VIII. In Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of Wind sor an allusion to fans is made by Falstaff to Pistol. A superb fan set with diamonds was presented to Queen Elizabeth on New Year's day. Among the articles received by Cortes from Montezuma were 5 fans of variegated feathers, 4 of them with 10 and one with 13 rods embossed with gold, and one fan, also with variegated featherwork, with 37 rods plated with gold. In Spain, fans were at an early day special favorites with ladies, and the Spanish lady, as well as the ladies of Spanish extraction in the new world, are inimitable in their management (manejo) of the fan (abanico). They carry on conversations with it, and a book might be written to explain the code of signals by which they express their feelings with the fan. Benjamin Disraeli says, in "Contarini Fleming": "A Spanish lady with her fan might shame the tactics of a troop of horse. Now she unfurls it with the slow pomp and conscious elegance of the bird of Juno; now she flutters it with all the languor of the listless beauty, now with all the liveliness of a vivacious one. Now, in the midst of a very tornado, she closes it with a whirr that makes you start. Pop! in the midst of your confusion, Dolores taps you on the elbow; you turn round to listen and Catalina pokes you in your side. Magical instrument! In this land it speaks a particular language, and gallantry requires no other mode to express its most subtle conceits, or its most unreasonable demands, than this delicate machine. Yet we should remember that here as in the north it is not confined to the delightful sex. The cavalier also has his fun, and that the habit may not be considered an indication of effeminacy, learn that in this scorching clime, the soldier will not mount guard without this solace."-The best and cheapest lacquered fans are produced by the natives of China, chiefly at Canton, Su-Chu, Nanking, and Hang-Chu. Those made of ivory and bone and of feathers are destined chiefly for the European and American markets. The fans which the Chinese use for themselves are of polished or japanned bamboo, covered with paper, and vary in price, according to the quality of the frame and the design of the leaf, from 20 cents to 30 cents per dozen. The state fan which is used on great occasions in China and India at the present day is precisely of the same semicircular form and pointed top which was in fashion among the ancient Greeks. In Japan the fan occupies a most important position. There it is, as it were, the national emblem, and is to be seen on all occasions, among all classes of society, and in the hands of men, women, and children. Where the European takes off his hat in token of politeness, the Japanese performs the same courtesy by waving his fan. In the schools of Japan diligent scholars receive fans in reward for their zeal. A gentleman of Japan, in distributing alms to a beggar, puts the money upon his fan. When a criminal of rank is sentenced to death, his doom is proclaimed to him by presenting

him with a fan, and his head is taken off while he bows and stretches out his hand to receive the fatal gift. Fans were used for allegorical purposes in the mythology of Greece, and the Egyptian custom of employing them in temples and for religious purposes has also been perpetuated in the ritual of the modern Greek church, which places a fan in the hands of its deacons. Fans are to this day used in Rome on various public occasions, especially at the festa di catedra, when the pope is escorted by two men who hold feather fans with ivory handles in their hands, but without using them. The fan of the dey of Algiers had a historical importance. It is related that on April 23, 1828, when the French consul, M. Deval, called at the palace to present his respects on occasion of the great festival which is celebrated on that day in Algeria, his highness put to him some question about a negotiation then pending between the two countries. The evasive answer of the consul exasperated the dey to such an extent that he made a contemptuous movement with his fan, and (according to some accounts) struck him with it in the presence of the other European consuls, and requested him to leave the country. The dey refusing to give satisfaction for this insult, the French government blockaded Algiers, and the protracted hostilities which ensued, and eventually resulted in the conquest of Algeria, may thus be traced to a stroke of a fan.-Next to China, France is most celebrated for the manufacture of fans, but beautiful fans are also made in the United States, in England, at Brussels, Geneva, Vienna, and at various other places. Fan-making in France presents an interesting instance of the subdivision of labor, no fewer than 20 different manufacturing processes being required to produce a fan which sells for less than 3 cents. They are chiefly manufactured in the department of Oise, give employment to over 1,000 persons, and the annual sales of fans in Paris amount to about $1,000,000. In France, the fan is occasionally used by gentlemen at the theatres, having first appeared on a warm summer evening of 1828, during the representation of Corisandre at the comic opera. Hence the name of Corisandre, applied in France to fans used by gentlemen. Although fans are employed generally in Spain, Italy, and wherever the season or the fashion commands their use, they are among civilized nations probably at the present day in greatest use in the new world, in Mexico, in Cuba, and all over the West Indies and the United States. The multiplicity of fans gives in warm weather a remarkably picturesque appearance to churches and public assemblies in the United States. During the summer it is common in America to see gentlemen using fans as well as ladies, and in places of public amusement fans are often distributed among visitors.

FANARIOTES, or PHANARIOTES, the Greeks who reside in the Fanar or Phanar district of Constantinople, and whose ancestors settled there after the capture of that city by Moham

med II. (1453). Originally employed as translators of public documents and as secretaries and stewards of distinguished personages, they gradually acquired by their wealth, as well as by their abilities and intrigues, great political, financial, and social importance in Turkey. In the 17th century, under Mohammed IV., the office of dragoman of the divan was for the first time intrusted to a Greek, and has since been uniformly conferred upon Fanariotes. Nicolaos Mavrocordatos, one of the most eminent among them, was appointed hospodar of Moldavia in 1709, and of Wallachia in 1711, and was succeeded in this office by other Fanariote families (Musuri, Ypselante, Callimachi, Sutzo, Maurogeni, Hantzerli, and Karadja), until, more recently, the privilege was confined to only 3 families (Musuri, Callimachi, and Sutzo), and their power in the Danubian principalities was abolished altogether at the Greek revolution of 1821. They were the principal bankers of Constantinople, and as such dispensers of an extensive patronage in the bestowal of public offices. Their influence was great, but their cupidity impaired their reputation. The Greek merchants continue, however, to monopolize the commerce of Constantinople, and many among them are Fanariotes.

FANEUIL, PETER, the founder of Faneuil hall in Boston, an American gentleman of fortune and liberality, born of a French Huguenot family in New Rochelle, N. Y., in 1700, died in Boston, March 3, 1743. The project of erecting a public market house in Boston had already been discussed for some years, when in 1740 Mr. Faneuil offered, at a public meeting, to build a suitable edifice at his own cost as a gift to the town; but so strong was the opposition to market houses that, although a vote of thanks was passed unanimously, the offer was accepted by a majority of only 7. The building was commenced in Dock square in September of the same year, and finished in two years. It comprised a market house on the ground floor, and a town hall with other rooms (an addition to the original plan) over it. In 1761 it was destroyed by fire; in 1763 it was rebuilt by the town; and in 1775, during the British occupation of Boston, it was used for a theatre. In 1805 it was considerably altered and enlarged. During the revolutionary period it was the usual place of meeting of the patriots, and from the stirring debates and important resolutions which were often heard within its walls, it gained the name of the cradle of American liberty.

FANNIN, a N. E. co. of Texas, separated from the Indian territory by Red river, and drained by Sulphur fork of that stream, and by Bois d'Arc creek; area, 900 sq. m.; pop. in. 1858, 8,143, of whom 1,495 were slaves. It consists principally of highly fertile prairie lands, producing grain, cotton, and good pasturage. In 1850 the county yielded 117,462 bushels of Indian corn, 374 bales of cotton, 96,224 lbs. of butter, and large numbers of horses and cattle. There was 1 newspaper office, and the public VOL. VII.-27

schools contained 273 pupils. Value of real estate in 1858, $992,080. Named in honor of Col. James W. Fannin. Capital, Bouham.

FANNIN, COL. JAMES W., an officer of the Texan revolution, born in N. Carolina, killed at Goliad, March 27, 1836. He held the commission of captain, when, in Oct. 1835, Gen. Stephen F. Austin, who had just been made commanderin-chief of the Texan forces, appointed him and Capt. Bowie to reconnoitre near Bexar, and select a fit site for a camp. The two officers marched at the head of 90 men to the mission of Concepcion, 14 m. from Bexar, where, early in the morning of Oct. 28, they were surprised and surrounded by a party of 400 Mexicans. A sharp action ensued, in which the Mexicans were finally driven off after losing 60 men and a piece of artillery, while the Texans had but one of their number killed. Soon afterward the chief command was intrusted to Gen. Houston, who at once promoted Fannin to the rank of colonel of artillery, made him an inspectorgeneral, and ordered him to recruit at Velasco, at the mouth of the Brazos. Meanwhile an unauthorized expedition under Dr. James Grant had marched against Matamoras, on the right bank of the Rio Grande, and measures were taken by the general council of the provisional government to reenforce them. To this course both the government and the commander-inchief were opposed, and a quarrel followed, which resulted in the deposition of the governor and the virtual superseding of Gen. Houston by the delegation of independent authority to Col. Fannin. The council empowered Fannin, under the title of "agent," to collect and organize a force, to appoint subordinates, and to borrow money. Accordingly he issued a proclamation, Jan. 8, 1836, calling upon volunteers to rendezvous at San Patricio (the nearest Texan settlement to Matamoras), where he expected to meet them, after having effected a junction with Grant at Refugio. On reaching Goliad, however, he received a message from Col. Travis, who, being hard pressed at San Antonio de Bexar by Santa Anna, had retired into the Alamo fort near that town, and unless speedily relieved would be forced to capitulate. With 300 men and 4 guns, Fannin set out for the Alamo 3 days after receiving the message, but an accident which happened to his artillery train induced him to return to Goliad, whence he resumed his march to Refugio. Here he heard of the destruction of Grant's party, and the rapid approach of the Mexicans, whereupon, retracing his steps to Goliad, he proceeded to put that town in a state of defence. On March 18, in obedience to orders from Gen. Houston, who was now acting under a commission from the convention of the newly formed republic, he began to fall back toward Victoria, but was intercepted the next day at the Coleta river by a Mexican force under Gen. Urrea. Hastily throwing up a breastwork of wagons, baggage, and earth, the Texans defended themselves with spirit until night interrupted the

fighting, Col. Fannin being among the wounded. The battle was renewed on the 20th, but the Mexicans having received a reënforcement of 500 men, with artillery, a capitulation was signed, by which it was agreed that the Texans should be treated as prisoners of war, and as soon as possible sent to the United States. Having surrendered their arms, they were then marched to Goliad, where on the 26th an order was received from Santa Anna requiring them to be shot. At daybreak on the following morning the prisoners, 357 in number (the 4 physicians and their 4 assistants being spared), were marched out of the fort under various pretexts, and fired upon in divisions. Fannin was the last to suffer. Many attempted to escape, and were cut down by the cavalry, but 27 are believed to have eluded pursuit.

FANNING, DAVID, a loyalist and freebooter of North Carolina during the war of the revolution, born of low parentage in Wake co., N. C., about 1756, died in Digby, Nova Scotia, in 1825. He seems to have been a carpenter, but neglected his trade to lead a vagabond life, trafficking with the Indians, and being connected for some time with the notorious Col. McGirth on the Pedee. When Wilmington was occupied by the British under Major Craig in 1781, Fanning, having been robbed by a party of men who called themselves whigs, attached himself to the tories, collected a small band of desperadoes, and, mounted on a horse whose reputation soon equalled his own, scoured the country at the head of his followers, laying waste the settlements and committing frightful atrocities, but doing such good service to the British that Major Craig rewarded him with the royal uniform, and gave him a commission as lieutenant-colonel in the militia. He now extended his operations. By the rapidity and secrecy of his movements he succeeded in capturing many prominent whigs, whom he either conducted to the British headquarters, or, if they had incurred his personal resentment, hung upon the nearest tree. At one time, having collected 30 or 40 men, he dashed into the village of Pittsborough, where a court was then in session, and carried off the judges, lawyers, officers, and some of the citizens; 8 weeks later he captured Col. Alston and about 30 men in his own house; a few days after he made a descent upon Campbellton, and this exploit was soon followed by a similar one at Hillsborough, when he took prisoner Gov. Burke with his whole suite and a number of the principal inhabitants. His name was a terror to the whole country; he was excepted in every treaty and enactment made in favor of the royalists, and was one of the 3 persons excluded by name from the benefits of the general "act of pardon and oblivion" of offences committed during the revolution. On the other hand, his romantic mode of life and personal daring, displayed many times in battle, drew around him numerous followers, whom he disciplined with great strictness. He is said to have commanded at

one time a force of 200 or 300 men. When the whigs began to gain the ascendency in North Carolina, he went to Florida, and afterward to St. John's, N. B., where he assumed a respectable deportment, and became member of the assembly. About 1800, however, he was sentenced to be hanged for rape, but escaped from prison, and afterward received a pardon. The close of his life was passed in infamy.

FANNING MACHINE (called in England a winnower, and in the U. S. patent office reports a fanning mill, fanning machine, grain winnower, or winnower, indiscriminately), a contrivance for separating grain from the chaff and dirt with which it comes from the threshing machine. It consists of a frame surmounted by a hopper for the delivery of the grain to a series of vibrating sieves, through which it falls in a shower more or less broken by the number, texture, and vibration of the sieves, as it is being subjected to an outward current of air caused by the revolution of a system of radial fans arranged on a shaft in the rear and lower section of the framework. This machine was first introduced into England from Holland in the early part of the 18th century, and it is not known to have been used in the United States prior to its manufacture by Mr. David Byram of Dutchess co., N. Y., in 1780.

FANO, a seaport and episcopal town of the Papal States, on the Adriatic, near the mouth of the Metauro, 29 m. N. W. of Ancona; pop. 6,860. It is surrounded by old walls, built by the emperor Augustus, in whose honor was erected here a triumphal arch of white marble which is still standing. Few cities of central Italy surpass it in artistic treasures or richness of the surrounding soil and scenery. The cathedral is adorned with 16 frescos by Domenichino, representing events in the life of the Virgin. Many of the 13 other churches, and several public buildings and private mansions, contain paintings by the great Italian masters, marbles, statues, and fine monuments. There are numerous convents, a Jesuits' college, a public school, and a library. The manufactures are chiefly of silk stuffs and twist, and the trade is in corn, oil, &c. The port was once much frequented, but is now choked up with sand, and visited only by small coasting vessels. Fano occupies the site of the ancient Fanum Fortunæ, so called from a temple of Fortune built by the Romans, and commemorative of their victory over Hasdrubal on the river Metaurus, in the 2d Punic war. It was the scene of a victory by Narses over the Goths under Totila.

FANSHAWE, SIR RICHARD, an English poet and diplomatist, born at Ware Park, Hertfordshire, in June, 1608, died in Madrid, June 16, 1666. He studied in Jesus college, Cambridge, and in the Inner Temple. Abandoning the law for literature, he went abroad to study manners and languages, and on his return home became secretary to the embassy at Madrid, where he remained till 1638. Upon the outbreak of the civil war, he declared for the crown, and was

made secretary to the prince of Wales. In 1648 he was appointed treasurer to the navy under Prince Rupert, and 2 years later he was made a baronet, and was sent to Madrid to represent to Philip IV. the necessitous condition of his sovereign, and to implore the assistance of Spain. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester, but being released passed several years in retirement, translating the "Lusiad" of Camoëns, and upon the death of Cromwell joined Charles II. at Breda. He was appointed master of requests and Latin secretary to the exiled monarch, and after the restoration was elected one of the representatives of the university of Cambridge in parliament, and was sent upon diplomatic missions to Madrid and Lisbon, in which he negotiated the marriage of Charles with the infanta Catharine of Portugal. Beside his version of the "Lusiad," he wrote a translation of the Pastor Fido of Guarini and of the "Odes" of Horace, and a few short original poems. The "Original Letters and Negotiations of Sir Richard Fanshawe, the Earl of Sandwich, the Earl of Sunderland, and Sir William Godolphin" (8vo., London, 1724), is a valuable contribution to history. The "Memoirs of Lady Fanshawe," written by herself, with extracts from the correspondence of her husband, edited by Sir N. H. Nicolas, was published in London in 1830.

FANT, ERIK MIKAEL, a Swedish historian, born at Eskilstuna in Sudermanland, Jan. 9, 1753, died in Upsal, Oct. 23, 1817. He was educated at the university of Upsal, and passed the greater part of his life there as assistant librarian and professor of history. His most important work is the collection entitled Scriptores Rerum Suecicarum Medii Evi, of which, however, he had only completed one volume at the time of his death.

FANTASIA, in music, a species of composition in which the writer gives free play to his imagination, and which deviates accordingly from the ordinary forms of musical composition. Its chief characteristics seem to be sudden thought and immediate execution.

FANTEE, or FANTI, a country of the Gold Coast, W. África, bounded N. by Assin and Dubbin, E. by Agoona, S. by the ocean, and W. by Wassaw, lying near lat. 5° 30' N., long. 1° W. It is watered by several rivers, is said to be fertile and populous, and has several important trading stations along its coast. The inhabitants are remarkably cleanly in their persons, are more muscular than the Ashantees, and may be distinguished from other African tribes by small scarifications on the back of the neck and the upper part of the cheek bones. Their heads are high and round, and their color is a dull brownish black. The dress of both sexes consists of a single piece of cloth wrapped loosely around the body. They pay a nominal obedience to chiefs called caboceers, beside whom every village has its local magistrate. They formerly governed or influenced a seaboard district extending about 100 m. along the

coast. About 1807, becoming involved in a war with the king of Ashantee, they obtained the active interference of the English, who had a small fort in one of their towns; but this alliance, while it plunged the British into a disastrous quarrel, proved of no benefit to the Fantees, whose territory after a long struggle was formally added to the Ashantee empire. (See ASHANTEE.)

FARADAY, MICHAEL, an English chemist and natural philosopher, born in London in 1794. The son of a smith, he received but little instruction in his youth, and was apprenticed to a book-binder. His tastes were averse to the trade, but led him to the study of books, the construction of machines, and the performance of chemical experiments. Hearing a course of lectures by Sir Humphry Davy in 1812, he sent to him a copy of the notes he had taken, and requested his assistance to enable him "to escape from trade and to enter into the service of science." Davy received the application favorably, and in March, 1813, appointed Faraday chemical assistant in the laboratory of the royal institution. In the autumn of the same year Faraday, as secretary and scientific assistant, accompanied Davy in travelling, which was continued till April, 1815. He then returned to the royal institution, with which he has ever since been connected, becoming professor of chemistry in 1833. His earlier researches were eminently of a practical character. He investigated the manufacture of steel and the character of its alloys with silver and platinum. In 1827 he published the first edition of the work on "Chemical Manipulation," of which the 2d edition appeared in 1836. It contained full descriptions of the apparatus, and was the only practical guide for the various operations of the laboratory. Experimenting upon gases, as carbonic acid and others, which were regarded as permanent in form, he succeeded by employing intense cold and pressure in liquefying and even solidifying them. In 1830 he published a valuable paper "On the Manufacture of Glass for Optical Purposes," and introduced a new variety, which he formed of silica, "boracic acid, and oxide of lead. He was early interested in electrical researches, assisting Davy in 1820 in prosecuting those first entered upon by Oersted on the relations of electricity and magnetism; and in 1821 he performed for the first time the remarkable experiment, developing the close connection of those two forces, of causing a magnet floating on mercury to revolve continuously round a conducting wire, and again a conductor to rotate round a fixed magnet. The magnet, still more wonderfully, was made to revolve with great rapidity when an electrical current was passed over half its length. In 1831 the first of the series of papers afterward collected and published in separate form under the title "Experimental Researches in Electricity," appeared in the "Philosophical Transactions." They were continued in this and in other scientific journals, and were finally col

lected in 3 vols. 8vo. (London, 1839, 1844, and 1855). They contain the results of series of original and systematically conducted investigations, extended through many years in one of the most obscure fields of physical research; and they abound in brilliant discoveries, the credit of which no one contests with Faraday. The most important of these researches relate to electro-chemical decomposition; the induction of electric currents from other currents and from magnets, leading him to the discovery of magneto-electricity; the influence of the magnet on all bodies, leading to the division of magnetics and diamagnetics, and the optical changes induced by magnetism. His experiments showing that the amount of any compound substance decomposed by an electrical current is proportional to the quantity of electricity employed, and that the elements separated in the same time are in the proportion of their atomic weights, make it highly probable that electricity is the same force as chemical affinity, and that it is generated by chemical action only. The fact which he discovered, that just enough electricity is generated by the oxidation in the battery of one atom of zinc to decompose one atom of water, is additional proof of the same conclusion. He proved, moreover, the identity in the nature of electricity, whether derived from the battery, the frictional machine, thermal or magnetic action, or animal bodies; and explained the wonderful differences in its manifestations resulting from its development in intensity or in quantity. Prof. Faraday holds the highest rank among popular lecturers as well as among original experimenters. He has made it a practice to give lectures one evening in the week not exclusively for the benefit of the classes of the institution; and the interest he has excited in these causes them to be regarded among the attractions of London in the winter season. He makes them interesting by perfect ease and simplicity of manner, while wholly absorbed in his subject, and by his talent of clearly explaining its principles, at the same time that he is skilfully conducting the experiments that illustrate it. Few scientific men have received so many distinctions from learned societies and institutions. They have, however, failed to tempt him from the post into which he was installed by his early patron, or to deprive him of the natural modesty and artlessness of character that secure to him an esteem more desirable than that called forth by the highest talents. The queen of England allotted to him in 1858 a residence at Hampton court, and since 1835 he has received a pension of £300 a year. FARAFREH, or FERAFRA, an oasis in the Libyan desert, África, about 100 m. N. N. W. of the oasis of Dakhel. It contains a town with some traces of ancient Greek and Roman structures, and a few small villages. The inhabitants are engaged in the manufacture of cotton yarn, coarse woollen fabrics, and earthenware, and in cultivating various small tracts of arable land.

FAREL, GUILLAUME, a French reformer, born

near Gap, in Dauphiné, in 1489, died in Neufchâtel, Sept. 13, 1565. His friend and instructor Lefèvre d'Etaples is thought to have drawn him toward the new doctrines, and he embraced them with the same ardor with which he had clung to the old. He began to preach at Meaux, returned to Paris in 1523, went thence to Basel the next year, became intimate with Zwingli, Haller, Grebel, and other reformers, quarrelled with Erasmus, and was banished from Basel, all within a few weeks, and then retired to Strasbourg, where he was intimate with Bucer. Preaching afterward at Montbéliard and other places, his intemperate zeal drew him into many troubles, and did some damage to his cause. One day he interrupted a Catholic procession in honor of St. Anthony by snatching the statue of the saint from the priest who bore it and throwing it into the river. To escape the consequences of his rashness he fled, and travelled in Alsace and Switzerland. In 1532, with Antoine Saunier, he represented the reformed churches in the synod convened by the Vaudois of Piedmont at Chanforans, and on his return to Switzerland was invited to a conference with the Catholics at Geneva, where the controversy became stormy, blows were interchanged, and the magistrates had to interfere. He was ordered to leave the city, returned in 1533, was again banished, came back in 1534 with letters from the seignory of Bern, and in 1536 persuaded Calvin to aid him in the organization of the reformed church at Geneva. The party of "Libertines" gaining the upper hand in the election of 1538, Farel and Calvin were banished, and visited Bern, Zürich, and Basel. Farel then proceeded to Strasbourg, and organized the Protestants there amid much opposition. In March, 1543, a body of troops under Claude de Guise fell upon a congregation gathered around him at Gorze in France. Farel was wounded, and narrowly escaped with his life. He then settled as pastor at Neufchâtel. In 1557 he was sent to the Protestant princes of Germany to ask their assistance for the Vaudois, and soon after he incurred the displeasure of Calvin and others by marrying at the age of 69 a young girl. In 1561 he preached at Gap with all the violence of his youth, and was thrown into prison, from which his followers released him. He visited Calvin on his death bed. His writings are numerous, but mostly of temporary interest.

FARINA (Lat. farina, flour), the fine flour obtained by grinding and sifting any kind of grain. The name is also applied to the starch obtained from roots and grains. Corn starch is often called farina; and a number of very simple nutritious preparations have been distinguished by this name coupled with some highsounding epithet.

FARINELLI, CARLO BROSCHI, an Italian singer, born Jan. 24, 1705, died in Bologna, July 15, 1782. The extraordinary beauty of his soprano voice was attributed to the fact of his having been emasculated. He was a favorite pupil of Porpora, and his brilliant success at the