his cabalistic formulas, charms, talismans, &c. All of these publications, and also all important monographs bearing upon this subject, have been reprinted in the valuable collection of J. Scheible, Das Kloster weltlich und geistlich (Stuttgart, 1847). More than 250 different works on the legend of Faust are enumerated in Peter's Literatur der Faustsage (2 vols., Halle, 1849, 2d edition 1851).

FAUST, or FUST, JOHANN, an associate of Gutenberg and Schöffer in the first development of the art of printing, born in Mentz, died in Paris about 1466. He probably had no share in the invention of the art, and his connection with it commenced in 1450, when Gutenberg, having expended a fortune in experimenting, induced Faust to enter into partnership with him, and advance funds to establish the business of printing at Mentz, the latter having a lien on the materials as security. The only known productions of the press of Faust and Gutenberg are an indulgence granted by Pope Nicholas V. to Paulinus Chappe, ambassador of the king of Cyprus, of which 13 copies on vellum printed in 1454 remain, and 2 copies of a 2d edition printed in 1455, and an “Appeal to Christendom against the Turks," supposed to belong to the former year. The celebrated folio Latin Bible of the Mazarin library is also attributed to this period. This is a close imitation of the best writing, the rubricated capitals being written in by hand; and it is probably to this edition that is to be referred the well known though apocryphal story of Faust having been arrested at Paris on a charge of magic for selling, at a fraction of their usual price, copies of the Bible so exactly alike that they could not have been produced by human ageney alone. A copy of this edition, the only one in America, is in the library of Mr. James Lenox, of New York; it cost about $3,000. In 1455 Faust put an end to the partnership by suing Gutenberg for his advances, amounting apparently to only 1,600 florins, but swelled by charges of interest and expenses to 2,020. The suit resulted in his favor, and he took possession of the greater part of the stock in satisfaction of the debt. Faust then associated with himself Peter Schöffer, his son-in-law, who had been in their employment, and had perfected the process of making movable metallic types by the invention of the punch. The first complete result of this new invention was the Rationale Divinorum Officiorum of Durandus (large folio, 1459). Two editions of a Psalter, beautifully executed, had previously appeared with the imprint of Faust and Schöffer (1457 and 1459), but in these the large capitals were cut on wood. Copies of 9 other works from their press with date and imprint still exist, including a Latin Vulgate Bible (2 vols. large fol., 1462), and the De Officiis and Paradoxa of Cicero (small fol., 1466; a copy of this, the first printed classic author, is in the Astor library, New York), beside several not so authenticated, which from a close resemblance

are attributed to them. The quarrels between the archbishop Diether von Isenburg and Adolf of Nassau, which resulted in the sacking of Mentz by the latter in 1462, proved disastrous to Faust's establishment; his workmen were scattered, and the printing process, which had been kept as a secret in Mentz, was divulged by them in other countries. A short time afterward, however, Faust was enabled to resume his operations. He made several journeys to Paris, in the last of which he is supposed to have died there of the plague.

FAUSTIN I. See SOULOUque.

FAUSTINA, ANNIA GALERIA, daughter of Annius Verus, prefect of Rome, and wife of the emperor Antoninus Pius, born A. D. 104, died in 141. She ascended the throne with Antoninus in 138, and though the emperor grieved at the profligacy of her life, his affection for her made him place her after death among the number of the goddesses, raise temples and altars to her, and have medals struck in her honor, exceeding in number and variety those in honor of any other Roman empress.-ANNIA, younger daughter of the preceding, wife of her cousin the emperor Marcus Aurelius, born A. D. 125, died in 175. She was the Messalina of her time, surpassing even the dissolute manners of her mother. The emperor was aware of her disorderly life, but loved her, notwithstanding the railleries and murmurs of the people and the advice of his friends. She accompanied him in an expedition to the East, and suddenly died at a village near the foot of Mt. Taurus. Aurelius mourned for her, ranked her among the goddesses, caused medals to be struck in her honor bearing the inscription of Pudicitia, and exalted the place where she died into a city with the name of Faustinopolis.

FAVERSHAM, or FEVERSHAMм, a market town, borough, and parish of Kent, England, and a member of the cinque port of Dover, on a branch of the Swale, 45 m. E. S. E. of London; pop. in 1851, 4,595. It contains a handsome church, built of flint, with a light and graceful spire, several chapels, schools, and assembly rooms, and a theatre. The town has long been famous for the manufacture of gunpowder, and has also some factories of Roman cement. Its chief trade is in oysters. It is accessible to vessels of 150 tons burden.

FAVIGNANA (anc. Egusa or Ethusa, an important Roman naval station), an island of the Ægades group in the Mediterranean, 8 m. from the W. coast of Sicily; pop. 4,000. It is about 5 m. long, and from 2 to 3 m. broad. The surface is low, with the exception of a range of hills running through the centre, on the culminating summit of which is the castle of Santa Catarina. There is a fine bay on the E., on which stand the town and fortress of San Leonardo. San Giacomo, the principal place, is on the N. coast. The island has several quarries, and extensive tunny and anchovy fisheries, in the produce of which, and in sheep, goats, poultry, &c., it has a flourishing export trade.

FAVRAS, THOMAS MAHI, marquis of, a French conspirator against the revolution, born in Blois in 1745, hanged in Paris, Feb. 19, 1790. He entered the army in 1755, and after several campaigns was made first lieutenant in the Swiss guards of Monsieur (afterward Louis XVIII.), and in 1787 commanded a legion in Holland during the insurrection against the stadtholder. In 1790 he was apprehended as the ringleader of a plot to introduce an army of 30,000 men, Swiss and Germans, into Paris by night, which was to murder Bailly, Lafayette, and Necker, and to carry off the royal family and the seals of state to Peronne. He was supposed to be a secret agent of the highest personages, and suspicion was directed to Monsieur, who, alarmed by the public agitation, exculpated himself by a speech at the hôtel de ville. Favras was summoned before the Châtelet, and, while the populace showed the greatest fury against him, shouting "Favras to the lamp-post," he was condemned to be hanged; and he met his fate with unshaken fortitude. When told that no revelations would save his own life, he answered: "Then my secret shall die with me." His execution took place at night, by the light of torches, amid the jests of the crowd, and was the first example of the equality of revolutionary justice, capital punishment having formerly been inflicted on nobles by decapitation, and only on plebeians by hanging.

FAVRE, GABRIEL CLAUDE JULES, a French lawyer and politician, born in Lyons, March 21, 1809. From 1830, when he advocated the abolition of royalty, until the present day, he has been a consistent champion of republican principles, in the press, in the forum, and at the bar, where he has frequently been the defender of parties indicted by the government. After the revolution of Feb. 1848, he became secretary-general of the ministry of the interior, but resigned on being elected to the constituent assembly. He officiated for some time as under secretary of the ministry of foreign affairs, and was often heard in debate. He voted for the prosecution of Louis Blanc and Caussidière, on account of the insurrection of June, 1848, and for proscriptive measures against political clubs and tumultuous assemblies in the street; but he proposed a preamble to the constitution, making it incumbent upon the state to assist those of the working classes who were unable to find employment, refused to join in the vote of thanks to Cavaignac, and opposed the expedition of Dec. 1848, to Rome. After the election of Louis Napoleon to the presidency (Dec. 20, 1848), he became his strenuous opponent, and after the flight of Ledru-Rollin (June 13, 1849), Favre was the acknowledged leader of the montagne party. After the coup d'état of Dec. 2, 1851, he was elected member of the general council of the departments of the Loire and Rhone, but refused to take the oath to the new constitution. In 1858 he created a profound sensation by his defence of Orsini, whose advocate he was, and by his boldness in

proclaiming on this occasion his enthusiastic love of free institutions. In the same year he became a member of the legislative body, and gave a new evidence of his moral courage on the outbreak of the war with Austria (April, 1859), by denouncing in that body the inconsistency of the violent overthrow of liberty at home and the attempt to establish it by force of arms abroad.

FAWKES, GUY, a British conspirator, born in Yorkshire, executed in London, Jan. 30, 1606. A soldier of fortune, he was serving in the Spanish army in the Netherlands, when early in 1604 the scheme of blowing up the parliament house with gunpowder, and thus destroying at a blow the king, lords, and commons, was conceived by Robert Catesby, a Roman Catholic of ancient and opulent family. It was intended thus to take vengeance for the severity of the penal laws against Catholics, a relaxation of which had been vainly expected on the accession of James. Fawkes was perhaps the 4th person admitted into the conspiracy, and returned to England in May, 1604, having been selected as a useful coadjutor by Thomas Winter, who had gone on a fruitless mission to solicit the intervention of the Spanish king in behalf of the English Catholics. Thomas Percy, one of the confederates, rented a house adjoining that in which parliament was to assemble, of which Fawkes, who was unknown in London, took possession as his servant, under the assumed name of Johnson. Parliament was soon after adjourned till Feb. 7, 1605, and on Dec. 11 preceding the conspirators secretly met in the hired house of Percy, and began to excavate a mine. Seven men were thus occupied until Christmas eve, never appearing in the upper part of the house, while Fawkes kept constant watch above. Parliament was again prorogued from Feb. 7 to Oct. 3, and the conspirators therefore dispersed for a time, but completed their arrangements between the following February and May. Their labor was lightened by hiring a vault immediately below the house of lords, which had just been vacated by a dealer in coals, into which they conveyed by night 36 barrels of powder, and covered them with faggots. They again dispersed, Fawkes proceeding to Flanders to confer with persons there with a view to securing foreign cooperation in the military and political movements that were to follow the explosion; and as money was needed to prepare for these, 3 wealthy gentlemen, Sir Everard Digby, Ambrose Rookwood, and Francis Tresham, were made privy to the plot. The meeting of parliament was again deferred to Nov. 5, and Fawkes was appointed to fire the mine with a slow match. The conspiracy was detected from the attempt of some one privy to it to save the life of Lord Monteagle, a Roman Catholic peer. Though it had been decided to convey no express information to the Roman Catholics who would be present, but only to prevent on general grounds as many as possible from attending, yet on Oct. 26 Lord

Monteagle received an anonymous letter entreating his absence from the parliament, and intimating a terrible danger. The letter was shown to several lords of the council, and afterward to the king, and resulted in a search through the neighboring houses and cellars on the night of Nov. 4, when Fawkes was seized just after issuing from the cellar, in which the powder was at once discovered beneath the faggots. Matches and torchwood were found in his pockets. Brought before the king and council, he boldly avowed his purpose, but not even the rack could extort from him any disclosure concerning his associates till they had announced themselves by appearing in arms. The failure of the plot was, however, complete, and Fawkes was arraigned, condemned, and executed, as were 7 of his confederates, while others were tried separately. The atrocious character of this conspiracy prejudiced the minds of the nation against the Roman Catholics, and led to the enactment of additional penal statutes against them. The anniversary of the plot, Nov. 5, was long celebrated in England and New England by the boys of the towns carrying about an effigy of Guy Fawkes which was finally burned in some public place. It was customary for the boys on these occasions to sing verses beginning:

Remember, remember, the fifth of November,
The gunpowder treason and plot.

This custom has entirely ceased in New England, though it is still maintained to some extent in the mother country. It was formerly a legal holiday in England, but has recently been abolished as such.

FAXARDO, DIEGO SAAVEDRA, & Spanish author and statesman, born in Algezares, in the province of Murcia, in 1584, died in Madrid in 1648. Having been graduated as a doctor of law at the university of Salamanca, he lived 40 years out of Spain, employed on various diplomatic missions for the government. His last mission was at the congress of Münster from 1643 to 1646 as representative of Philip IV. Finally, on being recalled in the latter year to Spain, he was appointed a member of the supreme council of the Indies. The first edition of his most successful work, Empresas politicas, ó idea de un principe politico Christiano, &c., intended to instruct the infante of Spain, to whom it was dedicated, in the duties of government, appeared at Münster in 1646. He wrote the 2 first volumes of the "History of the Goths in Spain," which was continued through the reign of Henry II. by Alonso Nuñez de Castro. Faxardo's complete works were published at Antwerp in 1688, and a new edition at Madrid in 1789-'90.

FÁY, ANDRÁS, a Hungarian author, born at Kohany, in the county of Zemplén, in 1786. He studied law, was active as a member of the national opposition against the rule of Metternich, and wrote a series of works in prose and poetry, which procured him a place among the

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classics of his country. His most noted work is his "Fables" (Mesén, Vienna, 1820; German translation by Petz, Vienna, 1821), in the style of those of Lessing. A collection of his works in 8 vols. appeared at Pesth in 1843-'4.

FAY, THEODORE SEDGWICK, an American author and diplomatist, born in New York, Feb. 10, 1807. He was admitted to the bar in 1828, but almost immediately afterward resigned his profession for a literary life, and became a contributor to the "New York Mirror," and subsequently one of its editors. In 1832 he published "Dreams and Reveries of a Quiet Man," a collection of articles which had from time to time appeared in the "Mirror." In 1833 he married, and soon after sailed for Europe, where he spent 3 years in travelling. Among the fruits of his observations abroad was the "Minute Book," a journal of travels. During his absence appeared also his first novel, "Norman Leslie " (New York, 1835), which had considerable success. In 1837 Mr. Fay received the appointment of U. S. secretary of legation at the court of Berlin, a position which he retained until 1858, when he was promoted to be resident minister at Bern, in Switzerland, where he still remains. In 1840 he published the "Countess Ida," a novel designed to bring into disrepute the practice of duelling, which was followed in 1843 by "Hoboken, a Romance of New York," written with a similar object. In 1851 appeared his "Ulric, or the Voices," a poem in 19 cantos (to which a 20th was added in the "Knickerbocker Gallery" in 1855), describing the struggles of the human soul with demoniac temptations. Among Mr. Fay's remaining works are "Sydney Clifton" (1839) and "Robert Rueful" (1844), two short tales, a series of papers on Shakespeare, and a variety of fugitive pieces in prose and verse. A "History of Switzerland "by him is announced.

FAYAL, one of the Azores, or Western Islands, in lat. 38° 30' N., long. 28° 40′ W.; area about 27,520 acres, nearly one-half of which is under cultivation; pop. about 26,000. The surface is rugged, and in some parts mountainous. The climate is mild and healthful. The soil is in general very fertile. The principal vegetable productions are firs, palms, vines, pineapples, oranges, potatoes, cabbages, maize, and wheat. The chief object of agriculture is the vine, and the island has produced annually about 200 pipes of wine, and in good seasons from 8,000 to 10,000 pipes, the product of all the islands, have been exported from Fayal. The other most important exports are fruit, especially oranges, and corn. The imports are manufactured goods, cotton twist, flax, coffee, sugar, tea, tobacco, and soap. In 1859, the island was visited by a severe famine, occasioned by the failure of three successive crops. Fayal has the best harbor of all the Azorean group, and a considerable transit trade. About 170 American whalers touch here annually and land the oil of such fish as they have caught in their outward voyage, whence it is shipped for its destination. Capital, Horta, or

Villa Orta (sometimes improperly called Fayal), a handsome town on the S. E. side of the island, adjoining the harbor before mentioned; pop. 5,000 or 6,000. The steam packets of the British West India mail company regularly call at Horta.

FAYETTE, the name of counties in several of the United States. I. A S. W. co. of Penn., bordering on Maryland and Virginia, and bounded W. by the Monongahela river; area, about 800 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 39,112. There are two mountain ridges: one called Laurel hill, stretching along the E. boundary of the county; and the other known as Chestnut ridge, a branch of the Alleghanies, traversing its central part. The rest of the surface is mostly undulating. The soil is fertile in the N. W. part, but elsewhere is better adapted to pasturage than to tillage. Iron and bituminous coal are abundant. In 1850 the productions were 696,092 bushels of Indian corn, 304,102 of wheat, 506,335 of oats, 22,096 tons of hay, and 553,555 lbs. of butter. The county contained about 150 mills and factories of various kinds, 84 churches, 10 newspaper offices, and 8,859 pupils attending schools. It is intersected by the national road, and accessible by steamboats on the Monongahela. Organized in 1783, and named in honor of the marquis de Lafayette. Capital, Uniontown. II. A W. co. of Va., bounded N. by the Great Kanawha and Gauley rivers, and N. E. by Meadow river; area, 770 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 3,955, of whom 156 were slaves. It has a mountainous surface, with several considerable elevations, the highest of which are Gauley and Sewell mountains. Near the Kanawha or New river, which intersects the county, is a remarkable cliff, 1,000 feet high, called Marshall's pillar. The scenery of the county is exceedingly picturesque; the soil is generally good, and among the highlands particularly there are many open tracts of remarkable fertility. Iron ore is the chief mineral. The staples are grain, hay, cattle, and butter, and in 1850 the productions were 111,064 bushels of Indian corn, 8,414 of wheat, 56,037 of oats, 950 tons of hay, and and 56,409 lbs. of butter. There were 6 churches and 96 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate in 1856, $801,272. Capital, Fayetteville. III. A W. co of Ga., traversed by Flint river; area, 486 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 8,800, of whom 2,268 were slaves. The surface is mostly level, and the soil, formed by the disintegration of primary rocks, is unproductive. Granite and iron are the principal minerals. The productions in 1850 were 318,113 bushels of Indian corn, 34,365 of oats, 54,456 of sweet potatoes, and 4,253 bales of cotton. There were 12 churches, and 300 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Fayetteville. IV. ĂN. W. co. of Ala., bordering on Mississippi; area, about 900 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 9,681 of whom 1,221 were slaves. It has a moderately uneven surface, drained by numerous streams, and a productive soil, suitable for corn and cotton. In 1850 it yielded 2,920 bales of cotton. 326,844

bushels of Indian corn, and 65,931 or sweet potatoes. There were 42 churches, and 689 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Fayette Court House. V. A S. E. co. of Texas, intersected by the Colorado river, which is navigable during half the year as far as La Grange, the county seat; area, 1,025 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 9,457, of whom 2,854 were slaves. The surface is undulating, and the soil, consisting of a black sandy loam, is highly productive. In 1850 it yielded 116,030 bushels of Indian corn, 1,194 bales of cotton, 4,830 lbs. of tobacco, and 36,255 of butter. There were 4 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 270 pupils attending public schools. Coal is the most important mineral production. VI. A S. W. co. of Tenn., bordering on Mississippi, and watered by Loosahatchie and Wolf rivers; area, about 550 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 26,719, of whom 15,264 were slaves. It has a fertile, well cultivated soil, and in 1850 yielded larger crops of sweet potatoes and cotton than any other county of the state. The productions in that year amounted to 28,302 bales of cotton, 963,945 bushels of Indian corn, 113,595 of oats, 111,697 of sweet potatoes, and 143,792 lbs. of butter. There were 50 churches, and 1,246 pupils attending public and other schools. Capital, Somerville. VII. A central co. of Ky., and the second of the state in population, bounded S. by Kentucky river, and drained by some of its affluents; area, about 300 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 22,735, of whom 10,889 were slaves. It has a rolling surface, and a fertile and well tilled soil, underlying which is an excellent species of building stone called blue or Trenton limestone. The staple productions are grain, hemp, cattle, horses, and swine. In 1850 the county yielded 1,579,598 bushels of Indian corn, 73,074 of wheat, 169,667 of oats, and 2,967 tons of hemp. There were 27 churches, 3 newspaper offices, and 1,675 pupils attending public and other schools. Capital, Lexington. VIII. A S. W. co. of Ohio, intersected by two lines of railroad; area, 414 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 12,726. It has a level or undulating surface, and a fertile soil, consisting of deep black loam. Grain, hay, and cattle are the chief staples, and in 1858 the county produced 2,257,752 bushels of Indian corn, and 258,920 of wheat. In 1850 there were 21 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 2,090 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Washington. IX. An E. co. of Ind., one of the first of the state in population and improvements; area, about 200 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 10,217. The surface is level or undulating, and the soil fertile. The chief staples are grain, cattle, and swine. In 1850 the productions were 945,614 bushels of Indian corn, 93,469 of wheat, 43,538 of oats, and 4,691 tons of hay. There were 27 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and 2,346 pupils attending public schools. Limestone is the principal rock. The Whitewater canal and a railroad connecting the county with Cincinnati, Ohio, intersect it. Organized in 1819. Capital, Connersville. X. A central co. of Ill., intersected

by Kaskaskia river; area, 640 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 9,592. The surface is level, and occupied by alternate tracts of fertile prairie and good timber land. The productions in 1850 were 398,765 bushels of Indian corn, 18,277 of wheat, 88,427 of oats, and 146,188 lbs. of butter. There were 4 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 900 pupils attending public schools. The central railroad of Illinois passes through the county, and a number of small streams supply it with water power. Capital, Vandalia. XI. A N. E. co. of Iowa; area, 720 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 8,357. It is drained by the head branches of Turkey river, is well supplied with water power, and has a healthy climate. The surface is undulating, and occupied partly by fertile prairies, and partly by forests. In 1856 the productions were 279,044 bushels of Indian corn, 94,560 of wheat, 64,386 of oats, 43,835 of potatoes, and 72,657 lbs. of butter. Capital, West Union.

FAYETTEVILLE, a post town and capital of Cumberland co., N. Č., situated on the W. bank of Cape Fear river, at the head of natural navigation, 60 m. S. from Raleigh, and 100 m. N. W. from Wilmington; pop. in 1850, 4,648; in 1853, about 7,000. It is one of the largest towns in the state, the centre of an active trade, and the seat of manufactures of some importance. The cape Fear river has been rendered navigable by means of locks and dams as far as the coal mines of Chatham co., and plank roads have been constructed leading to various parts of the interior. The pine forests which cover much of the adjacent country furnish large quantities of lumber, tar, and turpentine for exportation. The town has several turpentine distilleries, cotton factories, and grist mills. It contains a large United States arsenal of construction, covering about 50 acres of ground, and in 1850 had 3 newspaper offices and 3 banks. Fayetteville was settled in 1762, and before receiving its present name in 1784 was known successively as Campbelltown and as Cross Creek. In 1831 it was partly destroyed by a great fire, and nearly $100,000 was subscribed for its relief by the people of the United States. FAYOOM, FAYOUM, FAYUM, FAIOOM, or or FAIOUM (Copt. Phioum, "the waters"), a valley and province of central Egypt, about 40 m. S. W. of Cairo, on the W. side of the Nile; length from E. to W. 38 m.; breadth 31 m.; pop. about 65,000. It is of oval form, and in all parts much lower than the Nile. It is well irrigated both by natural water courses and by a number of canals, the chief of which is the Bahr-Yussuf, or canal of Joseph. It was anciently the garden of Egypt, and is still prolific of corn, cotton, apricots, figs, grapes, olives, and roses. At the N. end is the Birket-el-Keroun, which was long erroneously thought to be identical with Lake Moris. The principal town is Medinet-el-Fayoom (Crocodilopolis, afterward Arsinoë), near which several broken columns of red granite, carved in old Egyptian style, with lotus bud capitals, mark the long disputed site of the famous labyrinth described

by Herodotus. This remarkable monument formerly communicated with the brick pyramid of Howara, which stands a little N. of it, and which, before it was partly destroyed to furnish material for other buildings, was 348 feet square at the base. It is now about 300 feet square and 106 feet high.

FAZY, JEAN JAMES, a Swiss statesman, born in Geneva, May 12, 1796. He completed his education in France, wrote several treatises on political economy, and was extensively connected with journalism in Paris (and afterward in Switzerland) where his radical opinions involved him in difficulties with the French government. After his return to Geneva, he took an active part in the establishment of a new constitution, which was adopted June 7, 1842, and in the attempt of his party (Feb. 13, 1843) to overthrow the government. He afterward became a member of the great council, distinguishing himself as the principal champion of the introduction of trial by jury, which institution was adopted, Jan. 12, 1844. In 1846 the radicals became exasperated at the neutrality observed by the Genevese government in the conflict between the Catholic and Protestant cantons. A revolution broke out (Oct. 5), a provisional government was established (Oct. 9), and Fazy, who placed himself at its head, became the ruling spirit of the new grand council of Geneva. The constitution now in force in Geneva was completed by this council, the demolition of the fortifications of the city of Geneva was proposed, and carried into effect in 1850, a national institution for arts and sciences was founded, and Geneva was embellished under the direction of Fazy, who also gave a powerful impulse to the construction of railways and telegraphs. He insisted upon an unrelenting opposition to the Catholic league, and upon the unflinching application of democratic institutions in all the departments of the government; as a delegate of Geneva in 1847 he exerted himself in behalf of the new federal constitution, which was adopted Sept. 12, 1848. From Feb. to Dec. 1848, he was out of office, owing to disagreement with some of his colleagues; but with this exception he was uninterruptedly at the head of the Genevese government until Nov. 14, 1853, when a coalition of the moderate democrats and the old conservatives displaced him from power. But after having officiated in 1853 as vice-president of the federal council of states, he became its president in 1854, and in 1855 he was reinstated in his former position of president of the government of Geneva, which he continues to hold (1859), In the Neufchâtel question he firmly opposed the pretensions of Prussia, and he opposed in 1849 as well as in 1858 the attempts of the federal government to molest the political refugees in Switzerland.

FEATHER GRASS (stipa pennata, Willd.), a grass readily distinguishable by its elegant and feather-like awns. It grows in close, matted tufts, having very long, fine, wiry, dark green