seminaries of high grade and repute at the latter place, at Whitestown, N. Y., and at Lewiston, Me., together with other schools of less note. The Maine state seminary at Lewiston received a liberal endowment from the state on its establishment in 1857. The Freewill Baptist printing establishment is at Dover, N. H., where are published the "Morning Star," which for 33 years has been their weekly organ, the "Myrtle," a Sabbath-school paper, and the "Quarterly," each number of which comprises at least 120 pages. Biographies have been published of Ran dall, Colby, Marks, Phinney, Martin Cheney, and other clergymen, which throw light upon the history and spirit of the denomination. A general history of the Freewill Baptists is now in preparation under the direction of the general conference. In 1800 the whole number of communicants was less than 3,000. In 1829, when complete returns were for the first time obtained, there were 8 yearly meetings, 22 quarterly meetings, 311 churches, 263 ministers, and 12,860 communicants. There are now (1859) 29 yearly meetings, 132 quarterly meetings, 1,206 churches, 1,133 ministers, and 56,026 communicants, an increase of fourfold within a generation, and of 5,714 communicants within the last year. They are found in all the free states, but are most numerous in New England. There is also in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia a separate and rapidly increasing conference of Free Baptists, of about 4,000 members, not included in the above computation. They have a weekly organ, the "Religious Intelligencer," published at St. John, N. B. The Freewill Baptists correspond by letters and delegations with the General Baptists of England, with whom they agree in doctrine.

FREEZING MIXTURES. From ancient times various methods have been practised of producing low degrees of heat for the preparation in hot weather of grateful cooling mixtures. Some of these, the object of which is more particularly the production of ice, are described in the article upon that subject. Methods of producing intense cold are also noticed in EVAPORATION. Freezing mixtures, properly so called, are solutions of a solid in a fluid, cold being produced by the tendency of the former in passing to the liquid state to render latent a portion of the sensible heat of the mixture. What is called the heat of fluidity is derived chiefly from that which had previously existed within the solid itself in a sensible state. The property of nitre or saltpetre, a common natural production of the East, to render water cold by solution, was known, it is believed, to the ancient Hindoos, though in the "Institutes of Akbar" the discovery is attributed to that prince, who ruled from 1556 to 1605. The directions there given are to throw one part of nitre into a vessel containing 2 parts of water, and then stir in this mixture rapidly for a quarter of an hour a pewter or silver vessel tightly stopped and containing the liquid to be cooled. As early as the year 1556 it was a common practice with wealthy

Italian families to cool liquors in a similar manner, and they are supposed to have derived the method from India or Persia. They added gradually 20 to 25 parts of nitre to 100 parts of cold water, and whirled rapidly round in it a globular, long-necked bottle containing the wine or water to be cooled. The salt was afterward recovered by crystallization, and was then ready for the same use again. Boyle, and afterward Fahrenheit, extended this practice to other saline solutions, and Mr. Walker of Oxford and Lowitz of St. Petersburg, in the latter part of the last century and early part of the present, were particularly successful in introducing new salts and developing the principle of their action. The former published essays in the "Philosophical Transactions" in 1795, and again in 1801, with tables of the most important mixtures. Those salts were found to produce the greatest effect which dissolved the most rapidly, and the processes were much more effectual when the materials were previously cooled by immersion in other frigorific mixtures, or when freshly fallen dry snow, or, in lieu of this, finely powdered ice, was added. Mr. Walker thus succeeded in obtaining a degree of cold equal to -100° F. With snow and common salt Fahrenheit reduced the temperature to -32°, and originally proposed this as the method for fixing the zero point of his scale. In this process the salt, by its affinity for water, causes the snow to melt, and the water thus produced dissolves the salt, and both becoming liquid, a large quantity of the sensible heat is rendered latent. The tables of Mr. Walker, still referred to in chemical works, are as follows:

FRIGORIFIC MIXTURES WITH SNOW.

solution may be most rapidly accomplished. The diluted nitrous acid named is composed of fuming nitrous acid 2 parts by weight and 1 of water, the mixture being allowed to cool before using; the diluted sulphuric acid, of equal weights of strong acid and water, and allowed to cool.

Cold produced.

40°

46°

57°

53°

Nitrate of potassa.......

5

to +10°

Water

16

Chloride of ammonium...

Nitrate of potassa.

5

Sulphate of soda

to + 4°

Water...

16

Nitrate of ammonia..

Water

to +4°

Nitrate of ammonia.

64°

Sulphate of soda

Chloride of ammonium..

50°

47°

The following is recently recommended as a convenient and efficient preparation: One part by weight of crude powdered sal ammoniac is to be intimately mixed with 2 parts of pulverized saltpetre, and to this mixture, when required for use, is to be added an equal bulk of carbonate of soda. FREIBERG, or FREYBERG, a walled town of Germany, the mining capital of Saxony, on the Münzbach, 25 m. S. W. of Dresden; pop. about 12,000. It is situated on the N. declivity of the Erzgebirge. The streets are regular, well built, lighted, and paved. There are handsome monuments to Prince Maurice of Saxony, and to Werner, the great mineralogist, and a fine Gothic cathedral, built in the 15th century. The mining academy, founded in 1765, has a museum of model mining machines, and a library of 18,000 volumes. The staple manufactures consist of gold and silver lace, brassware, white lead, gunpowder, shot, iron and copper ware, linens, woollens, ribbons, tape, leather, and beer. Freiberg is an ancient city, and was long the residence of the Saxon princes. Werner, Humboldt, Mohs, and Jameson were students at its academy. The mining district of Freiberg is divided into 5 circles, and contains 150 mines, yielding silver, lead, copper, cobalt, &c. The total mineral product in 1854 amounted to about $800,000, and in 1850 to $1,000,000. FREIBURG, or FREYBURG, a city of Ger

FREIGHT, in law, and in common practice, either the cargo which a ship carries, or the price paid to the charterer of a ship for the carriage of goods. In the earliest case in which the word occurs (Bright vs. Cowper, 1 Brownlow and Goldsborough, 21), it is used to mean the cargo carried. But it means in the law, almost exclusively, the money earned by the carriage; and it is principally used in this sense by merchants. (For the law of freight, see SHIPPING.)

FREILIGRATH, FERDINAND, & German poet, born in Detmold, June 17, 1810. Early in life he engaged in mercantile business at Soest in Westphalia, and was afterward a clerk at Amsterdam and Barmen. A volume of poems which he published in 1838 made him one of the favorite poets of Germany. The king of Prussia conferred on him in 1842 an annual pension, which he resigned in Jan. 1844, having adopted democratic opinions. Being persecuted for political reasons, he went in 1845 to Switzerland. In 1846 he went to London, where he was employed until 1848 by the firm of Huth and co. After the outbreak of the revolution in Feb. 1848, he returned to Germany, and for 3 years took an active part in the efforts of the democratic party. In Aug. 1848, he was arrested on account of his poem Die Todten an die Lebenden ("The Dead to the Living"), and tried, but acquitted. In May, 1851, a new writ of arrest was issued against him on account of the second part of his "Political and Social Poems" and his membership in the democratic central committee of Cologne. But he had already left Germany for London, where of late he has managed the London office of the Swiss bank. His Gedichte (Stuttgart, 1838; 18th ed., 1857), with which he began his poetical career, is still the most popular of his works. His political poems Ça ira (Herisau, 1846), Die Revolution (Leipsic, 1848), Februar-Kläge (Berlin, 1848), and Neuere politische und sociale

Gedichte (Cologne, 1849; 2d part, Brunswick, 1850), are also valued by those who accord with their principles. Some of these poems, as Robert Blum, Die Revolution, Die Todten an die Lebenden, are classed among the best political poetry of Germany. A tasteful selection of German poetry was published by him in 1854, under the title Dichtung und Dichter (Dessau, 1854), and another of English poetry at Stuttgart in 1853, under the title "The Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock." The first complete edition of all his works appeared in New York (Sämmtliche Werke, 6 vols., 1858-'9). Some of his poems have been translated into English by Longfellow, of whose "Hiawatha" he in turn published a German version.

FRELINGHUYSEN, FREDERIC, an American lawyer, born in New Jersey, April 13, 1753, died April 13, 1804. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1770, and in 1775 was sent as a delegate from New Jersey to the continental congress. In 1776 he joined the revolutionary forces, and served with distinction as captain of a volunteer corps of artillery at the battles of Monmouth and Trenton. In the battle of Trenton, it is said, he shot Col. Rall, the commander of the Hessians. He was promoted to be colonel, and served during the remainder of the war. After the peace he filled various state and county offices, and in 1790, when the New Jersey and Pennsylvania troops were called to take part in the expedition against the western Indians, he was appointed major-general by President Washington. In 1793 he was elected a senator of the United States, which post he occupied for 8 years, when, in consequence of domestic bereavement, he resigned, and devoted the remainder of his life to his family and private affairs.-THEODORE, an American statesman, son of the preceding, born at Millstone, Somerset co., N. J., March 28, 1787. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1804, studied law with Richard Stockton, and in 1808 was admitted to the bar, where he soon became distinguished as an eloquent advocate. During the war with Great Britain in 1812-'14, he raised and commanded a company of volunteers. In 1817 he was elected attorney-general of New Jersey by a legislature opposed to him in politics, and held the post till 1826, when he was chosen U. S. senator. In the same year the legislature had elected him a judge of the supreme court, which office he declined to accept. In the senate Mr. Frelinghuysen acted with the whig party. He exerted himself in behalf of the Indians; advocated the bill to suppress the carrying of mails on the sabbath; supported Mr. Clay's resolution for a national fast in the season of the cholera; spoke in favor of the extension of the pension system, and acted in unison with Mr. Clay upon the question of the tariff, and the compromise act of 1832. He remained in the senate till 1835, when he was superseded by a democrat. In 1838 he was chosen chancellor of the university of New York, and took up his residence in that city.

In May, 1844, the whig national convention at Baltimore nominated him for vice-president and Henry Clay for president. They received 105 electoral votes, while their successful competitors, James K. Polk and George M. Dallas, received 170 votes. In 1850 Mr. Frelinghuysen resigned the chancellorship of the university of New York to become president of Rutgers college, New Brunswick, N. J., and removed to that city, where he now resides.

FREMONT, JOHN CHARLES, an American explorer, born in Savannah, Ga., Jan. 21, 1813. His father was a Frenchman who had settled in Norfolk, Va., where he supported himself by teaching his native language. His mother, whose maiden name was Anne Beverley Whiting, was the daughter of an opulent and prominent Virginian, connected by marriage with the Washington family. She was left an orphan at an early age, and when 17 years old was persuaded by her relatives to marry Major Pryor, a rich and gouty gentleman 45 years her senior. This union was childless and unhappy, and at the end of 12 years was terminated by a divorce which the friends of both parties combined to procure from the legislature. Major Pryor soon married his housekeeper, and Mrs. Pryor married Mr. Fremont. He died in 1818. The widow with 3 infant children settled in Charleston, S. C. At the age of 15 John Charles entered the junior class of Charleston college. For some time he stood high in college, and made remarkable attainments in mathematics. "But about this time," says Mr. Bigelow, one of his biographers, "he became acquainted with a young West Indian girl, whose raven hair and soft black eyes interfered sadly with his studies." His inattention and frequent absences at length caused his expulsion from the college. After this event he obtained employment as a private teacher of mathematics, and took charge at the same time of an evening school. In 1833 he obtained the position of teacher of mathematics on board of the U. S. sloop of war Natchez, which was then in the port of Charleston, from which she sailed on a cruise to the coast of South America. Fremont was absent in her for more than two years, and on his return to Charleston received from the college which had expelled him the degrees of bachelor and master of arts. Shortly afterward he passed successfully a rigorous examination at Baltimore for the post of professor of mathematics in the navy, and was appointed to the frigate Independence; but he soon resolved to quit the sea, and engaged himself as a surveyor and railroad engineer on a line between Charleston and Augusta, Ga. Subsequently he assisted in the survey of the railroad line from Charleston to Cincinnati, and particularly in the exploration of the mountain passes between South Carolina and Tennessee. He was engaged in this work till the autumn of 1837, when, in consequence of its suspension, he accompanied Capt. Williams of the U. S. army in a military reconnoissance of the mountainous Cherokee country in Georgia, North Carolina,

and Tennessee. In anticipation of hostilities with the Indians this survey was rapidly made in the depth of winter, and was Fremont's first experience of a campaign amid mountain snows. In 1838-9 he accompanied M. Nicollet, a Frenchman and a distinguished man of science, in explorations of the country between the Missouri and the British line. These explorations were made under the authority of the government, and while engaged in them in 1838, Fremont received from President Van Buren, under date of July 7, a commission as 2d lieutenant in the corps of topographical engineers. While at Washington in 1840, employed in the preparation of the report of these expeditions, Fremont became acquainted with Miss Jessie Benton, a daughter of Col. Thomas H. Benton, at that time a senator from Missouri. An engagement was formed, but as the lady was only 15 years of age, her parents, notwithstanding their high personal regard for Fremont, objected to the inatch, and suddenly, probably through the potent influence of Col. Benton, the young officer received from the war department a peremptory order to make an examination of the river Des Moines upon the western frontier. The survey was rapidly executed, and shortly after his return from this duty the lovers were secretly married, Oct. 19, 1841. In the following year Fremont projected a geographical survey of the entire territory of the United States from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, the feasibility of an overland communication between the two sides of the continent being a leading idea in his scheme of explorations. He accordingly applied to the war department for employment on this service, and having received, at his own suggestion, instructions to explore the Rocky mountains, and particularly to examine the South pass, he left Washington, May 2, 1842, and on June 10 began his expedition from a point near the mouth of the Kansas, a few miles beyond the Missouri border, whence he proceeded up the Platte river and its tributaries, through bands of hostile Indians, to the South pass, which was carefully examined. He next explored the Wind River mountains, the loftiest peak of which, 13,750 feet above the sea, he ascended, Aug. 15, accompanied by 4 of his men. This mountain is now called Fremont's peak. From the Wind River mountains, which he left Aug. 18, Fremont returned to his starting place by nearly the same route that he had followed in going out. He reached the mouth of the Kansas, Oct. 10, 1842, after an absence of 4 months. He had encountered much hardship and many perils, and had successfully accomplished all the objects of the expedition. Over the whole course of his extended route he had made barometrical observations to ascertain the elevations both of the plains and of the mountains, and astronomical observations for latitudes and longitudes. The face of the country was noted as fertile or sterile, the practicability of routes was settled, military positions indicated, and large contributions made to geology and

botany. His report of the expedition was laid before congress in the winter of 1842-'8. It attracted great attention both at home and abroad. It was praised by Humboldt in his "Aspects of Nature," and the London "Athenæum" pronounced it one of the most perfect productions of its kind. Immediately after the publication of his report Fremont planned a second expedition of a much more comprehensive character than the first. He determined to extend his explorations across the continent, and to survey the then unknown region lying between the Rocky mountains and the Pacific ocean. In May, 1843, he commenced his journey with 39 men, and, in pursuance of his instructions, proceeded up the Kansas river far enough to ascertain its character, and then crossed over to the Platte, which he ascended to its source in the mountains, where the Sweet Water, one of its tributaries, springs from the neighborhood of the South pass. He reached the pass on Aug. 8, went through it, and saw the head waters of the Colorado flowing toward the gulf of California. On Sept. 6, after travelling over 1,700 miles, he came in sight of the Great Salt lake, of which no accurate account had ever been given, and of which very vague and erroneous notions were entertained. His investigations effected important rectifications in our geographical knowledge of this portion of the continent, and had subsequently a powerful influence in promoting the settlement of Utah and of the Pacific states. From the Salt lake he proceeded to the upper tributaries of the Columbia river, whose valley he descended till on Nov. 4 he reached Fort Vancouver, near the mouth of the Columbia. On Nov. 10 he set out on his return to the states. He selected a S. E. route, leading from the lower part of the Columbia to the upper Colorado, through an almost unknown region, crossed by high and rugged mountain chains. He soon encountered deep snows, which impeded his progress and forced him to descend into the great basin, and presently found himself in the depth of winter in a desert, with the prospect before him of death to his whole party from cold and hunger. By astronomical observation he found that he was in the latitude of the bay of San Francisco, but between him and the valleys of California was a range of mountains covered with snows which the Indians declared no man could cross, and over which no reward could induce them to attempt to guide him. Fremont boldly undertook the passage without a guide, and accomplished it in 40 days, reaching Sutter's Fort on the Sacramento early in March, with his men reduced almost to skeletons, and with only 33 out of 67 horses and mules remaining, and those that survived so weak and thin that they could barely walk while led along. He resumed his journey March 24, and proceeding southward, skirted the western base of the Sierra Nevada, crossed that range through a gap, entered the great basin, and again visited the Salt lake, from which through the South pass he re

turned to Kansas in July, 1844, after an absence of 14 months, during the greater part of which he was never out of sight of snow. The reports of this expedition occupied in their preparation the remainder of 1844. Fremont was brevetted captain in Jan. 1845, and in the spring of that year he set out on a third expedition to explore the great basin and the maritime region of Oregon and California. The summer was spent in examining the head waters of the rivers whose source is in the dividing ridge between the Pacific and the Mississippi valley, and in October he encamped on the shores of the Great Salt lake. From thence he proceeded to explore the Sierra Nevada, which chain he crossed again in the dead of winter with a few men to obtain supplies from California for his party, with whom, after perilous adventures among the mountains and some successful encounters with hostile Indians, he made his way into the valley of the San Joaquin, where he left his men to recruit, and went himself to Monterey, which was at that time the capital of California, to obtain from the Mexican authorities permission to proceed with his exploration. Permission was granted, but was almost immediately revoked, and he was peremptorily ordered to leave the country without delay. Fremont as peremptorily refused to comply. His men, exhausted by the hardships they had suffered and destitute of supplies and animals, were in no condition to repass the mountains and the deserts from which they had just emerged. The Mexican governor, Gen. Castro, mustered the forces of the province and prepared to attack the Americans, who were only 62 in number. Fremont took up a strong position on the Hawk's peak, a mountain 30 m. from Monterey, built a rude fort of felled trees, hoisted the American flag, and, having plenty of ammunition, resolved to defend himself. He wrote to the American consul at Monterey, in reply to a private message, March 10, 1846: "We have in no wise done wrong to the people or the authorities of this country, and if we are hemmed in and assaulted here, we will die, every man of. us, under the flag of our country." The Mexican general formed a camp with a large force of artillery, cavalry, and infantry, in the plain immediately below the position held by the Americans, whom he hourly threatened to attack. On the evening of the 4th day of the siege, Fremont, tired of inaction, withdrew with his party and proceeded toward the San Joaquin. The fires were still burning in his deserted camp when a messenger arrived from Gen. Castro to propose a cessation of hostilities. Without further molestation Fremont pursued his way northward through the valley of the Sacramento into Oregon. Near Tlamath lake, on May 9, he met a party in search of him with despatches from Washington, directing him to watch over the interests of the United States in California, there being reason to apprehend that the province would be transferred to Great Britain. There was also reason to believe that

Gen. Castro intended to destroy the American settlements on the Sacramento. Fremont promptly retraced his steps to California. Gen. Castro was already marching against the settlements. The settlers rose in arms, flocked to Fremont's camp, and under his leadership the result was that, in less than a month, as Col. Benton says in his "Thirty Years' View:" "All the northern part of California was freed from Mexican authority, independence proclaimed, the flag of independence raised, Castro flying to the south, the American settlers saved from destruction, and the British party in California counteracted and broken up in all their schemes." On July 4 Fremont was elected governor of California by the American settlers; and on the 10th of that month he learned that Commodore Sloat, who commanded the U. S. squadron on the coast, had taken possession of Monterey. Fremont proceeded to join the naval forces, and reached Monterey with his 160 mounted riflemen on the 19th. Commodore Stockton about the same time arrived at Monterey with the frigate Congress, and took command of the squadron with authority from Washington to conquer California. At his request Fremont, who had now, May 27, 1846, been promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, organized a force of mounted men, known as the "California battalion," of which he was appointed major. He was also appointed by Com. Stockton military commandant and civil governor of the territory, the project of making California independent having been relinquished on receipt of intelligence that war had broken out between the United States and Mexico. He was actively employed for some time in suppressing insurrections of the Mexican inhabitants, and in averting by his personal influence a war with the Walla-Walla Indians. On Jan. 13, 1847, he concluded with the Mexicans articles of capitulation which terminated the war in California, and left that country permanently in the possession of the United States. Meantime Gen. Kearney of the U. S. army, with a small force of dragoons, had arrived in California. A quarrrel soon broke out between him and Com. Stockton as to who should command. They each had instructions from Washington to conquer and organize a government in the country. Fremont had accepted a commission from Com. Stockton as commander of the battalion of volunteers, and had been appointed governor of the territory. Gen. Kearney, as Fremont's superior officer in the regular army, required him to obey his orders, which conflicted with those of Com. Stockton, whose authority Fremont had already fully recognized as commander-in-chief of the territory-an authority which had also been admitted by Gen. Kearney for a considerable period after his arrival. In this dilemma Fremont concluded to obey the orders of Com. Stockton. Despatches from Washington received in the spring of 1847 at length terminated this conflict of authorities by