hand, the most expensive asylums are the Derby and the Colney Hatch-above referred to-the Norfolk, for 420 patients, 2527. 78. 9d. per head; and the Chester, for 300 patients, 241l. 28. per head. The total cost of the Colney Hatch asylum, which is the largest in England, was 324,5041. The average weekly cost per head of maintenance and clothing of pauper lunatics in England, in 1857, was as follows:-in county or borough asylums, 98. 24d.; in licensed houses, 128. 24d.; in workhouses or with friends, 38. Id. In Wales, the cost was, in asylums, 8s. 8d.; in licensed houses, 128. old.; in workhouses or with friends, 28. 74d. The average cost in England and Wales was, in asylums, 9s. 24d.; in licensed houses, 12s. 2d.; in workhouses or with friends, 38. old. The expense of maintenance, medicines, and clothing of pauper lunatics, in 1857, in county asylums, varied from 137. 68. 6d. to 271. 148. 4d. per head. The former is the expense in the Derby asylum, where the recoveries are 17.83 per cent., and the latter, in the Essex asylum, where they are 15 46 per cent. It will be seen, therefore, that the better diet and clothing, which it is presumed that the patients in the Essex asylum enjoy, do not insure a larger number of recoveries than in an asylum where, judging from the charge, the allowances are not nearly so liberal. The four asylums in which the cost of maintenance was greatest are the Essex, above referred to; the Buckingham, 277. Is. 41d. per head; recoveries, 17 per cent.; the Hanwell, 26l. 16s. 3d. per head; recoveries, 532 per cent.; the Colney Hatch, 261. 28. 7d. per head; recoveries 8.1 per cent. The four asylums in which the expense was least, are the Derby, above referred to; the Devon, 131. 8s. per head; recoveries, 10.84 per cent.; the Chester, 14l. 88. 7d. per head; recoveries, 12.8 per cent.; and the Somerset, 16l. 3s. 8d. per head; recoveries, 21 per cent. The largest number of recoveries was in the Stafford asylum, viz., 23 80 per cent., and the least in the Hanwell asylum, viz., 5.32 per cent. The number of patients of all classes in asylums, on the 1st of January, 1858, deemed to be curable was, males 839, females 990, total 1,829. The number in hospitals, males 82, females 116, total 198; in metropolitan licensed houses, males 135, females 190, total 325; and in provincial licensed houses, males 199, females 232, total 431. Of the 22,132 lunatics of all classes in asylums, hospitals, and licensed houses, there were only 2,783 considered to be curable.

The asylums in course of erection are the Cumberland for 200 inmates, the Durham for 312, the Caermarthen for 270, the Bristol for 200, the Sussex for 400, the Cambridge for 250, the Beds, Herts, and Hunts, for 504, and the Northumberland for, 200. The Durham, Cambridge, and Northumberland, are to be completed in the present year, the Bristol and Sussex in 1859, and the Cumberland in 1860. It is uncertain when the others will be ready. Additions are also in progress at the following asylumsCornwall for 10 patients, Gloucester for 218, Kent for 29, Lancaster (Rainhill) for 256, Leicester and Rutland for 76, Middlesex (Colney Hatch) for 796, Middlesex (Hanwell) for 710, Monmouth and Hereford for 30, Norfolk for 120, Salop and Montgomery for 42, Somerset for 11, Wilts for 32, and York (West Riding) for 151. When the buildings now in progress are completed, the total number of additional beds will be as follows:in new asylums 2,336, additions to existing asylums 2,481, total 4,817.

LUNATICS, SCOTLAND.-The number of pauper lunatics in Scotland on May 14, 1855, was 4,642, of whom only 2,644 were in confinement, the others either living with friends or at large. There were also 29 criminal lunatics in jails. The total number of lunatics was 7,403, there being 2,732 private lunatics, of whom only 932 were in confinement; and of the whole, 3,736 were males and 3,667 females.

LUNATICS, IRELAND.-On December 31, 1856, there were 1,281 lunatics in union workhouses, of whom 518 were males and 763 females. In various asylums and in jails there were 4,721 persons, and 5.441 were reported at large. Of the whole 5,565 were females, 4,495 males, and 102 not stated.

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SUMMARY of the AMOUNTS EXPENDED for IN-MAINTENANCE and OUTDOOR RELIEF, during the Half-Years ended at Lady-day 1857 and 1858 respectively, in 627 UNIONS and SINGLE PARISHES, under Boards of Guardians, having a Population of 16,529,865 persons; the entire Population of England and Wales being 17,927,609 (Census 1851).

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The increase over the corresponding half-year of 1857 is 60,650l.

VI.-Emigration and Colonial Statistics.

EMIGRATION TO BRITISH COLONIES.-The emigrant ships in 1857 were remarkably healthy, the mortality to America being only o'17 per cent. on a total of 55,601 passengers; and to Victoria, on 18,758 passengers, it was only o°33 per cent. In the year,

18,839 steerage passengers returned to the United Kingdom, of whom 16,727 came from America. The provisions of the Passengers' Acts have been found to act very beneficially, but as only British ships are subject to these provisions, they are too generally disregarded by foreign passenger ships, and instances of ill-treatment and bad accommodation, for which no redress can be obtained, are but too common.

NEW SOUTH WALES.-The number of emigrants to this colony in 1857 was 10,379, of whom 4,745 males and 4,174 females were assisted. The total population on January 1, 1857, was 286,873, of whom 161,882 were males and 124,991 females. The land revenue

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