facts is that they be unprejudiced, or, in other words, with that discrimination which should characterize the performance of their duty, that their minds may be open only to the consideration of such facts as are admitted in evidence. The jurors objected to in this case met this measure and the appellant has no just ground of complaint on this score. [8] V. The facts in evidence are ample to sustain the verdict. Appellant was fuly identified in the very attempt to commit the crime. His partially covered face and armed and threatening attitude leave no doubt in the reasoning mind as to his purpose. That the crime he was attempting to perpetrate was not consummated is due wholly to his ineffectual efforts to close the vault doors and the consequent fear of apprehension arising from his failure so to do. He rests his defense on his denial of guilt and the testimony of his relatives that he was not dressed the day of the crime as described by the witnesses for the state. The jury saw all of these witnesses, heard them testify, and gave credence to those for the state. The record offers no reason for disturbing their verdict. 3. Quieting title 52-Judgment in statutory proceeding to quiet title did not invest plaintiffs with new title. Judgment under Rev. St. 1899, § 650, adjudging plaintiffs to be owners in fee, and that defendants had no right, title, or interest, did not invest plaintiffs with new title, but merely determined what title they already had. 4. Judgment 429-Parties failing to appear in response to notice in suit to quiet title held estopped to assert claim thereto. Nonappearing parties could not assert, in suit to set aside judgment obtained in suit to quiet title, that they have title as remaindermen under will of prior holder of land. 5. Constitutional law 190-Quieting title 19-Statute providing for bringing of suits to quiet title held not violative of Constitu tion. Rev. St. 1899, § 650, providing for the bringing of an action to quiet title and to adjudge rights of parties in land, held not violative of Const. art. 2, § 15, by reason of authorizing the divesting of vested estates of plaintiffs, created under will of prior holder of land. 6. Judgment 461 (5)-Judgment set aside only for actual and positive fraud, in fact established by clear and cogent évidence. Judgment will not be set aside on mere susIf it be deemed necessary to resort to prec-picion of fraud, but only for actual and posiedents to sustain the foregoing conclusion, the following cases will be found to be illustrative of the quantum of evidence necessary to sustain a conviction. State v. Bater (Mo. Sup.) 232 S. W. 1012; State v. Lasson, 292 Mo. 155, 238 S. W. 101; State v. Affronti, 292 Mo. 53, 238 S. W. 106. The appellant has been accorded all of the rights to which one accused of crime is entitled. There remains, therefore, no alternative but an affirmance of this judgment. It is so ordered. All concur. MCFADIN et al. v. SIMMS et al. (No. 24668.) (Supreme Court of Missouri, Division No. 1. July 1, 1925.) 1. Quieting title 31-Word "plaintiff" in statute, includes all who by record prosecute action. In Rev. St. 1899, § 580, authorizing plaintiff to proceed against unknown parties by publication in suit to quiet title, word "plaintiff" is used in collective sense, including all who by record prosecute action, and, where more than one plaintiff, word is construed as "plaintiffs." [Ed. Note.-For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Plaintiff.] 2. Quieting title 31-Verification of petition by one plaintiff sufficient under statute authorizing publication in suit to quiet title. In a suit to quiet title, verification of petition by only one of several plaintiffs was substantial compliance with Rev. St. 1899, § 580. tive fraud in fact, established by clear, strong, and cogent evidence, leaving no reasonable doubt of its existence. 7. Judgment 461 (5) - Charge of fraud in suit to set aside judgment quieting title held not supported by evidence. In suit to set aside a judgment quieting title, charge that defendants had obtained such judgment by fraud, in that they falsely alleged under oath that devisees, heirs, and assigns of prior holder of land were unknown to them, so that service might be made by publication, held not supported by evidence, there being no showing that defendants neither knew nor were chargeable with notice of existence of will under which plaintiffs claimed or of the names and whereabouts of devisees thereunder. 8. Judgment 725 (4)-Judgment in suit to quiet title held res judicata as to plaintiffs' rights as remaindermen under will of former owner. Where plaintiffs' claims as remaindermen to property under will of former holder of land were not presented to court in a suit to quiet title, held that judgment rendered in that suit, adjudging defendants to be the owners in fee simple of the land, was nevertheless binding upon the plaintiffs, and that question was reg judicata in a suit to set aside such judgment quieting title for fraud. 9. Judgment 725 (4) — Judgment adjudging party to be owner in fee simple of land consequently adjudged that there were neither life tenants nor remaindermen therein. Judgment in suit quieting title, adjudging plaintiff in that suit to be owner in fee simple, finally determined that there were neither life tenants nor remaindermen therein, and hence parties claiming interest as remaindermen un (273 S.W.) der will of prior owner of land could not claim that title acquired by plaintiffs in such suit inured to their benefit. ment of one thousand dollars for which note for nine hundred dollars has been given and one hundred dollars paid in cash." The in Appeal from Circuit Court, Chariton Coun- strument was recorded in the office of rety; Fred Lamb, Judge. Action by Minitree C. McFadin and others against John W. Simms and others. From a judgment for defendants, plaintiff's appeal. Affirmed. John E. Burden, of Lexington, and Gerson B. Silverman, of Kansas City, for appellants. Franken & Timmons, Lozier & Morris, and Conkling & Withers, all of Carrollton, for respondents. RAGLAND, P. J. This suit is a sequel to Simms v. Thompson, reported in 291 Mo. at page 493, 236 S. W. 876, and following. Practically the same questions urged in that case are again presented in this. That being an appeal from an order of the circuit court overruling a motion to vacate one of its judgments for error of fact, we were limited to a consideration of such of the questions as could be raised and determined under a writ of error coram nobis at common law. The questions which, because of such limitations, we then declined to consider we will endeavor to dispose of now. As to the others, there is no necessity for again ploughing the same ground. The statement of facts presently to be made will be shaped accordingly, leaving the opinion in the former case to supply such additional details as may be desired. Minitree Catron, in the year 1836 and from that time on continuously until his death, which occurred on the 13th day of August, 1862, was a resident of Lafayette county, Mo. In the year 1838 he purchased from the United States, and the United States conveyed to him by patents, three several tracts of land situated in Carroll county, Mo., which together formed a contiguous body of approximately 160 acres. He left a last will, which was duly proved, and which with the certificate of probate was thereafter, on the 4th day of September, 1862, duly recorded in the record book kept for that purpose in the office of the clerk of the probate court of Lafayette county. By said will he devised all of said lands to his daughter Frances Eveline McFadin "for and during her natural life, and after her death the said lands to be equally divided among all of her children share and share alike." A copy of the will was never recorded in the recorder's office of Carroll county. On the 20th day of November, 1865, John McFadin, husband of Frances Eveline, executed a bond to one Edward Hamill in the penal sum of $2,000, to be void upon the condition that he (McFadin) execute and deliver to said Hamill "a good and warrantee deed" to the land heretofore referred to, "upon pay corder of deeds of Carroll county May 30, 1866. On January 5, 1867, John McFadin and his wife, Frances Eveline, executed a deed containing covenants of general warranty wherein and whereby, for a consideration of $1,000 paid to them, they purported to convey the same land in fee to Mary A. Simms. The deed was duly recorded in the recorder's office of Carroll county June 12, 1867. Both the bond and deed recited that John McFadin was "of Lafayette county, Mo." Mary A. Simms and her husband, John, went on the land which the McFadins purported to convey to them in the early part of 1868. It was then wild and uninclosed"prairie and hazel brush." They built a house and barn on it, fenced it, put it in cultivation, established their home there. They thereafter, during the life of Mary Simms, continuously resided on the land, farming and cultivating it. She died intestate on or about November 1, 1887. After her death, John Simms, her husband, continued in the possession and control of the land until his death, which occurred May 20, 1901. In 1909 the heirs of Mary Simms, preparatory to offering the land for sale, caused an abstract of the title to be made. The abstract so made showed: The entries of the several tracts by Minitree Catron in 1838, as shown by the plat book of entries on file in the recorder's office of Carroll county; the issuance of patents corresponding to the entries and their record in the General Land Office, as evidenced by certificates of an attorney of Washington, D. C.; the bond executed by John McFadin to Edward Hamill; and the deed from McFadin and wife to Mary A. Simms. There thus appeared two breaks in the record title there was no conveyance of Catron's legal title and none of Hamill's possible equitable title. The Simms heirs submitted the abstract to an attorney, and were advised by him that a suit under the statute to determine and quiet title was necessary. Thereafter a petition was prepared in which the Simms heirs were designated as plaintiffs and Minitree Catron, "the unknown wife or widow, and the unknown heirs, the unknown descendants, the unknown devisees, and the unknown assigns of Minitree Catron," Edward Hamill, and "the unknown wife or widow and the unknown heirs, the unknown descendants, the unknown devisees, and the unknown assigns of Edward Hamill," were made defendants. The petition, after alleging that plaintiffs were the owners in fee simple and in the peaceful possession of the land, proceeded as follows: "Plaintiffs further state that the defendants claim some title, interest, or estate in said premises adverse to that of plaintiffs, the nature or character of said title, interest, or estate which defendant or any of them claim cannot be more definitely stated (except as is hereinafter done) because it is unknown to plaintiffs, except that it is adverse to plaintiffs. "Plaintiffs further state: That there are persons interested in the subject-matter of this petition whose names plaintiffs cannot insert herein because they are unknown to plaintiffs; said unknown persons being the defendants herein designated and referred to in caption as unknown, to wit, the unknown wife or widow and the unknown heirs, the unknown descendants, the unknown devisees, and the unknown assigns of each of the following named persons, respectively: Minitree Catron, Edward Hamill. That the title, interest, or estate which said unknown persons (defendants) claim or might claim in said land or any part thereof is such as they derived by the statutes of descent and distribution of dower and homestead of the state of Missouri, by devise, by deed of conveyance, or by assignment, from said persons, respectively, to wit, Minitree Catron (and) Edward Hamill. * * * Plaintiffs cannot further describe the interest of said unknown persons, defendants herein, nor how said interest, if any, was derived, because such is unknown to plaintiffs; and plaintiffs have described herein the right, title, interest, and estate, if any, in said land of the said unknown defendants, and how said interest, title, and estate was derived so far as plaintiffs' knowledge extends." The petition was verified by John W. Simms, one of the plaintiffs, in the following language: "John W. Simms, having been duly sworn, states on his own behalf and on behalf of his coplaintiffs herein that the allegations of the above and foregoing petition are true." The petition was filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit court of Carroll county, July 22, 1909. An order of publication based thereon, directed to the nonresident and the unknown defendants, and returnable to the September term, 1909, of the court, immediately followed. With respect to the form and substance of the order and its publication. the provisions of sections 575 and 580, R. S. 1899, then in force, were substantially complied with. At the return term a judgment was rendered in the cause. According to its recitals none of the defendants appeared but all made default; a hearing was had; "and upon the evidence adduced by the plaintiffs" the court found generally that the plaintiffs were the absolute owners in fee simple of the land described in the petition, and specifically that "the unknown wife or widow and the unknown heirs, the unknown descendants, the unknown devisees, and the unknown as signs of Minitree Catron * * * each and all of them have no title, interest, or estate in said land or any part thereof." The judgment concluded: "And the court doth further adjudge and de estopped and debarred from ever setting up or claiming title, interest, or estate in or to said land or to any part thereof." On the 17th day of September, 1917. a motion was filed in the cause to vacate the judgment; the movents being the surviving children and the heirs of the deceased children of Frances Eveline McFadin, who died in 1916. After an extended hearing in the circuit court, the motion was overruled. An appeal taken from the order overruling the motion resulted in an affirmance by this court. Simms v. Thompson, supra. This suit was commenced February 4, 1922. The plaintiffs are the same persons who were the movents in the motion to vacate the judgment in the suit to quiet title; the defendants are the heirs of Mary A. Simms and James L. Wilson and Henry Lee Wilson, to whom they sold and conveyed the land in question in 1911. The petition is in five counts. The first seeks to have the judgment in Simms v. Thompson set aside on the ground of fraud in its procurement. It is quite voluminous, but the substance of it is set forth in the following excerpts therefrom: "Plaintiffs state that the said judgment to quiet title is fraudulent and void, and subject to be avoided in this action, because the several charges and allegations in the defendants' petition and the said oath of the defendant John W. Simms verifying the same, and the evidence adduced at the hearing, attaching to the judgment itself, are false and fraudulent in the following particulars: That the allegation that the devisees of Minitree Catron were nonresidents of the state of Missouri and unknown to the defendants was false and made to defraud the court into assuming jurisdiction, whereas said devisees at all times resided in the state of Missouri, and were known to the defendants herein; the allegation that the plaintiffs (defendants herein) were owners in fee of the said lands was false and by them known to be false, for they owned only the right to possession and lawful use of the lands during the life of Frances Eveline McFadin, and said affidavit so made and attached to said petition to verify the allegations thereof by John W. Simms was false and untrue and unto him known to be false and untrue at the time he made and subscribed it.” The The second count alleges that if section 650, R. S. 1899, which purports merely to provide a remedy for quieting title, authorizes the divestment of a remainder in real estate vested at the time of its enactment, it is to that extent unconstitutional. third count charges that the judgment rendered in the suit to quiet title is void because the petition therein was not verified in accordance with the requirements of section 580, R. S. 1899. The fourth asks that the title to the land in controversy be ascertained and determined in accordance with the plaintiffs' contention. The fifth is plain ejectment. (273 S.W.) the allegations of the petition, aver that the | consin cases were decided. In recent years judgment in Simms v. Thompson is valid and there has been a disposition on the part of conclusive in respect to all matters adjudi- state Legislatures everywhere to simplify the cated therein, and in addition plead in bar procedure, so far as possible within constiseveral of the statutes of limitation. tutional limitations, whereby titles to real A jury was waived. The court after hear-estate can be stabilized and rendered marketing the evidence found for the defendants | able through the removal of clouds and lurkon all of the issues. From the judgment ren- ing defects. The statute under review has dered in conformity with such finding, plaintiffs prosecute this appeal. Additional facts will be stated in connection with the question considered. Questions raised on this appeal and not considered in Simms v. Thompson, supra, relate (1) to the verification of the petition in that case; (2) to the operation of the judgment therein as impairing vested rights in violation of constitutional provisions; (3) to fraud in the procurement of such judgment; and (4) to the effect of the judgment as an estoppel. Of these in order. [1] I. Section 580, R. S. 1899, authorizing publication against unknown parties and in force at the time of the commencement of the suit of Simms v. Thompson, provides: "If any plaintiff shall allege in his petition, under oath, that there are, or that he verily believes there are persons interested in the subject-matter of the petition, whose names he cannot insert therein because they are unknown to him, and shall describe the interest of such persons, and how derived, so far as his knowledge extends, the court, or the judge or clerk thereof in vacation, shall make an order," etc. The word "plaintiff" is, as appellants contend, unquestionably used in a collective sense, it includes all who by the record prosecute the action, and "any plaintiff" means the plaintiff in any case. As applied to a particular case in which there are more than one plaintiff, the section should therefore be construed to read:. "If the plaintiffs, under oath," etc. From this premise, which we think must be conceded, appellants draw the conclusion that the statute requires the petition in such case to be verified by the oath of each of the plaintiffs. In support of their position they cite some early Kentucky cases, the last of which was decided in 1838, and a Wisconsin case decided in 1862. These cases hold in effect that such a construction is necessary to prevent fraud; that, where there are several plaintiffs, all of them, except the one who makes the affidavit, may know the persons against whom they are attempting to proceed as unknown. But it is obvious that under our Code, if in such circumstances a fraud be intended, those of the plaintiffs to whom the proposed defendant is known can decline to become parties plaintiff, and the one to whom such defendant is unknown can join those who would otherwise be plaintiffs with the unknown as defendants and make the statutory affidavit without a single qualm of conscience. We have traveled a long way since the Kentucky and Wis been so amended that the petition, in order to authorize publication against an unknown defendant, may now be verified by the affidavit of plaintiff, "or his agent or attorney." This trend of the legislative mind has been invoked merely as an aid to construction; there has been no recession on the part of the courts with respect to the enforcement of the rule which requires that a statute which provides a method of bringing a defendant into court otherwise than by personal service shall be strictly construed. [2] In the case under consideration, John W. Simms, one of the plaintiffs, verified by his oath the allegations of the petition, including the allegation that the heirs, devisees, and assigns of Minitree Catron were unknown to the plaintiffs; that is, to himself and to each of his coplaintiffs. This was a substantially accurate compliance with the requirement that the allegations of the petition be made under oath. If the Legislature had intended that, in cases where there are more than one plaintiff, the conscience of each should be sifted through the medium of an oath, it would doubtlessly have said so. The Supreme Court of Nebraska, in construing a similar statute of that state, under circumstances very like those present in the case under consideration, held that the verification of the petition by one plaintiff was sufficient. Stull v. Masilonka, 74 Neb. 309, 104 N. W. 188; same case, 108 N. W. 166. That such a verification is sufficient under our own statute is the view which has prevailed generally with the trial courts and the bar of the state. To now hold otherwise would result in unsettling many titles. A construction that would so result ought not be adopted unless imperatively required by the language of the statute, and we hold that it does not. [3] II. In challenging the constitutionality of section 650, R. S. 1899, under which the Simms heirs instituted the proceeding to quiet title, appellants say: "If said act is to be construed so as to authorize the divesting of the vested estates of the of Minitree Catron in the year 1862, and transplaintiffs as remaindermen, created by the will fer the same to the grantees of the life tenant several years before the death of said life tenant, and without any conveyance thereof by such remaindermen, then said section 650 is unconstitutional as violative of section 15 of article 2 of the Constitution of the state of Mis souri." [4, 5] The statute authorized the circuit court, its provisions having been complied with, "to ascertain and determine the estate, [ tends to show that any of the Simms heirs, title and interest of said parties, respectively, or their attorney who brought the suit to in such real estate, and to define and adjudge by its judgment or decree the title, estate and interest of the parties severally in and to such real property." And that is what the court did in Simms v. Thompson, that and nothing more. "Upon the evidence adduced by the plaintiffs" it found and adjudged that plaintiffs in that suit were the owners of the land "absolutely and in fee simple, and that neither the defendants nor any of them had any title, interest or estate in and to said land or any part thereof." The judgment did not invest plaintiffs with a new title; it merely determined what title they then had. If the defendants (in that proceeding) had appeared in response to the statutory notice given them and offered proof of the title they now claim, the finding and judgment of the court might have been different. They are estopped to now assert that they had or have title as remaindermen under the will of Minitree Catron, deceased. The contention that the statute is unconstitutional cannot be regarded seriously. Arndt v. Griggs, 134 U. S. 316, 10 S. Ct. 557, 33 L. Ed. 918; Hamilton v. Brown, 161 U. S. 256, 16 S. Ct. 585, 40 L. Ed. 691; Tyler v. Court of Registration, 175 Mass. 71, 55 N. E. 812, 51 L. R. A. 433; Ashton-Jenkins Co. v. Bramel, 56 Utah, 587, 192 P. 375, 11 A. L. R. 752; Drake v. Frazer, 105 Neb. 162, 179 N. W. 393, 11 A. L. R. 766. But, even if it were open to question on constitutional grounds, the consideration of such question for all the purposes of this case would be foreclosed by the judgment in the former suit. Forest Lumber Co. v. Mining Co. (Mo. Sup.) 222 S. W. 398. [6] III. A judgment will not be set aside upon a mere surmise or suspicion of fraud or for mere technical fraud, but only for actual and positive fraud in fact, established by clear, strong, and cogent evidence, leaving no reasonable doubt of its existence. Lieber v. Lieber, 239 Mo. 1, 39, 143 S. W. 458; McDonald v. McDaniel, 242 Mo. 172, 176, 145 S. W. 452, and cases cited; Giddings v. Steele, 28 Tex. 732, 91 Am. Dec. 336. [7] The gist of the fraud alleged is that the defendants, as plaintiffs in the suit to quiet title, well knowing that the defendants therein (plaintiffs herein) were residents of Lafayette county, Mo., and well knowing their rights, title, and interest in the land in question, for the purpose of having process so served as to avoid giving them actual notice and thereby purposely keep them in ignorance of the suit and deprive them of an opportunity to appear and make defense therein, falsely alleged under oath that the names of the heirs, devisees, and assigns of Minitree Catron, and the nature or character of the title, interest, and estate which they claimed in the land, were unknown to them. The charge was wholly unproved. There is quiet title, knew of the existence of the Catron will, much less of the names and whereabouts of the persons named therein as devisees. The only information they had with respect to the title to their lands and possible claimants was what the abstract disclosed. That showed merely that one Minitree Catron, back in 1838, purchased the land from the government through the land office at Lexington, Mo., and received patents therefor; but who Catron was or where he at the time resided was in no way revealed. It further appeared from the abstract that in 1865 one John McFadin of Lafayette county, Mo., gave Edward Hamill a bond for a deed, and that in 1867 John McFadin and his wife, Frances Eveline, of Lafayette county, executed a deed to the lands to Mary A. Simms, and this was all the information that the Simms heirs had relative to the McFadins when they set about to cure the record defects in their title. They had never known or heard of the McFadins otherwise, had had no intimation of any kind of their relation to Catron. Was it incumbent upon them in 1909 to go to Lafayette county in search of John McFadin, who had there more than 40 years before made their mother a deed, in order to inquire of him the source of the title he purported to convey by the deed? During all the years that the Simms had been in possession of the land no adverse claimant had appeared; there had been no suggestion from any source that their ownership was otherwise than absolute. They had every reason to believe that the breaks in the chain of their record title were but formal defects, resulting from the loss of a deed or deeds, or failure to record them. Frances Eveline McFadin lived in Lafayette county continuously from the time she joined in the deed to Mary A. Simms until her death; her children grew up there and continued to reside there; all were socially prominent and well known locally. But an inference unfavorable to defendants cannot be drawn from those facts. Though Carroll and Lafayette counties adjoin, owing to the Missouri river which separates them there was no more communication between them than if they had lain in parts of the state remote from each other. And it is no more strange that the Simms knew nothing of the McFadins than that the McFadins had never heard of the Simms and did not know that they occupied the land in which they (the McFadins) now claim they were all the while the owners of the remainder in fee. Appellants say that the probate of the Catron will in Lafayette county was a proceeding in rem, and that the judgment therein gave notice to the world of the existence and contents of the will. But the doctrine of constructive notice is wholly without applica |