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expected from the red bark cannot be obtained from any quantity of common bark. The best common bark, compared with the red bark, appears inert and effete.

All the above experiments were executed in the prefence of feveral gentlemen.

I was led more particularly to profecute this fubject, from an

Manufactures, and Commerce, and inferted at their Requeft. From Memoirs of Agriculture, &c.

To the honourable and laudable Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Com

merce.

Gentlemen,

AVING been honoured with

ppinion that the red bark might H your premium for the cul

fo impregnate cold water by infufion, as to cure intermittent fevers with more certainty than could be done even by the decoction or powder of common bark; the fenfible qualities which appear from the above experiments, being fo much greater in the cold infufion of the one than in the decoction of the other.

It cannot I think be denied, that the experiments above related, and which have been exe

cuted and frequently repeated with great accuracy, fufficiently prove that the red Peruvian bark exceeds the other in its fenfible qualities, and that it contains a much larger portion of those refinous and active parts on which the power and efficacy of bark have been by all writers on the practice of medicine and Materia Medica believed to depend.

Account of Trials at large, made by Mr. Tadman, to determine the comparative Advantages of the Drill and Broad-caft Methods of Culture of Wheat and Lucerne; and of an Experiment made by Mr. Rebecca, to difcover what Increafe may be obtained from a Grain of Wheat in one Year, from repeated Tranfplantations. Communicated to the Society for the Encouragement of Arts,

ture of turnips amongst beans, for which I return you thanks, I find you are defirous of being informed of the beft method to cultivate wheat, either by drills or broadcaft; both of which I am well acquainted with, having experi enced them many times upon all forts of land. But the greatest experiment was in 1752 and 1753. In the year 1752, I had twentytwo acres of bean-gratten dunged for the beans, about forty loads

per acre, which I managed as follows:

I first plowed it; after which I fowed my wheat in this manner: Every other rood in breadth was in the broad-caft way: the other was in drills. In the fpring I horsehoed the drills, and harrowed it; as I did alfo that which was fown in the broad-caft way. Both of them feemed to make a good appearance. When harvest came, I directed the reapers to cut each rood feparate, and to make the fheaves as nearly of the fame fize as poffible. By this I found a great deficiency in the drilled wheat, not having near fo many fhocks. This was tried on a fandy loam foil.

The next year I had a field of twenty-three acres, adjoining to the other, managed in the fame manner. I found the fame defi

ciency;

ciency; and I think it very eafy to be accounted for. In the fpring of the year, when the wheat begins to rife from the ground, the land being very clean by the hoeing and the ground very fine by fo doing, the flowers, that are very frequent in March, caufe the fine mould to rife on the tender part of the wheat; which, when it happens, prevents it from grow ing any farther. It is a very good way, to fow clover in wheat in February. I never could find that drilling any thing but beans, peafe, and tares, would produce near fo good a crop; neither will they do any thing fo well as in drills, by which means the land is kept clean, and makes a good feafon for wheat.

Now, in regard to lucerne, fanfoin, &c. being put in drills, it is in a manner the fame as in the cafe of wheat. I have a dal of lucerne; part of it in drills, which I have endeavoured to keep clean by hand hoeing: but, after a hard rain, feeing my horfes would not eat it, I found upon infpection, the earth was fo much washed into it *, that it was a good reafon for fowing the other part broad caft way. I immediately cut off that they eat upon; and I then fowed the land over in broad-caft, and raked it with a hand-rake. I have not found any thing of the fame kind happen ever fince.

If this information may be of any utility, I fhall be happy in having given it, as I may be fuppofed to know fomething of the

farming bufinefs, having been in it near forty years. I began at first harrow-boy; from that, I went through every other part of plowing, fowing, &c. and before I was twenty-four years of age, I paid eighteen hundred pounds per year rent.

I have another thing to offer to this fociety, which I can explain: it is, that three crops may grow in the fame year, with the fame culture and expence as one crop; and that they will not interfere with one another: but, quite otherwife, wherever one is good, the other two will be fo likewife. I hold at this time about two thousand two hundred acres of arable, meadow, and pafture land.

I am, with the utmost deference and refpect,

Your honour's moft obedient and humble fervant, WM. TADMAN.

Higham, 19th De.. 1772.

To Mr. Shields, Nurferyman, at Lambeth, Surry.

Sir,

IF the following fingle experiment, procefs, and product of a fingle grain of wheat, will give you any plafure, and you fhail think it worth laying before the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, and particularly Agricul ture, I fhall think myfelf amply paid for the pains I took in mak ing the experiment. The increase appears aftonishing to me: I have, therefore, communicated it to

*This inconvenience attending drilled lucerne, is peculiar to Mr. Tadman's, and fuch other very fandy land, for many inftances can be produced of dilled lucerne, now growing, which is entirely free from it.

you,

you, though there may appear
nothing wonderful in it when
read before your learned body *;
and I may be fmiled at for my
rural fimplicity and ignorance.
As poffibly there may be many
more wonderful inftances of vege-
table increase, should that be the
cafe, you will in a fingular man-
ner oblige me, by communicating
them to me; who am fond of
fuch fubjects of admiration.

I am, with great esteem, Sir,
Your most obedient
and humble fervant,
WM. REBECCA.

Amersham, Bucks, 12th Jan. 1773.

The Produce of a fingle Grain of Wheat, propagated in the Garden of the Rev. Dr. Drake, Rector of Amersham, Bucks, by William Rebeeca, Gardener.

ON the first day of Auguft 1771, I fowed, or rather fel, a fingle grain of the red wheat; and in the latter end of September, when the plant had tillered, I took it up, and flipped or divided it into four fets or flips: thofe four fets I planted, and they

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grew and tillered as well as the firft. In the end of November I took them up a fecond time, and made thirty fix plants or fets. Thefe I again planted, which grew till March 1772; in which month I a third time took up my plants, and divided them into two hundred and fifty fix plants or fets. For the remaining part of the fummer, till the month of Auguft, they had nothing done to them, except hoeing the ground clean from weeds till the corn was ripe. When it was gathered I had the ears counted or numbered, and they were three thoufand five hundred and eleven: a good grain as ever grew out of great part of which proved as the earth. Many of the ears meafured fix inches in length; fome were middling grain, and fome were very light and thin. This was the reafon I did not number the grains; but there was better than half a bufhel of corn in the whole produce of this one grain of wheat in one year.

Query. Would not this practice (fpring planting) be of great ufe + where the crops do mifs, by va

rious

* Mr. Millar made the fame trial at Cambridge, fome years ago, and with very little difference in the manner. The refult was fimilar as to the produce; and he communicated an account of the experiment to the Royal Society, who published it in their Memoirs. Others have repeated the experiment with a correfpondent fuccefs. The making more generally known, however, what rapid increase corn and other herbs of the gramineous tribe ad'it of by transplantation and divifion, from the property of the quick production of off-fetsfrom their roots, may at prefent be of utility, when attempts are making to improve the culture of wheat on that principle, to which the knowledge of this prodigious multiplication of the plants by divifion of the roots, gave rife. The Society have in this view offered a premium to encourage trials of the ap plication of tranfplantation, to practile in particular cafes where it may be ad.

vantageous.

+ Mr. Rebecca is not fingular in this opinion. Though the tranfplanting wheat as a general mode of culture, is not eafily reducible to conftant practice,

yet

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without milk; and having made many experiments for these four or five years past, I am induced to become a candidate for it. I therefore lay before you the fol lowing method of rearing black cattle without milk *.

In two or three days after they are calved, I take the calves from the cows, and put them in a house by themselves. I then give them a kind of water-gruel, compofed of barley about one-third, and two-thirds of oats, ground together very fine. I then fift the mixture through a very fine fieve, put it into the quantity of water mentioned below, and boil it half an hour, when I take it off the fire, and let it remain till it is milk-warm. I then give each calf about a quart in the morning and the fame quantity in the evening; and increase it as the calf grows older. It requires very little trouble to make them drink it. After the calves have had this

yet in fuch cafes as he intimates, where confiderable parts of land have failed after autumn fowing, it may be done with great convenience. Nor does there, after a very careful examination of the fubject, appear any folid reafon why in the feafons when the autumn culture of wheat has failed much, fresh land might not be planted with off-fets of that grain, as well to private emolument as public advantage. This practice is the more promifing, because the tranf plantation may be performed much later than the laft made by Mr. Rebecca, even till the end of April, with the fame certainty of fuccefs; and land which had borne turnips, cole-feed, or other plants for fpring food, even late in the season, might be made to afford a large crop of wheat the fame fummer with great profit, when there was a profpect of fcarcity. The apprehenfion of the too high expence of labour has been made the great objection to this practice. But the introduction of the fetting wheat inftead of fowing it, which is now done in fome places on great quantities of land, with very confiderable profit, has fet this matter in fo clear a light from large experience, that all difficulty on this score must be given up where thofe facts are known. For the faving in the quantity of feed when the corn is fet, nearly pays for the difference of the expence of labour betwixt that method and fowing; and this faving is fill much greater in the case of transplanting than in fetting, though the expence of the labour differs but little.

*This account was deemed fully fatisfactory, and the gold medal was accordingly adjudged to Mr. Budd.

diet for about a week or ten days, I tie up a little bundle of hay, and put it in the middle of the houfe; which they will by degrees come to eat. I alfo put a little of the meal above mentioned in a small trough for them, to eat occafionally; which I find of great fervice to them. I keep them in this manner till they are of proper age to turn out to grafs; before which they must be at least two months old: therefore, the fooner I get them in the fpring the better.

About a quart of the above meal, mixed with three gallons of water, is fufficient for twelve calves in the morning, and the fame quantity in the evening. I increafe the quantity in proportion as they grow older. By this method I have reared between fifty and fixty beafts within these four years, forty of which I have now in my poffeflion; having fold off the others as they became of a proper age and by the fame method calves may be reared with a trifle of expence.

I am, Gentlemen,
Your most humble fervant,
WM. BUDD.

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ment in husbandry are handed about, which never have been tried, and can have no fuccefs when put to the proper teft by experience.

The account I prefume to lay before the Society is founded on an experience of feveral years.A farmer's wife in Pruffia, who had employed this method, kept it very fecret; but keeping only two or three cows, and yet buying conftantly ten or twelve calves, and fattening them in a fhort time fo advantageoufly, that the butchers always preferred her calves to thofe they could get of other farmers, it was fufpected the had devifed a new and cheap method in feeding them. Some of my relations afterwards learned this method from the farmer's wife, and found it anfwer better than the best milk for fattening calves; because it not only fucceeded in a fhorter time, and gave the veal the most delicate and favory tafte, but it made the meat whiter, and was upon the whole cheaper than in the common way, as the whole milk of the dairy could be fpared for the purpofe of making butter.

The infufion of malt or fresh wort, is the fubftitute to milk. In fummer it may be given cold; but in winter it must have the fame degree of warmth as the milk juft coming from the cow. The quantity is the fame as the milk commonly given at once to a calf; and it must be increafed in proportion as the calf grows.

I wifh, that -in cafe the Society fhould approve of it, a new trial may be made of this method; and

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