263-266; of constitutions, 284-285;
of governmental functions, 501-504
Climate, influence on economic life,
34-35

Colonial government, 471–476
Colonial policy, French, 461-464; Ger-
man, 464-465; Dutch, 465-466; Rus-
sian, 466-467; English, 467-468;
American, 468-470

Colonies, race problems in, 55-57; area

and population of, 448-449; impor-
tance of, 448, 449-452; historical
development of, 452-461; colonial
policy, 461-470; classification of,
471-472; forms of governing, 472-476
Colonization, essential conditions of,
452-454; Phoenician, 454-455; Span-
ish, 456-457; Dutch, 457-458;
French, 458; English, 459-460
Comitatus, 96

Commerce, influence on economic life,

36-37; capture of, at sea, 241
Commission government, in cities, 442-

Commonwealth governments, in Switz-

erland, 425-426; in Germany, 426–
427; in the United States, 427-428
Commonwealth of Australia Constitu-
tion Act, 289-290

Confederation, 252, 264-266; relation to
federation, 268; weakness of Amer-
ican, 279-280

Congress, powers of, 359-360; relation
to executive, 364

Constitutional law, sovereignty in, 143-
145; as a division of jurisprudence,
189; relation to administrative law,
190; contents of, 288-289
Constitutions, meanings of, 282-283;
definitions of, 283-284; classification
of, 284-285; written and unwritten,
285-286; nature of, in England, 286-
287; requisites of, 287-289; Amer-
ican conception of, 289; preambles
to, 289-291; origin of, 291-292; adop-
tion of, 292-293; written, in England,
293-294; early American, 294-295;
sources of American, 295-296; adop-
tion of American, 296; French, 297-
298; German, 298-299; amendment
of, 299-302; interpretation of, 302-303
Consuls, influence on international law,
202; immunities of, in the Orient,
231-232
Contraband, 242-243

Dante, political theory of, 114–116
"Dark Horses," 365-366

Day, W. R., policy of, concerning in-
tervention, 221

Declaration of Independence, 148, 156-
157

Declaration of London, 242-243
Declaration of Paris, 240-241

Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen, 167-168

Definitions, necessity for, 15-16; of
nation and nationality, 16, 17; of
state, 19; of sovereignty, 23, 127-
128; of government, 23-24; of law,
177-178; of constitution, 283-284;
of city, 431

Democracy, new form of, 103-104;
weakness of, 173; forms of govern-
ment in, 248-249; modern, 259–260;
nature of, 305-306; injustice of, 311-
312; Greek and Swiss, 315-316
Descriptive political science, 5
Despotism, in forming the state, 68-69
Dictatus Papae, 113
Diplomacy, 229-234

Diplomatic agents, immunities of, 229,
importance of, 229-230; rank of,
230; reception of, 230-231; refusal
to receive, 231

Discovery, as a mode of acquiring ter-
ritory, 226

Divine-right theory, 118-119
Division of powers, theory of, 335-336;
in the United States, 336-338; in the
German Empire, 338-340
Dominium, 211
Drago Doctrine, 223-224
Draper, J. W., 26, 27
Dual government, 252

Duma, manifesto summoning the, 172–
173

Economics, relation to political science,
11–13; relation to jurisprudence, 12

Education, public, 518-519
Election, as a means of choosing offi-
cials, 253; evolution of, 313-314;
under the Roman Republic, 314; in-
direct, advantages and disadvantages
of, 345-346; by majority in France,
346
Electorate, development of, 306–307;
nature of, 306-312; as a govern-
mental organ, 312-313; control of,
over government, 312-317; direct
governing by, 317-322; majority and
minority in, 322-325
Elite, importance of, 50

Emperor, German, functions of, 381-
382

England, civil liberty in, 165–167; law
of, 182-185; nature of constitution in,
286-287; written constitutions in,
293-294; evolution of legislature in,
342; utility of crown in, 366-367; cab-
inet in, 368-372; civil service in, 375;
barristers and solicitors in, 389-390;
justices of the peace in, 396; devel-
opment of parties in, 404-405; pres-
ent political tendencies in, 407-408;
local government in, 429-430; the
mayor in, 439-440; colonies of, 459-
460, 467-468; socialism in, 497-498
Ethics, relation to political science,
13-14; relation to law, 192-194
Ethnic traits, fixation of, 51-53
Ethnic unity, 17-18

Europe, influence of nature on, 27-28,
29-30; development of law in, 181-
183

Evolution, of the state, 87-106; politi-
cal, of Greece, 89-91; political, of
the future, 104; political, summary
of, 104-105; of the electorate, 306-
307; of elections, 313-314; of sepa-
ration of powers, 327-328; of law-
making department, 341-343;
judiciary, 384-386; of colonies, 452-
460

of

Executive, governments classified ac-
cording to, 250-251; heads of, 363-
368; heads of departments, 368-374;
civil service, 374-379; functions of,
379-383; relation to judiciary, 391-
393

Experts, in city administration, 439-

440

Extradition, 228

Family, relation to state, 77-78; religion
of, 78-79

Fauna, influence on economic life, 36

"Favorite Sons," 365-366

Federal government, 252, 266; nature
of, 268-271; distribution of powers
in, 271-276; advantages and disad-
vantages of, 276-280; probable future
of, 280-281

Fertility, of soil, advantages and disad-
vantages of, 38-40

Feudalism, 93-97; influence on inter-
national law, 202; influence on terri-
torial sovereignty, 203
Filum aquae, 225
Flags of truce, 237

Flora, influence on economic life, 36
France, constitutions in, 297-298;
amendment of constitution in, 299;
election by majority in, 346; position
of president in, 367-368; cabinet in,
369, 373; civil service in, 376; politi-
cal parties in, 408-409; local govern-
ment in, 428-429; colonies of, 458;
colonial policy of, 461-464; socialism
in, 495-497

Freeman, E. A., 92-93

Functions, of the legislature, 357-362;
of the executive, 379-383; of the
judiciary, 387-391; of political par-
ties, 401-404; of cities, 444-447; of
government, 501-519

Geneva award, 240

Geneva Convention, 236-237
Genius, causes influencing, 64-66
Gens, 76

Geographic unity, 17-18
Germany, powers of imperial govern-
ment in, 274-275; preamble to
constitution of, 290; formation of
constitution of, 298–299; amendment
of constitution of, 300; division of
powers in, 338-340; cabinet in, 369;
functions of emperor in, 381-382;
courts in, 397; political parties in,
409; relation of Empire to states,
426-427; the bürgermeister in, 438-
439; colonial policy of, 464-465;
socialism in, 494-495

Government, relation to state, 23-24;
definition of, 24; forms of, 247-253;
of the future, 261-262; federal, 263-
281; component elements of, 326;
local, 424-447; of colonies, 449–476;
province of, 477-500; functions of,
501-519
Government regulation, of industry,

512-513; of trusts, 513-514; of rail-
ways, 514-515; of labor, 517-518
"Grandfather clause," 310

Greece, influence of nature on, 29-30;
political development of, 89-91;
acknowledgment of independence of,
157-158; influence on international
law, 201; intervention of powers in,
218-219; democracy in, compared
with Swiss, 315-316; relation to colo-
nies, 455-456

Grotius, H., 200-201, 203-205

Habeas corpus, 393

Hague conferences, 206, 233-234
Hawaiian Islands, annexation of, to the

United States, 226-227
Heads of departments, 368-374)
Hebrews, political theory of, 108-109
Hereditary government, 253
Historical political science, 5
History, relation to political science,
9-11; human causes in, 45-49; of
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,
99-101

Hobbes, T., political theory of, 120
Holland, colonies of, 457-458; colonial
policy of, 465-466

Holy Roman Empire, 94

House of Commons, seating of mem-
bers in, 351

House of Lords, power over money
bills, 348-349; procedure in, 350
House of Representatives, speaker in,
353-354; committees in, 354-356;
previous question" in, 356
Humidity, influence on social life, 40-
42

Hungary, political parties in, 410

Immunity, of diplomatic agents, 229;
of consuls in the Orient, 231-232
Impeachment, 361-362

Imperialists, in the United States, 468-
469

Implied powers, 304

Independence, national, 156; Amer-
ican, 156-157; Greek, 157-158; Bul-
garian, 158-159; Cuban, 159–160
India, crown government in, 474-475
Individualism, in feudalism, 95-96; as
an ideal of government, 482-486
Industrial Revolution, 100
Initiative, in Oklahoma, 171; in Switz-
erland, 300-301; extension of, 318–
319; in the United States, 319-320;
arguments against, 321-322
Injunction, 393

Innocent use, 224

"Instrument of Government," 294

"International," the, platform of, 500

International law, sovereignty in, 142-

145; scope of, 199; development of
theory of, 200-201; formation of,
201-203; influence of Grotius on,
203-205; since 1648, 205-206; in-
fluence of United States on, 206-
207; sources of, 208-210; legal bases
of, 210; influence of Roman law on,
210-211; nature of, 211–217; relation
to municipal law, 213-214; relation
to morality, 214-215; as law, 215-
216; sanction of, 216-217; content
of, 218-243; classification of states
according to, 246

International relations, advantages of,
197-198; scope of, 198-199; present
tendencies in, 207-208

Interpellations, in French Chamber of
Deputies, 352-353

Interpretation, of American Constitu-
tion, 302-304

Intervention, nature of, 218; in behalf
of Greece, 218-219; in affairs of
Japan and China, 219–220; American
statements concerning, 220-221; of
the United States in Cuba, 221-222

James I, of England, political theory
of, 118-119

Japan, reply of, to foreign intervention,
219-220

Jefferson, T., policy of, concerning in-
tervention, 220

Judges, methods of choosing, in the
United States, 388-389

Judiciary, in evolution of law, 183; evo-
lution of, 384-387; functions and
requisites of, 387-391; relation to
executive, 391-393; relation to legis-
lature, 393-396; organization of, 396-

400

Jure sanguinis, 227

Jure soli, 227, 308-309

Jurisdiction, of courts, 387-388.
Jurisprudence, relation to economics,

12

Jus gentium, 186, 205, 210-211
Jus sanguinis, 88, 308–309
Justices of the peace, in England, 396

Kinship, in early state, 72, 75-78
Kompetenz-Kompetenz, 273-274

Labor, regulation of, 517-518
Laissez faire, 35, 483-486
Lavisse, E., 49, 97

Law, meaning of, 174; concept of, 175-

176; nature of, 176; as custom, 176;

positive, 176-177; definitions of, 177–
178; sources of, 178-179; beginnings
of, 179-181; development of, in
Europe, 181-183; Roman and Eng-
lish, 183-185; diffusion of, 185;
uniformity of, 185-186; scientific cre-
ation of, 186-187; classification of,
188-189; private and public, 188-189;
administrative, 189–191; application
of, 191-192; relation to morality, 192–
194; relation to international law,
213-216; international, content of,
218-243; of prize courts, 238
Lawyers, importance of, in the United
States, 390-391

Lecky, W. E. H., 107

Legal responsibility, of political parties
in the United States, 420-422
Legal sovereignty, 135-137
Legislature, evolution of, 341-343;
principles of organization of, 343-
344; bicameral system, 344; struc-
ture of, 344-346; comparative power
of Houses in, 347-349; internal or-
ganization and procedure, 349-356;
functions of, 357-362; relation to
judiciary, 393-396

Liberty, meanings of, 150-151; relation

to sovereignty, 151; idea of, 152;
source of, 152-153; rise of, 153-154;
evolution of, 154-156; national, 156–
160; civil, 160-169; political, 169–173
Local government, relation to

cen-

tral government, 424-425; common-
wealth, 425-428; rural, 428-431;
municipal, 435-447

Locke, J., political theory of, 120–121;
on separation of powers, 329
Louis XIV, of France, political theory
of, 119

Louis XVI, of France, decree for sus-
pending, 149

Machiavelli, political theory of, 116–
117

Machine," the, 417-418

Madison, J., on divisibility of sover-

Negroes, in the United States, 54;
suffrage of, 309-310

Neutrality, 239-243
Neutralized states, 239

Oklahoma, political liberty in, 171
Olney Doctrine, 222-223

१९

Open door" policy, 206, 221, 232-233
Organic " laws, in France, 297-298
Organic theory, 122-124

Organization, varieties of, 257-258; of
legislatures, 343-344; of the judi-
ciary, 396-400; of political parties,
411-414

Origin of the state, 68-72

Ownership, of land in case of war, 235-
236

Panama Canal, 239-240

Papacy, political theory of, 113-114
Parliamentary government, 253, 254-
255; in times of crises, 256-257
Patriarchal family, 76
Patriotism, 71

Persona non grata, 231
Personalunion, 246, 263-264, 265
Peschel, on influence of natural envi-
ronment, 38

Philippine Commission, instructions to,
469-470

Plato, political theory of, 109-110
Platt Amendment, 473-474
Plebiscite, 138

Political consciousness, influence on
state forming, 70-72

Political liberty, nature of, 169–170; in
Oklahoma, 171

Political offenses, extradition for, 228
Political parties,, functions of, 401-404;
history of, 404-407; in modern states,
407-411; organization of, 411-414;
reform in, 414-423

Political science, scope of, 1-6; divi-
sions of, 4-5; outline of, 5-6; rela-
tion to sociology, 7-8; relation to
history, 9-11; relation to economics,
11-13; relation to ethics, 13-14
Political sovereignty, 134-135
Political terms, 15-16

Political theory, value of, 107-108; of
the Hebrews, 108-109; of Plato, 109-
110; of Aristotle, 110-111; of Cicero,
112; of the early Church, 113; of the
papacy, 113-114; of Dante, 114-116;
of Machiavelli, 116-117; of Calvin,
117-118; of James I, 118-119; of Bos-
suet, 119; of Hobbes, 120; of Locke,
120-121; of Rousseau, 121-122; of
Spencer, 122-123; of Bluntschli,
123-124; English and continental,
124-125; changes in the United
States, 125-126; of sovereignty, 140-
145; of international law, 200-201;
of American union, 271-272; of sep-
aration of powers, 329-331, 333-335;
of division of powers, 335-336
Politics, 4-5

Popular sovereignty, 133-134
Population, importance of, in history,
45-49; as agents of civilization, 49-
51; of cities, 435-436; of colonies,
449

Positive law, 176–177

Preambles, to constitutions, 289–291

President, of France, 367-368; of the
United States, 364-366, 382

Presidential government, 253; defects
of, 255-256; in times of crises, 256-
257
Previous question, in House of Repre-
sentatives, 356

Primary elections, relation to party or-
ganization, 412-414; reform of, 422-
423

Prisoners of war, treatment of, 236
Privateering, 241

Private international law, 199
Private law, 188-189
Prize courts, 238

Program, of French socialists, 495-
497; of Social-Democratic Federa-
tion in England, 497-498; of socialist
party in the United States, 499; of
the "International," 500

Progress, relation to stagnation, 82-
85; social, 85-86

Proportional representation, 324
Protectorates, 472-473

Psychology, of nations, 66-67

Public industries, forms of, 510-511;
in the United States, 511-512
Public international law, 199
Public law, 4, 188-189
Public utilities, 509-510
Punishment, forms of, 385-386
Puritans, political theory of, 117-118

Race, fixation of, 51-53; in the United
States, 53-54; in Austria-Hungary,
54-55; in modern colonial empires,
55-57; destiny of, 57-59; struggle
of, in state forming, 80-81
Railways, regulation of, 514-515
Realunion, 263

Recall, the, 317

Referendum, 138; in Oklahoma, 171;
in Switzerland, 300-301; origin of,
317-318; extension of, 318-319; in
the United States, 319-320; argu-
ments for and against, 320-322
Reform, influence of science on, 98-
99; of political parties, 414-423
Reform Act of 1832, 307-308
Reichstag, organization of, 353
Religion, influence on early state, 68-
69, 72-73, 78-79

Religious persecution, influence on
natural ability of nations, 65
Renan, J. E., 17

Representation, of minorities, 323;
proportional, 324; of classes or in-
terests, 325

Representative government, 251, 316–
317