tion than that of the state, and his family was large and prosperous. The latter part of his reign was undisturbed. Of his 4 wives, princesses of Würtemberg, Sicily, Modena, and Bavaria, the second, Maria Theresa, was the mother of 13 children, among whom were Maria Louisa, wife of Napoleon I., Ferdinand, who succeeded to the throne, and Francis Charles, the father of the present emperor, Francis Joseph I. FRANCIS JOSEPH, the reigning emperor of Austria, grandson of the preceding, eldest son of the archduke Francis Charles, and nephew of Ferdinand I., born Aug. 18, 1830. He was educated under the care of Count Bombelles, and was early inspired with ambition by his mother, the archduchess Sophia, daughter of the king of Bavaria and sister of the queens of Prussia and Saxony, a handsome, energetic, and unscrupulous woman, who possessed more influence and enterprising spirit than either the emperor himself or her husband, the heir presumptive to the throne. Like his uncle Ferdinand, he was taught to speak the various languages of his polyglot empire, and also became a skilful rider and fond of military displays, without however evincing any particular talent. Sent to Pesth in 1847 to install his cousin Stephen as palatine of Hungary, he spoke Hungarian to the assembled nobles, and even gained some popularity. This, however, was of short duration. The revolutions of 1848 having brought the Austrian empire to the brink of dissolution, his mother became the leading spirit in the counter-revolutionary plots which saved it. Francis Joseph was sent to the army of Italy, and was favorably mentioned in some reports of Gen. Radetzky. Lombardy having been reconquered by that general, Prague and Vienna subdued by Windischgrätz, and the Hungarians defeated before Vienna, it seemed to the archduchess Sophia that the moment had arrived for completing her work. Francis Joseph was declared of age, Dec. 1, 1848, at the temporary court of Olmütz, and on the following day his father resigned his right to the succession, and the emperor his crown, in favor of the youthful prince. Hungary had still to be conquered, and a constituent Austrian parliament was assembled at Kremsir. The young emperor in his inaugural proclamation promised a constitutional, progressive, and liberal reign. Its beginning was successful. The Hungarians under Görgey retreated before Windischgrätz, giving up Presburg, Raab, and finally (Jan. 5, 1849) Buda and Pesth; Guyon and Perczel were routed; Schlick was victorious in the north of Hungary. The battle of Kápolna (Feb. 26, 27), which was announced by Prince Windischgrätz as a decisive victory over the united main army of the rebels, was believed to have given the finishing blow to the revolution in Hungary. On receiving this news the emperor dissolved the Austrian parliament, ordered the arrest of its liberal members, and promulgated a new constitution of his own (octroyirte Verfassung), known as the

constitution of March 4. But on the very next morning the victory of Damjanics at Szolnok destroyed at once the delusions of Windischgrätz, and now the imperial army suffered defeat after defeat in Hungary and Transylvania. Radetzky, however, was again victorious over Charles Albert in Italy (March 23). To subdue Hungary foreign aid was necessary. Francis Joseph, therefore, went to Warsaw to invoke the assistance of the czar Nicholas. This was granted, and Hungary was soon invaded from every quarter. Francis Joseph himself went for some time to that country, and was present at the taking of Raab (June 28). After the fall of the revolution, its leaders who had surrendered were punished with unmitigated severity. One day (Oct. 6) witnessed the execution of Count Batthyanyi, the Hungarian Egmont, at Pesth, and of 13 generals at Arad, all of whom had voluntarily surrendered. The dungeons of the empire were filled with victims. Görgey alone was spared. Soon after the surrender of Venice (Aug. 23) and Comorn, which inaugurated the unlimited centralizing sway of the minister of the interior, Bach, Prince Felix Schwarzenberg resumed with new energy the management of foreign affairs. The revolutionary schemes of a German union apart from Austria had been defeated; now the schemes of Prussia for forming a separate union with a number of smaller German states were discomfited. In Oct. 1850, Francis Joseph mustered his south German allies at Bregenz, and in Nov. Prussia yielded to their threatening attitude. Austrian influence prevailed in restoring the ancient order in the electorate of Hesse and in Schleswig-Holstein, as well as the ancient federal diet at Frankfort. After the death of Schwarzenberg, who was succeeded by Count Buol-Schauenstein as minister of foreign affairs, Francis Joseph renewed his friendly relations with Frederic William IV. in an interview at Berlin (Dec. 1852), which was followed by a treaty of commerce (Feb. 1853). In the meanwhile absolutism was gradually reëstablished within the empire. The national guards were dissolved, the freedom of the press put down, and finally the constitution itself, which had never been in operation, abolished (Jan. 1, 1852) The unfavorable reception which the emperor met with in Hungary on a journey undertaken in the autumn of the same year proved that that country felt, as it was treated, as a conquered province. An outbreak at Milan (Feb. 6, 1853), which was suppressed by Radetzky, evinced the revolutionary spirit of Lombardy, On Feb. 18 of the same year, while walking on the public promenade of Vienna, the emperor was furiously attacked with a knife by a young Hungarian tailor, named Libényi, who had for months meditated and coolly prepared for this deed. The wound inflicted was regard ed as threatening to the life, and afterward to the sight, of the monarch, who, however, slowly recovered. Libényi, who had been disarmed with difficulty, died on the gallows

protesting his fidelity to republicanism and Hungary. A few months afterward Czar Nicholas paid Francis Joseph a visit at Olmütz, but the attitude of the latter in the war in Turkey, which soon followed, and during which he concluded a treaty with the allies (Dec. 2, 1854), occupied the Danubian principalities, and concentrated a large army in Galicia, was far from satisfying either Russia or her enemies. The treaty of Paris (1856), which terminated the great struggle, was signed on the part of Austria by Buol and Hübner. The expenses of all these diplomatic and military undertakings were met by means of extravagant and often violent financial operations. In April, 1854, Francis Joseph married Elizabeth, daughter of the Bavarian duke Maximilian Joseph of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld, who in 1855 bore him a daughter, Sophia, in 1856 another, Gisela, and in 1858 a son, Rudolph. All these family events were followed by partial and scanty political amnesties. The first born child died during a second imperial journey through Hungary, in 1857, at Buda. In October of the same year Francis Joseph received a visit at Vienna from Alexander II. of Russia, which quieted the apprehensions caused by a preceding interview of the same monarch with Napoleon III. at Stuttgart. While Austrian diplomacy was thus successful in its various operations, it was most effectually active in Italy. A concordat concluded with the see of Rome (1855), which conferred extraordinary rights upon the Roman Catholic bishops and the Jesuits, and private treaties with Tuscany, Parma, and Modena, made Austrian influence predominant in the peninsula. Beyond the Po, Austria held the important military positions of Ancona and Piacenza. To counterbalance this state of things, Sardinia strengthened herself by increasing her army, by enlisting the sympathies as well as the refugees of the other Italian states, and finally by an alliance with Napoleon III. On New Year's day, 1859, the emperor Napoleon declared to the diplomatic corps in Paris his dissatisfaction with the Italian policy of Francis Joseph, and his few words were understood by Austria as a threat, if not as a declaration of war. On both sides the most active preparations for a great struggle began. Napoleon demanded from Austria the surrender of her private treaties with the Italian states, and the evacuation of all non-Austrian territories in Italy; Austria demanded from Sardinia a disarmament and the expulsion of the refugees. None of these demands was agreed to. The alarmed English ministry in vain offered its mediation. The proposition to call a European congress, made by Russia, was agreed to by Napoleon, but rejected by Francis Joseph, who objected to the admission of Sardinia in the congress. Austrian reënforcements were pouring into Lombardy; French troops began to cross the Alps, and to sail from Marseilles for Genoa. At this juncture Francis Joseph surprised the world by sending an ultimatum to

Sardinia, April 19, granting but 3 days for a compliance with his conditions, and by the commencement of hostilities immediately following its rejection. The Austrians, under Count Gyulai, crossed the Ticino (April 26, 27), and occupied the N. E. provinces of Piedmont as far as the Dora Baltea, while their left wing was advanced as far as Bobbio on the Trebbia. They thus threatened both Turin and Genoa; but every thing soon took an unfavorable turn for them. On the very first day of the war a bloodless revolution broke out at Florence, in consequence of which the grand duke left Tuscany, and the country was placed under the military dictatorship of Victor Emanuel, the king of Sardinia. Similar movements soon after drove the duke of Modena and the duchess of Parma into exile. The overflowing tributaries of the Po, and probably want of decision, prevented a bold stroke against the Sardinians before the approach of the French and the arrival of their emperor. After the first vigorous repulse suffered from the French at Montebello (May 20), the Austrians gave up the offensive, retiring toward the Ticino and Piacenza. The allied armies closely followed, commanded by the respective monarchs in person. Victor Emanuel, on the left, crossed the Sesia, and won the battle of Palestro (May 31); Garibaldi at the head of a troop of volunteers was allowed to enter Lombardy, and to rouse the mountaineers of the lake region; while, masked by a false display on the right, Napoleon transferred the main bulk of his army behind the line of the Sardinians to the banks of the Ticino, which he crossed at Turbigo and Buffalora (June 3), before the Austrian commanders perceived their mistake. Recrossing the Ticino in haste, but too late, they threw themselves unsuccessfully upon Buffalora, and suffered the first great defeat at Magenta (June 4). Francis Joseph, arriving from Vienna, reached his army after the evacuation of Milan (June 5). A general retreat was now begun, interrupted only by the battle and defeat at Melegnano (June 8). Piacenza and Pizzighettone with their fortifications, the lines of the Oglio and Chiese, as well as Ancona and Bologna, were given up without a blow. Lombardy, Parma, and Modena proclaimed their annexation to Piedmont. Arrived on the banks of the Mincio, the retreating army once more turned against the closely following enemy, and Francis Joseph, having dismissed Gen. Gyulai, held the chief command in person in the great battle of Solferino (June 24), in which nearly half a million of combatants were engaged for a whole day, on a line extending from the lake of Garda to the vicinity of the Po. The victory of the allies was, as in every preceding battle, dearly purchased, but it conquered the line of the Mincio. Francis Joseph retired to Verona, followed by his army, and soon after by that of the allies. The armies were in sight of each other; the French fleet was threatening Zara, Fiume, and Venice, Kossuth preparing to revolutionize Hungary, Prus

sia mobilizing her armies, apparently in favor of Austria, when a sudden armistice, and immediately preliminaries of peace, were concluded between the two emperors, the latter at a personal interview in Villafranca (July 11). This treaty gave Lombardy as far as the Mincio to Sardinia, leaving the 4 great fortresses of Mantua, Peschiera, Verona, and Legnano in the possession of Austria. It also provided that Italy should be reorganized as a confederarcy of states under the honorary presidency of the pope. Before leaving Verona for his capital (July 14) Francis Joseph published an order of the day, in which he throws the blame of his defeat on the standing aloof of his natural allies, and expresses his confidence in the devotedness of the army if any new struggle should arise. A conference for the final settlement of the new treaty was held in Zürich immediately afterward.

FRANCIS, JOHN WAKEFIELD, an American physician and author, born in New York, Nov. 17, 1789. His father was a German who emigrated to this country soon after the peace of 1783, and his mother a Philadelphia lady of Swiss family. In his youth he was for some time in the printing establishment of George Long. Subsequently, however, having been carefully prepared by the Rev. George Strebeck, and the Rev. John Conroy, of Trinity college, Dublin, he entered an advanced class at Columbia college, and about the same time (1807) began to study medicine under Dr. Hosack. He was graduated A.B. in 1809, and M.D. by the college of physicians and surgeons in 1811, being the first person upon whom a degree was conferred by the latter institution. A few months afterward Dr. Hosack offered his young pupil a partnership, and the connection thus formed, extending not merely to professional, but also to literary and other pursuits, lasted until 1820. In 1810, while yet a student, he issued, in conjunction with Dr. Hosack, the prospectus of the "American Medical and Philosophical Register," which was published quarterly and continued for 4 years. In 1813 Dr. Francis was appointed lecturer on the institutes of medicine and materia medica at the college of physicians and surgeons, and soon afterward, the medical faculty of Columbia college having been consolidated with that institution, he received the chair of materia medica in the united body. He would accept no fees for his first course of lectures, fearing lest the increased expenses of the new establishment might exclude some who wished to attend the full course. With the design of both completing his own studies and transferring to the medical schools of New York some of the most valuable features of those abroad, he visited Europe, where he became acquainted with Cuvier, Gall, Denon, Dupuytren, Gregory, Playfair, Brewster, Bell, the Duncans, Jameson, Abernethy, the Aikins, Sir Walter Scott, and Dr. Rees, to whose cyclopædia he contributed several articles. On his return to New York, the chair of materia medica having been added to that of chemistry, he became professor of

the institutes of medicine, and in 1817 succeeded Dr. Stringham as professor of medical jurisprudence. In 1819 he was made professor of obstetrics in addition to his other duties, and retained this appointment until 1826, when the whole faculty resigned, and a majority of them founded the Rutgers medical school, which, after a successful career of only 4 terms, was closed by the legislature. In this institution Dr. Francis filled the chairs of obstetrics and forensic medicine. Since his retirement from this post he has devoted himself to the practice of his profession and the pursuit of literature, neither of which indeed he had allowed his academical duties to interrupt. In conjunction with Drs. Beck and Dyckman he edited, in 1822, '3, and '4, the "New York Medical and Phys ical Journal." He actively promoted the objects of the New York historical society, the woman's hospital, the state inebriate asylum, and the cause of natural history, the typographical guild, and the fine arts, in behalf of which he has frequently written and spoken. In addition to biographical sketches of many of the distinguished men of the last half century with whom he has been in intimate relationship (among others, of Robert R. Livingston, Philip Freneau, Daniel Webster, J. Fenimore Cooper, Cadwallader Colden, Samuel L. Mitchill, Edward Miller, John Pintard, and the actors Cooke and Kean), and articles in different medical periodicals on obstetrics, vitriolic emetics in croup, sanguinaria Canadensis, iodine, the goitre of W. New York and Canada, on medical jurisprudence, yellow fever, death by lightning, caries of the jaws of children, elaterium, ovarian disease, &c., he has published an essay on the "Use of Mercury" (8vo., New York, 1811); "Cases of Morbid Anatomy" (4to., 1814); "Febrile Contagion" (8vo., 1816); "Notice of Thomas Eddy the Philanthropist" (12mo., 1823); "Denman's Practice of Midwifery, with Notes" (8vo., 1825); Address before the New York Horticultural Society" (1830); "Address before the Philolexian Society" (1831); "Letter on Cholera Asphyxia of 1832" (8vo., 1832); "Observations on the Mineral Waters of Avon" (1834); the "Anatomy of Drunkenness;" "Discourse before the N. Y. Lyceum of Natural History" (1841); discourses before the N. Y. academy of medicine (1847, 1848, and 1849); addresses before the typographical society of New York, "On Dr. Franklin" (1850 and 1859), and "On the Publishers, Printers, and Editors of New York;" "Old New York, or Reminiscences of the past Sixty Years" (8vo., 1857; 2d edition, enlarged, 12mo., 1858). A memoir of Christopher Colles, read by him before the historical society in 1854, was published in the "Knickerbocker Gallery" in 1855. His discourse at the Bellevue hospital, 1858, embraces a minute view of the progress of anatomical investigation in New York from its early state under the Dutch dynasty down to the present time. He was elected the first president of the New York academy of medi

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cine after its organization in 1847; he is a foreign associate of the royal medico-chirurgical society of London and other institutions abroad, and in fellowship with many scientific bodies in his native land. In 1850 he received the degree of LL.D. from Trinity college, Hartford, Conn. His style is animated, excursive, and often enlivened by humor, while his intimate acquaintance with the history and old inhabitants of New York, and his fondness for local antiquities, cause him to be looked upon as an oracle in matters relating to his native city. JOHN W., jr., son of the preceding, born in New York, July 5, 1832, died there, Jan. 20, 1855, was graduated at Columbia college in 1852. A "Memorial of his Life," by Henry T. Tuckerman, was published in New York (1 vol. 8vo., 1855).

FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP, a British politician and pamphleteer, born in Dublin, Oct. 22, 1740, died in London, Dec. 22, 1818. He was the son of the Rev. Philip Francis, author of an elegant and popular translation of Horace, and also of several tragedies of little merit, and some liberal political pamphlets. The son removed with his father to England in 1750, and was placed on the foundation of St. Paul's school, where he remained about 3 years. Here Woodfall, afterward the printer of the "Public Advertiser," and the publisher of the "Letters of Junius," was his fellow pupil, a circumstance much relied upon in the effort to prove Sir Philip the author of those letters. In 1756 he was appointed to a place in the office of his father's patron, Mr. Fox, then secretary of state, which he continued to retain under the secretaryship of Mr. Pitt. He was, in fact, a successful placeman. In 1758 he went as private secretary to Gen. Bligh when that officer commanded an expedition against the French coast, and was present in a battle near Cherbourg. When the earl of Kinnoul went in 1760 as ambassador to Portugal, on the recommendation of Mr. Pitt he took Francis with him as his secretary; and on his return to England in 1763, Francis received an appointment in the war office. Here he remained until March, 1772, when he resigned in consequence of a quarrel with Lord Barrington, the new minister at war. The remainder of that year he passed in travelling through Flanders, Germany, Italy, and France. In June, 1773, soon after his return, he was appointed one of the council of Bengal with a salary of £10,000. It has been supposed that he owed this lucrative place to the influence of Lord Barrington, now once more his friend; but the fact is not clearly established. Francis went to India in the summer of 1774, and remained there till Dec. 1780, when he resigned on account of his quarrel with Warren Hastings. This quarrel led to a duel, in which Francis was shot through the body. His active and somewhat austere disposition had brought him into constant opposition to Hastings, and for a time he controlled the majority in the council. Two of the members having

died, Hastings obtained the mastery; and after their duel Francis returned to England in disappointment and anger. To revenge himself upon Hastings seems to have been the ruling motive of his later life. In 1784 he became member of parliament for Yarmouth in the isle of Wight. He was a bold, severe, and frequent speaker, but he never became distinguished as an orator. His politics were always extremely liberal. When the prosecution of Hastings began in 1786, its leaders would have committed the management to Francis. The house of commons, however, refused twice, by large majorities, to permit this appointment. Burke, Fox, and Windham labored in vain to change this determination. At last the committee of managers united in writing a note to Francis inviting him to aid them in their labors; he consented, and passed many years in this occupation. When others tired, Francis never flagged. He embittered the existence of his enemy, and no doubt destroyed his own peace in the effort. Hastings, however, finally triumphed and died acquitted. When the French revolution broke out, Francis was its firm friend. He became an active member of the revolutionary association of "Friends of the People." He was defeated at the election of 1796, when he stood for Tewkesbury, but in 1802 was returned by Lord Thanet for the borough of Appleby, and continued to sit for that borough while he remained in parliament. He sustained Fox and Grey in their plans of reform, and advocated the abolition of the slave trade with unfailing ardor. His political consistency is worthy of honor. In Oct. 1806, on the formation of the Grenville ministry, Francis was made a knight of the bath. It is believed that it was also designed to send him to India as governor-general, but this appointment never took place. He retired from parliament in 1807, and afterward wrote pamphlets and political articles in the newspapers. From the obscurity of old age he was suddenly recalled to the attention of the public. In 1816, John Taylor published his "Junius identified with a Distinguished Living Character," viz., Sir Philip Francis. The argument is ingenious, the coincidences remarkable; but none of Francis's acknowledged writings equal the fierce eloquence of Junius. He himself, it is said, always denied that he wrote the famous letters. He was the author of about 26 political pamphlets. He was twice married, the second time to a Miss Watkins, a clergyman's daughter, when he was over 70. By his first wife he left a son and two daughters.

FRANCIS OF ASSISI, a saint of the Roman Catholic church, and founder of the order of Franciscans, born in Assisi, in the present papal delegation of Perugia, in 1182, died near that city, Oct. 4, 1226. His father, Pietro Bernardone, was a wealthy merchant. The son was taught to speak the French tongue, and the ease with which he mastered it caused the change of his baptismal name of Giovanni to that of Francesco.

He led a gay life until he was captured in a civil conflict of Assisi with Perugia, and kept for a year prisoner in the city of his enemies. During his detention he formed the design of renouncing the world; and fancying that he heard one day while praying in a church a voice from the crucifix, bidding him repair the falling walls of Christ's house, he gave the proceeds of some goods he had sold to the priest of the church, offering himself as an assistant. This act brought upon him the displeasure of his father, who threatened if he persisted to deprive him of his inheritance. But neither this threat, nor the popular ridicule which saluted his seeming insanity, could turn him from his purpose. He formally renounced his right of heirship, emptied his pockets, and even stripped himself of his clothing, putting on the cloak of a laborer. He was then (1206) 24 years old. From this time he gave himself exclusively to works of piety and charity. He begged in the streets for money to repair the church, and assisted the masons by carrying the stones with his own hands. He frequented the hospitals, washing the feet and kissing the ulcers of the lepers. Now he was stripped of his coarse raiment by robbers, and now he put it off from his own person to clothe the poor whom he met by the way. His excessive humility in dress and demeanor began after a time to win sympathy for him. Prominent men desired to imitate him, and to become his companions. The rich merchant, Bernard of Quintaval, in whose house Francis had been a guest, sold all his estate, distributed it to the poor, and came to pray with his friend. To him was soon joined a canon of the cathedral, Peter of Catana. These brethren received the dress of Francis, a coarse robe of serge girded with a cord, Aug. 16, 1209, from which day the foundation of the Franciscan order properly dates. At the beginning, Francis and his companions occupied a little cottage just outside the wall of the city; but as their number increased they removed to the premises of the Portiuncula, which had been offered them by the Benedictines, refusing, however, to accept this as a gift. His own habits were consistent with the strict poverty enjoined by his rule. He slept upon the ground, with a block of wood or stone for his pillow, ate his scanty food cold, with ashes strewed upon it, sewed his garments with packthread to make them coarser, bathed himself in snow to extinguish the fires of sensual desire, obeyed the orders of his novices, fasted long and rigidly, and shed tears so freely that he became nearly blind, and could only save his sight by a dangerous and painful searing of the face. He preached wherever he could find audience, yet he would never take priests' orders, and contented himself with the humble place of a deacon. He forbade, too, the spirit of controversy, and inculcated peace as the spirit which all Christians should labor to establish. In the civil strifes which raged so fiercely in Italy in the 13th century, he brought his order in as a peacemaker. Francis was a zealous missionary, and

made long journeys in behalf of the Catholic faith. He sought to visit Morocco, and was only prevented by a sickness which detained him in Spain. His cherished design was to lay down his life in the Holy Land in behalf of Christ's religion. His first attempt to reach Syria proved ineffectual; contrary winds hindered his vessel. But the plan was not relinquished, and after a brief sojourn in Acre, he joined the camp of the crusaders at Damietta in 1219. He arrived only to witness the failure of the Christian army, but he was gratified in his desire for an interview with the Saracen chief, and was permitted to testify in presence of the infidels concerning Christ and the Christian faith. On the occasion of the formal approbation of his order in 1223, he preached a sermon before the sacred college, which seems to have been the last of his important public performances. His failing health and growing blindness confined him more and more to that favorite seclusion of the hill of Alverno, on which a nobleman had built a church and convent for the Franciscan brethren. In this solitude he gave himself more ardently to prayer and religious exercises. His enthusiasm became rapture. His visions were multiplied. The Saviour and the saints seemed to appear, and the legend tells of the stigmata, the print of nails in the hands and feet, and of a wound in the side, corresponding to similar marks on the person of the Saviour, which Francis brought away with him from one of these interviews. It was even affirmed that blood continued to flow from his wounds; and portions of this blood were long after exhibited for the reverence of the faithful. He was canonized July 16, 1228.-The literary remains of St. Francis are neither numerous nor especially remarkable. They consist of letters, monastic conferences, parables, and poems in the Italian tongue. The best edition is that of 1641 (folio, Paris). The life of the saint has been many times written by brethren of the various branches into which his order has been subdivided; by Thomas de Celano, his disciple; by St. Bonaventura; by Helyot; by Chalippe (4to., 1728, and 2 vols. 12mo., 1736); by Chavin (8vo., Paris, 1841); by Böhringer in his series of biographies; and by Frederic Morin (16mo., Paris, 1853).

FRANCIS OF PAULA, the founder of the order of Minims, a saint of the Roman Catholic church, born in Paula, Calabria, in 1416, died in Plessis-les-Tours, April 2, 1507. He was devoted by his parents to St. Francis of Assisi, to whose intercession they ascribed his birth, after their marriage had been for a long time childless. When 12 years old he was brought into an unreformed convent of Franciscans in Calabria, where he surpassed all the monks in the strict observance of the rule. Two years later, in 1428, he returned to Paula, resigned his right of inheritance, and retired to a grotto to lead the life of a hermit. He was hardly 20 years old when he found many followers, who built themselves cells near his grotto. He received from