15.-The compasses of Iron Ships are more or less affected by what is termed the heeling error; on what course does this error vanish, and on what course is it the greatest? 16.—State to which side of the ship, in the majority of cases, is the North point of the Compass drawn in the Northern hemisphere; and what effect has it on the assumed position of the Ship when she is steeriog on Northerly, and also on Southerly courses? 17.—The effect being as you state, on what course would you keep away, and on what course would you keep closer to the wind, in order to make good a given Compass course? 18.-Does the same rule hold good in both hemispheres with regard to the heeling error? 19. Your steering compass having a large error, how would you proceed to correct that compass by compensating magnets and soft iron, in order to reduce the error within manageable limits? 15. It vanishes at near East and West courses, and it is greatest at near North and South courses. 16. The North point is generally drawn to the weather side. The effect is to throw the ship to windward on Northerly courses, and to leeward on Southerly courses. 17.-Keep away on Northerly courses, and keep closer on Southerly courses. 18. No. In the Southern hemisphere the rule is frequently reversed, but in order to determine it, observations must be made in every ship. 19. Draw two chalk lines on the deck, at right angles to each other, one fore and aft, the other athwartships, and with their point of intersection under the centre of the compass needle. BRING THE SHIP'S HEAD EITHER NORTH, OR SOUTH, CORRECT MAGNETIC. Place a magnet, or, if necessary, two, on the deck, athwartships, either before or abaft the binnacle, with its centre on the fore and aft line. If the North end of the needle deviate towards the Starboard side, place the North end of the magnet towards the Starboard side. But if it deviate towards the port side, place the North end towards the Port side. Then move the magnet gradually towards the binnacle, or from it, till the needle points correctly. Next, BRING THE SHIP'S HEAD EAST OR WEST, CORRECT MAGNETIC. Place another magnet on the deck, fore and aft, at either side of the binnacle, with its centre on the athwartship line. If the North end of the Needle deviate towards the Bow, place the North end of the magnet towards the Bow. But if it deviate towards the Stern, place the North end towards the Stern. Then move the magnet towards the binnacle, or from it, till the needle points correctly. The preceding processes correct the Semi-circular Deviation. To correct the Quadrantal Deviation, proceed as follows: The Binnacle being fitted with cast iron correctors, or with small brass boxes, one on each side, port and starboard, of the needle, and at the same height as it. Then bring the Ship's Head on one of the Quadrantal points,N.E, S.E., S.W., or N.W., correct magnetic. Then move the correctors towards the needle, or from it, or put small chain in the boxes, till the needle points correctly. In the above diagram, let the two lines at right angles to each other represent the cardinal points of the correct magnetic compass, and let the other parts of the diagram represent the deck plans of ships with their heads correct magnetic, North, South, East, and West. One of the ships, at the part of the diagram next the top of the page, has her head North, the other has her head South. In each of the two ships, let the fore and aft line represent the correct magnetic meridian. In the ship with her head North, let the dotted line represent the compass needle with its North end, marked N, drawn to the starboard side by the iron in the ship. Let the athwartship lines represent the correcting magnets, one before the binnacle and the other abaft it. Then because similar poles repel, but oppposite poles attract each other, (Bergen's Navigation, Syllabus), we have the following rule. Place the magnet before the binnacle, with its North end, marked N, to the Starboard side, and it will repel the North end of the needle, but the South end of the magnet will attract the North end of the needle, and if the magnet be brought sufficiently near, these repulsions and attractions will force the needle into the correct meridian. The magnet abaft the binnacle will have the same effect. By examining the other ships with their heads either North or South, it will be seen that, If the North end of the needle deviate towards the Starboard side, the North end of the magnet must be placed towards the Starboard side. But, If it deviate towards the Port side, the North end of the magnet must be be placed towards the Port Side. When the ship's head is East or West, the compass needle is athwartship, and the correcting magnet must be placed fore and aft; and by the figures, it is evident, that If the North end of the needle deviate towards the Bow, the North end of the magnet must be placed towards the Bow. But, If it deviate towards the Stern, the North end of the magnet must be placed towards the Stern. The preceding rules may be expressed as follows: Whether the ship's head be North, South, East, or West, correct magnetic. Place the magnets in the direction of East and West, correct magnetic; and so that similar poles may repel and opposite poles attract the compass needle into the direction of the correct meridian. S “Every master of a British ship who knowingly takes the same to sea demeanour." 6. “Where a British ship, being in any port in the United Kingdom, is, by reason of defective condition, or by reason of over-loading or improper loading, unfit to proceed to .. such ship may be provisionally detained." sea PASSENGER STEAMERS AND EMIGRANT SHIPS. 21. "Every sea going passenger steamer and every emigrant ship shall be provided to the satisfaction of the Board of Trade :— (2) With a proper supply of lights unextinguishable in water and fitted for the attachment to life buoys. 22. "No cargo of which more than one-third consists of any kind of grain, corn, rice, paddy, pulse, seeds, nuts, or nut kernels, shall be carried on board any British ship, unless such cargo be contained in bags, sacks, or barrels, or secured from shifting by boards, bulkheads, or otherwise." The owner or master who acts contrary to the above clause incurs a penalty, not exceeding Three hundred pounds. the master shall be three feet |