Nestor from Pisa in Elis; Fasule (Fiesole), in a kind of feudal clientship, whose forms apnear which Catiline was defeated, 62 B. C.; pear more servile than in the similar Roman inPopulonia, known for its coins; Luna, Volci, stitution. Freemen also occur in the history &c. Beyond the limits of their country they of some of the confederate cities, but as a politipossessed the land on both sides of the Po, cally unimportant class.-The most flourishing from the Ticino to Bologna, called by them period of the history of Etruria comprises about Felsina. This country, which they conquered 3 centuries before and as many after the foundaat the time of their immigration into Italy, or tion of Rome. Through the Tarquins, who shortly after, and which was divided into 12 were Etruscans, they may have even exercised a equal districts, was afterward taken from them kind of dominion over their younger neighbor, by the Gauls. They had flourishing colonies in as some modern critics suppose. Porsena, king Corsica, Ilva (Elba), and in Campania, where of Clusium, who made war on Rome for the they are supposed to have founded (about 800 restoration of Tarquin the Proud, compelled the B. C.) a confederacy similar to that of Etruria. Romans to a humiliating treaty. But scarcely Their navy was powerful on the Mediterranean had Rome gained peace from him when it comat a very early period; a legend mentions an menced war with another Etruscan enemy, attack upon the Argo, the ship of the Argo- Veii (485 B. C.). This war, often interrupted nauts, by Tyrrhenian mariners. Their commer- by truces, lasted for 90 years, and ended with cial vessels visited the eastern shores of the the fall of the Etruscan state, owing probably to Mediterranean. The inhabitants of Care were the distraction of the confederacy during the dreaded as pirates. The growth of their com- same period by frequent, successful, and devasmerce, as well as of their power on land and tating incursions of the Syracusans, by attacks sea, was followed by a rapid development of of the Samnites upon its Campanian dependenindustry and art, refinement and luxury, in their cies, and by the threatening advance of its cities. Their coins in bronze, their urns and northern neighbors, the Gauls. After the insculptures, are proofs of their great proficiency vasion of the latter under Brennus, the Cimiin the arts; the frequently occurring represen- nian forest was for some time the boundary be tations of festive entertainments, games, races, tween Etruria and the land of the Romans. and dances, accompanied by music, prove their This was however soon passed by the conlove of recreation, no doubt fostered by the querors of Veii and Falerii, and the two battles mildness of their beautiful climate. They also fought near the Vadimonian lake, by Quintus had national assemblies for religious and politi- Fabius (310) and Publius Cornelius Dolabella cal purposes, celebrated at the temple of Vol- (283), finally broke the power of Etruria. The tumna in Volsinii. Their religion resembled in social relation to Rome, into which it entered in most of its conceptions the polytheism of the 280 B. C., was changed after the social war, in Greeks and Romans; it appears, however, to have reward for its fidelity, into Roman citizenship. been deeper, gloomier, and less fanciful than Soon afterward Etruria suffered greatly from that of the former. The names of many of the revenge taken by Sylla on the partisans of their deities, who were divided into higher or Marius in its cities. Whole districts were given hidden and other gods, and were believed to re- as confiscated estates to the veterans of the dicside in the remotest north-a notion current tator, who afterward became the accomplices among the Assyrians and other Asiatic nations of Catiline (63-62). Octavianus, too, had his (Isaiah xiv. 13)-seem to mark the transition military colonies in Etruria. The history of from the Grecian to the Roman forms. Tina modern Etruria, a kingdom created by Napo(Jupiter), by some critics compared with Znv, leon in 1801, and given to Louis, crown prince the root of Zeus, Zŋvos, presides over the coun- of Parma, ruled after his death by his widow cil of 12 consentes or complices, probably per- Maria Luisa of Spain as regent, and in 1807 sonifications of the 12 constellations of the zo- annexed to France as a province, belongs to that diac. They had lunar and solar divisions of of Tuscany (a name derived from the Roman time, and cycles of more than a century. Of Tuscia). Among the numerous writers who their numerous sacred books, the principal of have treated of the antiquities of Etruria, the which were believed to contain the revelations most instructive are Lanzi, Inghirami, Niebuhr, of the demon Tages, the so called Acherontic Ottfried Müller, Hey, Wachsmuth, Hormayr, taught how to propitiate the gods, to delay fate, Steub, Dorow, Micali, Abeken, Secki, Lepsius, and to deify the soul. Many of their religious Gerhardt, Bunsen, and Witte. rites, those of augury for instance, were adopted by the Romans, who also imitated their games, insignia, and triumphal distinctions. Their priests, called lucumos, appear at the same time as heads of noble families, and as kings or rulers of cities. They formed the senate of the confederacy, which seems to have consisted of loosely connected independent and sovereign members, at a later period ruled by magistrates chosen annually. The common people were dependent upon the priestly aristocratic families ETRUSCAN LANGUAGE, the language of the ancient Etrurians. Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Bochart regard the Etruscan as an aboriginal language; Fréret makes it Celtic, Ciampi and J. Kollar Slavonic, Micali Albanese; L. Lanzi derives it from the Greek and Latin, and holds that the Umbric, Volscic, Oscic, and Samnitic are dialects of it; O. Muller thinks it akin to the Greek; others derive it from Rhætia; and finally, Lami, Pfitzmaier, and others, suppose it to be Semitic, a hypo thesis which in 1858 J. G. Stickel demonstra ted to be the truth. Its alphabet consists of 21 letters, almost coincident in form with the ancient Greek letters, written from right to left, but corresponding in value to those of the Hebrew, though not used as numeral signs. The element d and the Hebrew samech are wanting; g and the Hebrew tsade seldom occur; but the u, taken from the Greek Y, exists, though wanting in the Hebrew. The Semitic aspirates and gutturals are much softened, and consonants melt into their kindred vowels, the latter being mostly written instead of being indicated by their diacritic points. Guttural sounds are not, how ever, altogether abolished. T takes the place of d, and cognate letters are freely interchanged. We subjoin some examples of Greek and Latin words in their Etruscan forms: Tarchna, Meurva, Menles, Pultuke, Elshsentre, Utuze, Itus, Hatri, &c., for Tarquinius, Minerva, Menelaus, Polydeukes, Alexandros, Odysseus, Idus, Adria, &c. The orthography is more fixed than that of the other ancient Italian languages. Pliny says that the Etruscan writing was prior to the building of Rome, but its origin is not yet ascertained. L. Bourget discovered 16 epigraphic letters, and determined the value of several of them; Lanzi found 3 more, and Montani one. There are few words which are analogous to the Greek or Latin, the terminal & being dropped, and e being the most frequent ending; thus, Pele, Tute, are Etruscan for Peleus, Tydæos. The language is poor in particles and simple in construction. There are few words which cannot be reduced to Hebrew, Chaldaic, or Arabic originals. But few of the numeral words and figures are yet known, viz.: 5 (hems), written with the invert ed sign of 50 (hemsim), which is the initial of this word, somewhat modified to form a Latin V; 10 (tesen, from a Sanscrit root), written with the sign of t, a eross, whence the Latin X (unless this be two Vs combined); 100 (t'at, Slavic sad), written with the sign of t final; and 1,000 (akep), written with the sign of b. The following are specimens of proper nouns: Turune (rock, castle, town), whence Greek Tuppηvo; Atri (hedged in, court, wall, confluent), whence Adria, atrium, and most likely Etr-uzq (wall-strong, fort-builder); Mantuha (wet place), whence Mantua, one of the 12 cities of Cispadane Etruria, which was the last to fall into the power of the Celts; Agylla (roundness), later Care (gere, city); Tarchna (roadstead, or way for ships). The termination al, taken for a patronymic sign, signifies "risen, rising;" it is found in many proper nouns, such as Ceicnal, Cfelnal (Cilniæ gentis, to which Maecenas belonged, a Macnatial on his mother's side), Leicnal, Larthal, &c.; sa final is supposed to denote the name of a married woman by modifying that of the husband (like the German inn and the Slavic a), as Lecne-sa, the wife of Licinins. Among Etruscan words and phrases are itus (itis, day), whence idus, day of the full moon; aesar (hidden), God; nepos (greediness), squanderer; hister (giddy, staggering), whence 66 histrio, one who gesticulates, an actor; lana (colored), a tunic; lucumo (possessed by a spirit), à Tuscan prince; lituus (bent), staff of the augurs; lars, protecting divinity; sex, daughter; qil (rolling, swift), year (some read ril, owing to the identity of the sign for both q and in the great Perusian inscription); skal, lion; tla, lamb; us, altered into; tinsk fil, bites terribly; sfeti, I rest, my peace; teufles, thou risest fire-like. Of the 9 inscriptions explained by Stickel, the greatest is that on the square sepulchral stone discovered in 1822 and preserved at Perugia. It has 24 lines in front and 21 on one of the other sides, containing 658 letters. It is a monument of the expulsion of 12 and afterward of 10 Rasne (Etruscans) by the Veltinas from the Apennines into the lower country, and of the occupation of the lands so vacated by the Clensi (Clusii), about the time of the foundation of Rome. That on the pallium of a man deprived of eyes" by a Clusian about the time of Porsena (506 B. C.); the tablet represents "an old man being tied to a tree, preparatory to being flayed" alive. Of several hundred short funeral inscriptions known, 17 have been published as proofs of the Semitic character of the language; some of them are bilingual, with a Latin part giving the name of the deceased, while the Tuscan expresses such sentences as: "While we depart to naught our essence ascends;" "We rise like a kite," &c. Out of 10 mementoes of funeral sacrifices we quote the following: "Raise the soul as fire! it departs for ever;" "We ascend to our ancestors." Beside sepulchral urns, there are inscriptions on candelabra, drinking cups, and other utensils, all of great antiquity, testifying the efficiency of the Tuscans in the arts, independent of the Greek imitations of their works. Some of these monuments have been found in Campania, some in Etruria proper, and in other countries formerly inhabited by Etrurians. One occurs as far N. E. as Carinthia, on a mossy rock in a forest near Wurumbach; it runs thus: Koc'e'tiuoifia nzirios igtib ("Bring hither the weary at seeing this writing"). This inscription appears to be of later date than any other. Of inscriptions on coins there are but few. Under the Roman emperors the haruspices used Latin versions of Etruscan rituals. Such were the libri Etrusci, Etrusco disciplina (religion); rituals on the manner of building cities, temples, and altars; on the sanctity of walls and gates; on the tribus, curia, military order, &c.; fulgurales and haruspicini, and the prodigia; Tagetici, on the ceremonies (cæremonia, from Care or Agylla) of the earth-born god Tages; acheruntici, on conciliation with the gods, &c. There were also ancient pastoral and augural songs. Varro preserved some fragments, and mentions Etruscan tragedies by Volumnius. The scoffing and jocular Fescennine (so called from Fescennium, a city of Etruria) and Saturnalian verses were also derived from the Tuscans. Cicero, Aulus Gellius, Cecina, Nigidius Figulus, and some later Romans translated and explained various Etruscan books, of which we have but fragments.-In addition to the authorities mentioned above and in the article on ETRURIA, see Gori, Difesa dell' alfabeto degli antichi Toscani (Florence, 1742); J. C. Amaduzzi, Alphabetum Veterum Etruscorum (Rome, 1775); G. B. Vermiglioli, Saggio di congetture, &c. (1824); J. Kollar, Staroitalia Slavjanska (Vienna, 1853); Mommsen, Nord-Etruskische Alphabete; Dempster, De Etruria Regali (Florence, 1723-4); Winckelmann (on art), Uhden, and Dr. Frick, in archælogical and philological periodicals. ETTY, WILLIAM, an English painter, born in York, March 10, 1787, died there, Nov. 13, 1849. He was the son of a baker, and at the age of 12 was apprenticed to a printer at Hull, with whom he remained 7 years. In 1807 he was admitted a student in the royal academy, and was also a private pupil of Sir Thomas Lawrence for a year. He repeatedly sent pictures to the exhibitions of the royal academy and the British gallery, which were rejected. In much despondency he sought the advice of his old master, who told him that he had a good eye for color, but was lamentably deficient in all other respects. Profiting by this hint, Etty worked harder than ever, and in 1811 had the satisfaction to see one of his pictures on the academy's walls. By degrees he succeeded in building up a reputation, and in 1821 his "Cleopatra's Arrival at Cilicia," in which the nude female form was depicted with great correctness, and with a voluptuous glow of color, brought him into considerable notice. In 1822 he went to Italy, and spent many months in the study of the Venetian colorists. In 1848 an exhibition of his works was opened in London, prominent among which were the 9 great paintings which he considered the triumphs of his artistic career, and in which he says he aimed "to paint some great moral on the heart." They comprise "The Combat," the 3 "Judith" pictures, "Benaiah, David's Chief Captain," "Ulysses and the Sirens," and the 3 pictures of "Joan of Arc." Etty is considered one of the chief artists of the modern English school. His life has been written by A. Gilchrist (2 vols. 8vo., London, 1855.) ETYMOLOGY. See LANGUAGE. EUBEA. See NEGROPONT. EUBULIDES OF MILETUS, the best known of the disciples of Euclid of Megara, flourished about the middle of the 4th century B. C. His life was a struggle against Aristotle, in which by a captious logic he sought to prevail against good sense. A partisan of the Megaric principle, that there is nothing real but what is always one, simple, and identical, he immediately found an adversary in the founder of the great contemporary school which made experience the condition of science. He attacked the peripatetic doctrine, like Zeno of Elea, by striving to show that there is none of our experimental notions which does not give place to insolvable difficulties. To this end he invented his famous sophisms, of which the following is a specimen: "Some one lies, and says that he lies. Does he lie, or not? By the hypothesis, he lies. Then he does not lie, for what he says is true. Thus he lies and does not lie at the same time, which is contradictory." EUBULUS, an Athenian poet of the middle comedy, flourished about 376 B. C. He wrote 104 plays, chiefly on mythological subjects, many of them containing parodies of passages from the tragedians. The fragments of his works which remain have been edited by Meineke, and are marked by a peculiarly pure diction. EUCHARIST (Gr. evɣapioria, thanksgiving), a name frequently given to the sacrament of the Lord's supper, either in allusion to the praises with which the early Christians used to celebrate it, or because at its institution our Saviour gave thanks" in blessing the bread and wine. (See LORD'S SUPPER.) 66 EUCLID, the most celebrated of ancient geometers, flourished at Alexandria, in the reign of the first Ptolemy, in the 3d century B. C. The Arabic historians give many unauthenticated particulars of his life; but it is only certain that he dwelt first in Greece and then in Egypt, and probable that he studied at Athens under the successors of Plato, and then passed over to Alexandria. There he founded the mathematical school, and was remarkable for his zeal in science, his affection for learned men, and his gentle and modest deportment. Ptolemy having asked him if geometry could not be made easier, he made the celebrated answer that there was no royal road to geometry. To appreciate the merit of Euclid, the state of geometry before him should be considered. Proclus gives the improbable legend that the Egyptians were obliged to invent geometry in order to find again the boundaries of their fields, effaced by the inundations of the Nile. Thence it was brought to Greece by Thales, but it was first raised to a liberal science, and applied to the solution of speculative and theoretical problems, by Pythagoras. Hippocrates was the first to write on elements. Plato, without writing particularly upon geometry, contributed much to its progress by his use of the analytic method, and by the mathematical style of his books, and new theorems were added by numerous lesser philosophers. At the advent of Euclid, something had been written on proportion, incommensurables, loci, solids, aud perhaps conic sections; and the important property of the right-angled triangle had been discovered. It was the glory of Euclid to unite in a single book all the discoveries of his predecessors, and to add several new ones of his own. He surpassed all other geometers of antiquity in the clear exposition of his theorems and the rigid order of his demonstrations. The "Elements" of Euclid belong both to geometry and arithmetic. They consist of 13 books written by Euclid, and 2 others written probably by Hypsicles; and they may be divided into 4 parts, of which the 1st, comprising the first 6 books, treats of the properties of plane figures, and presents the theory of proportions; the 2d gives, in the 3 following books, It does not follow, however, that there is but a single being and a single sort of good, for unity may be found contained in various things. Euclid expressly taught that in spite of their unity, being and good clothe themselves in different forms, present themselves under different points of view, and receive different names, as wisdom, God, intelligence, and others. Euclid also anticipated Aristotle in distinguishing the act from the power, and resolved according to his ideas of being the relation between the two. the general properties of numbers; the 3d, consisting of the 10th book, is the development of all the power of the preceding ones, and is occupied with a curious and profound theory of incommensurable quantities; and the remaining books are on the elements of solid geometry, and were so much studied among the Platonists as to receive the name of the Platonic. The best known of the treatises of Euclid, after the "Elements," is the "Data." By this name are designated certain known quantities which by means of analysis lead to the discovery of other EUDIOMETER (Gr. evdia, pure air, and μequantities before unknown. One hundred prop- Tpov, measure), the name given to an instrument ositions are here collected which are the most invented by Priestley for determining the procurious examples of geometrical analysis among portion of oxygen in the air, in the belief that on the ancients. Newton highly valued them, and this depended its salubrity. Many other instruMontucla styles them the first step toward trans- ments have since been invented for estimating cendental geometry.-The history of the works the amount of oxygen in gaseous mixtures, and of Euclid is the history of geometry itself, both the name is retained for these, though it has no in Christian and Mohammedan countries, until longer its original significance. In the applicaafter the revival of learning. They were comtion of the instrument for estimating oxygen, mented upon by Theon and Proclus, and be- the gas is made to unite with some substance, came the foundation of mathematical instruction as phosphorus, introduced into the gaseous mixin the school of Alexandria. Of the numerous ture, which is contained in the upper end of a editions and commentaries among the Orientals, graduated glass tube inverted over mercury. that of Nasireddin, a Persian astronomer of the The diminution of bulk caused by the absorption 13th century, was the best. The "Elements" of the oxygen indicates its quantity. In other were restored to Europe by translation from forms a known quantity of hydrogen is introthe Arabic, the first European who translated duced and the mixture fired by an electric spark them being Adelard of Bath, who was alive in produced by means of two wires being melted into 1130, and who found his original among the the sides of the tube and nearly meeting each Moors of Spain. Campanus, under whose name other within. In this case the tube is made this translation was printed, was for a long time very thick to withstand the explosion. Every thought to be its author. The Greek text was two volumes of hydrogen consume one of oxygen, first published in 1533 by Simon Grynous at whence the quantity of the latter may be esBasel, and in subsequent editions was corrected timated. by comparison of manuscripts. Since then the work has been published in a great variety of editions, and translated into all the European and many oriental languages. The English adaptations by Simson and Playfair have been widely received as text books in geometry. EUDOCIA, originally named ATHENAIS, & Grecian maiden, who became the wife of the emperor Theodosius II., born in Athens about A. D. 394, died in Jerusalem about 461. She was instructed by her father, the sophist Leontinus, in the religion, literature, and science of the pagan Greeks, and was as remarkable for her personal beauty as for her learning. Leontinus at his death divided his property among his sons, saying that the merits of his daughter (to whom he left only 100 pieces of gold), which raised her so much above her sex, would be sufficient for her. Thus disinherited, and having sought in vain from her brothers a share in the paternal heritage, she went with an aunt to Constantinople to solicit the cancelling of the will. She procured an audience of Pulcheria, sister of the young emperor Theodosius II., and regent in his name, who was so charmed by her wit and beauty that she secretly destined Athenais to be the wife of her brother. Theodosius himself, then 20 years of age, was captivated at the first interview, and Athenais renounced the religion of her father, was baptized by the patriarch of Constantinople, from whom she received the name of Eudocia, and was married to the em EUCLID OF MEGARA, a disciple of Socrates, born about 440 B. C. His first master was Parmenides; afterward he became a devoted disciple of Socrates, at whose death, according to Plato, he was present. But notwithstanding his affection for his second teacher, he retained from the Eleatic school an invincible tendency to subtlety, and it was said of him by Socrates that he knew how to live with sophists, but not with men. After the death of Socrates, his disciples, fearing for their lives, fled from Athens; and at Megara, in the house of Euclid, they found an asylum and a new centre for their studies. Plato himself was an ardent attendant upon Euclid, who taught that the essence of good was unity, unity so entire as to embrace immobility, identity, and permanence. Hence the sensible world has no moral character and no relation to good. He taught also that being consists only in unity, identity, and permanence, and hence the sensible world has no part in ex-peror in 421. She received the title of Augusta istence. Being and good are thus the same thing, namely, unity; good therefore alone exists, and evil is but the absence of existence. in 423, after having given birth to a daughter, and she requited the unkindness of her brothers by making them consuls and prefects. During the first 20 years after her marriage Eudocia took little part in public affairs, which remained in the hands of Pulcheria. She translated parts of the Old Testament into hexameter verses, and a life of Jesus Christ composed in verses taken from Homer is attributed to her. She also celebrated in verse the Persian victories of Theodosius, and the legends and martyrdom of Saint Cyprian. She at length supplanted Pulcheria, and ruled the empire for 7 years, from 448 to 450. Her court was filled with learned men, with one of whom, Paulinus, a companion of her early studies in Athens, she cherished an intimacy which roused the jealousy of her husband, and Paulinus was banished to Cappadocia, where he was soon afterward assassinated. The Eutychian discussion was now vexing the church; Pulcheria and Eudocia adopted different views, and in the alternate ascendency of the two parties, first the former and then the latter was exiled. Eudocia retreated to Jerusalem, where, however, the jealousy of the emperor or the vindictive spirit of Pulcheria pursued her, and two priests who shared her exile were slain. The exasperated empress immediately put to death the agent of the emperor; and being now stripped of all the honors of her rank, she passed the remainder of her life in exercises of piety and charity. The influence of St. Simeon Stylites and of Euthymius, another eminent ascetic, induced her at last to abandon Eutychianism. She died protesting to the last the innocence of her life. EUDOXIA, daughter of Theodosius II. and Eudocia, born in Constantinople in 422, died about 463. She was married to her cousin Valentinian III., emperor of the West, after whose death, by the hands of emissaries of the senator Maximus, she was constrained to espouse the latter. Maximus subsequently had the folly to reveal to her the part which he had taken in the murder of Valentinian, and when the time for vengeance seemed to her to have come she invited to Italy Genseric, king of the Vandals, at whose approach Maximus was murdered Genseric delivered Rome to pillage, and bore away with him to Africa Eudoxia and her two daughters. They were released after a detention of 7 years, during which one of the daughters was forced to marry the son of Genseric. EUDOXUS or CNIDUS, a Greek natural philosopher, born about 409, died about 356 B. C. He studied under Archytas and Plato, travelled in Egypt, and returned to Cnidus in 359, founded a school, and built an astronomical observatory. Though he seems to have treated the whole circle of the sciences, he particularly excelled in geometry and astronomy, and is called by Cicero the prince of astronomers. In his astronomical system the earth was the motionless centre of all the celestial revolutions. The movements of the sun, moon, and 5 planets resulted, according to him, from the combined revolutions of concentric spheres, of which there were 3 each for the sun and moon, and 4 for each of the planets. Every planet occupied a part of the heavens by itself, and was surrounded by moving spheres, whose mutually modified motions made the orbit of the planet. He first fixed the length of the year as adopted in the Julian calendar at 365 days, and introduced celestial spheres or globes. In music he studied the numerical relations of sound according to the rapidity of the vibration of the chords. In arithmetic he added 3 kinds of proportion to the 3 kinds known before him. EUDOXUS OF CYZIOUS, a Greek navigator of the 2d century B. C. Expeditions from Egypt to India had for a time ceased, when he revived them under the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes. His bold_enterprise in seeking the most direct route to India, to which he made two voyages, and whence he seems to have been the first to bring diamonds, and in attempting to circumnavigate Africa by the west, caused him many persecutions, and his reputation has been obscured by the fables with which Nepos and Mela sought to embellish it. EUFAULA, a post village of Barbour co., Ala., beautifully situated on the right bank of the Chattahoochee river; pop. in 1853, 3,000. It stands on a high bluff, 200 feet above the water, and contains several churches and newspaper offices, and many stores. An active and constantly increasing trade is carried on by means of the river, which is navigable to this point from November to June. It is the principal shipping point for the produce of the surrounding plantations, and exports annually about 20,000 bales of cotton. EUGENE, FRANÇOIS, called Prince Eugene of Savoy, born in Paris, Oct. 18, 1663, died in Vienna, April 21, 1736. His parents were Eugene Maurice, count of Soissons, a grandson of Charles Emmanuel I., duke of Savoy, and Olympia Mancini, one of the nieces of Cardinal Mazarin. He was intended for the church, for which he had no taste, but devoted himself to military reading. Louis XIV. refused him a regiment, and he encountered the enmity of Louvois a refusal and an enmity that were to cost France dear. He entered the Austrian service, and made his first campaign against the Turks in 1683, so distinguishing himself that he was promoted to the command of a dragoon regiment. He was present at the battle of Vienna. Further service led to further promotion, and he held the rank of major-general at the siege of Belgrade, in 1688. Louvois now required all Frenchmen serving in foreign armies to return home, on pain of banishment. Eugene refused to obey, and declaring that he would return to France in spite of the minister, remained in the imperial service. He was sent to Savoy in a diplomatic capacity, but he served as a soldier under the duke of that country in several campaigns, being his lieutenant when he invaded France in 1692. He was brevetted field marshal, and after his return to Vienna was placed at the head of the army in Hungary. Sensible of the folly he had committed, Louis XIV. now made him great offers on condition |