Capital, Port Gibson. II. A N. parish of La., bordering on Ark., drained by the branches of Bayou d'Arbonne; area about 1,200 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 7,471, of whom 2,522 were slaves. The surface is undulating, and partly covered with pine and other timber. The soil is good, though not of remarkable fertility. Productions in 1850, 2,483 bales of cotton, 234,470 bushels of corn, and 59,030 of sweet potatoes. There were 10 churches, and 1,250 pupils attending public schools. A strong tide of emigration has been flowing toward this part of the state for several years. Capital, Homer. III. A N. E. co. of Tenn., area about 350 sq. m., intersected by Powell's river, and bordering on Virginia; pop. in 1850, 9,369, of whom 660 were slaves. The surface is hilly, and in some places mountainous. Beside possessing a fertile soil, the county is rich in mines of lead, zinc, and iron, the latter of which are very extensive and profitably worked. The productions in 1850 were 441,061 bushels of corn, 88,440 of oats, 10,414 of wheat, and 9,595 lbs. of wool. Capital, Tazewell.

CLAIRAUT, ALEXIS CLAUDE, a French mathematician, born in Paris, May 7, 1713, died there, May 17, 1765. At the early age of 13 he read before the French academy a memoir upon 4 curves of his own discovery; at 16 had written a treatise upon curves of double curvature; and at 18 was admitted into the academy of sciences. His maturer powers were employed in researches upon the figure of the earth, on the theory of the moon, and on the orbit of Halley's comet. In each of these subjects he showed wonderful powers, and gained the most distinguished honor.

CLAIRON, CLAIRE JOSEPH HIPPOLYTE LEGRIS DE LATUDE, a French actress, born in Flanders in 1723, died in Paris, Jan. 18, 1803. She was not yet 13 years old when she appeared with great success at a Parisian theatre. She afterward became an opera singer, and finally was admitted in 1743 to the French. theatre, where she first played the part of Phèdre. She greatly contributed to the success of several of Voltaire's tragedies; she paid a visit to the old poet at Ferney, and performed in his private theatre. Having declined to play in the Siège de Calais with a comedian guilty of an act of dishonesty, she was thrown into prison; and sufficient amends for such treatment having been denied her, she refused to reappear on the stage. She was then but 42 years of age, and her talent had reached its zenith. Her coquetry gave occasion for the publication of a scandalous pamphlet called Histoire de Frétillon. When 50 years old, she became the favorite of the margrave of Anspach, at whose court she resided for nearly 18 years. In 1791, on being supplanted by Lady Craven, she returned to Paris, and published there in 1799 her Mémoires, which derive interest from their remarks on dramatic art. Her life, spent in affluence, ended in a state bordering on destitution.

CLAIRVAUX, a village of France, department of Aube, on the left bank of the Aube

river. It was the seat of a celebrated monastery dependent on the abbey of Citeaux; the monastery was founded in 1114, in a wild glen, by Hugues, count of Champagne, and had St. Bernard as its first abbot. The foundation was increased by Thibaut, count of Champagne, and rich gifts were added by many kings of France, counts of Flanders, and other noble benefactors. The monks followed a rule of life which still further swelled their revenues. Timber was felled, saw mills were erected, the lands were drained and irrigated, farms were carefully tilled, tan yards, forges, oil mills, grain mills, fulling mills, and various hydraulic works were put in operation, cloth was woven, wool was spun, and the products not required for the use of the abbey were sold at Châtillon-sur-Seine, Bar-surAube, &c. At the same time Clairvaux was a seat of learning, and was the abode, at different periods, of Pope Eugene III., 15 cardinals, and many other dignitaries. In 1153 there were 700 monks within the abbey walls, and 76 other monasteries were affiliated to this. In the 17th century it possessed nearly 50 villages, a vast number of farms, large vineyards, 60,000 acres of forest, 1,500 acres of fallow land, 4 metal forges and founderies, and an income of $120,000 a year. The number of its affiliated houses was 537, while the circuit of its walls exceeded that of the neighboring town of Chaumont. Its vast buildings have been converted into a prison (maison centrale de détention), where 2,000 convicts are employed in several trades, the proceeds of which defray the expenses of the estab-. lishment. It is one of the best regulated prisons in France. The abbey church, which contained the tombs of St. Bernard, and of several kings and princes, was torn down to make way for the prison yard.

CLAM, a common name for several species of bivalve shells. One of these, the largest of shells, has been already noticed in the article CHAMA; this, known as the giant clam, the chama gigas of Linnæus, and the tridacna gigas of Lamarck, is an edible species found among the sheltered lagoons of coral islands, and imbedded in the coral. The animal sometimes weighs 20 lbs., and with the valves over 500 lbs. Such are the valves of the specimen used for bénitiers in the church of St. Sulpice, Paris. Sir Joseph Banks possessed one which weighed, one valve 285, and the other 222 lbs. The shell is susceptible of a fine polish, and is carved by the Chinese into snuff bottles, tops of walking sticks, bangles (a kind of bracelet), and similar articles. Poets and sculptors have made it the cradle of the sea goddess. The common soft clam of the northern shores is the mya arenaria; the hard clam or quahaug is the venus mercenaria; and the broad sea clam is the mactragigantea. The unios, anadontas, &c., of the brooks and rivers are often called fresh-water clams. The mya arenaria, by its abundance on the coast of New England, is of importance as an article of food, and is also largely used for bait in cod and haddock

fishing. The shells are dug up from their beds, which are exposed at low water, where they are found lying about a foot below the surface, their siphon tube projecting upward in the hole by which they communicate with the water at high tide. They are taken out of the shells, or, "shucked," and salted down in barrels. About 5,000 barrels are put up every year for the fisheries, and are valued at from $6 to $7 each. In the early history of the Plymouth colony clams and fish were several times the principal source of sustenance of the people. The devout elder Brewster, it is said, supported himself and his family upon them for many months without bread, thanking God that they could "suck of the abundance of the seas and of the treasures hid in the sands."

CLAN (Gaelic, clan, or klaan; Irish, clann, or cland, children), a tribe or family, the actual or assumed descendants from one common ancestry, united under the headship of a chief representing the common progenitor. The essentials of such a society are hereditary power in the chieftain, and community of name, if not of blood, among the members. Clanship exists at the present day among the mountaineers of the Caucasus. The institution was perhaps more fully developed in the Scottish highlands than elsewhere. The power of the chiefs of clans was, however, not well defined even there. The chiefs owned the land, and the tenantry held their farms under them. There was an intermediate class, known as tacksmen, between the common persons of the clan and the chiefs, being relatives of the latter. The rebellions of 1715 and 1745 caused the English government to abolish the hereditary jurisdiction of the chiefs, disarm the people, and compel them to adopt the lowland dress. The Scottish clans were Buchanan, Cameron, Campbell, Chisholm, Colquhoun, Cumming, Drummond, Farquharson, Ferguson, Forbes, Fraser, Gordon, Graham, Grant, Gun, Lamont, M'Allister, M'Donald, M'Donnell, M'Dougall, M'Farlane, M'Gregor, M'Intosh, M'Kay, M'Kenzie, M'Kinnon, M'Lachlan, M'Lean, M'Leod, M'Nab, M'Neil, M'Pherson, M'Quarrie, M'Rae, Munro, Menzies, Murray, Ogilvie, Oliphant, Robertson, Rose, Ross, Sinclair, Stewart, Sutherland.

CLANE, a barony, parish, and town in the co. of Kildare, Ireland. It stands on the river Liffey, here crossed by a bridge of 6 arches, and contains the ruins of an abbey founded in 548, and of a Franciscan priory of the 13th century.

CLANRICARDE, ULICK JOHN DE BURGH, marquis and earl of, a British nobleman, born Dec. 28, 1802, succeeded to the earldom, July 27, 1808. The female portion of the family are Roman Catholic, his mother, who died March 26, 1854, being of that persuasion. In youth he was remarkable as a keen sportsman, and was considered the best gentleman rider of his day. It was not until his marriage (April 4, 1825) with the daughter of the celebrated George Canning that he turned his attention to politics, being appointed by his father-in-law to

one or two subordinate political positions. He would probably have found far higher elevation had not a gambling transaction in which he was concerned been dragged to light, throwing, in the opinion of the public, whether justly or not, a cloud over his name. After a few years, however, it passed away, and Lord Clanricarde was nominated to the embassy of St. Petersburg, under Lord Melbourne's government, and, on the return of the liberal party to power under the premiership of Lord John Russell, was called to the cabinet by that minister, with the office of postmaster-general, which he filled down to the dissolution of that government in 1852. After that some transactions, in which his name was injuriously mixed up with that of a Mrs. Handcock, revived the old displeasure of the public, and his appointment to the office of lord privy seal with a seat in the cabinet by Lord Palinerston, during the last few months of his administration, which ended in March, 1858, elicited most marked reprobation. Lord Clanricarde is a fluent, but by no means a good speaker. He has extensive estates in the west of Ireland, and commands at present 2 parliamentary seats, one for the county of Galway, filled by his nephew, Sir Thomas Burke, and one for the borough, filled by his son, Lord Dunkellin, which adds considerably to his political importance.

CLAP, THOMAS, an American clergyman, born at Scituate, Mass., June 26, 1703, died in New Haven, Jan. 7, 1767. He was settled as a minister at Windham, Conn., in 1727, and in 1739 was elected president of Yale college. He contributed much to improve Yale college, and was the means of building a college edifice and chapel. He was a man of extensive erudition, and gave great attention to mathematics and astronomy, and constructed the first orrery made in this country. He published a history of Yale college, and other writings, and had made collections for a history of Connecticut; but most of his manuscripts were plundered in the expedition against New Haven, under Gen. Tryon. He had a controversy with President Edwards respecting Whitefield, and opposed the latter, not so much upon religious grounds as from a misapprehension of Whitefield's designs.

CLAPBOARDS, also called weather-boarding, strips of board of various widths, about inch thick at one edge, and sharp at the other. They are much used in the northern states as · an outside covering for houses, being laid on the sides as shingles are laid on the roof. The machinery by which they are cut from the log is very ingenious, and some machines lately introduced are said to be still more perfect than those before in use. As made by the latter, the white pine log, first cut to the proper length by a circular saw, was turned down to a true cylinder of the right diameter in a lathe. It was next put upon a frame and carried by machinery against a circular saw, which cut it through from end to end nearly to the centre only. The frame then, without further attention, ran back over the saw, this continuing to revolve in the

kerf it had cut. When through, the log turned on its axis, its circumference passing just the distance of the thick edge of the clapboard. It then again moved forward, the saw cutting another kerf; and the same movements continued to be repeated until the log was cut entirely into clapboards, the thick edges of which were on the outer circle, and the sharp ones met near the centre slightly attached to the cylindrical core, which held them all together, so that they could be removed in one piece, and set on end.

CLAPP, THEODORE, an American clergyman, born in Easthampton, Mass., March 29, 1792. He graduated at Yale college in 1814, pursued the study of theology for 3 years at Andover, and in 1822 became pastor of the first Presbyterian church in New Orleans. In 1834 he adopted Unitarian views of Christianity, and dissolved his connection with the Presbyterian church, but remained pastor of nearly the same congregation as before, organized under the name of the church of the Messiah. He has resided in New Orleans through 20 fatal and wide-spreading epidemics, including yellow fever and cholera, and by his laborious devotion to all classes of citizens during those periods of awful visitation, has earned the esteem and affection alike of his own parishioners, and of the whole body of Protestant and Catholic inhabitants. He is distinguished also as an able and eloquent preacher. A wealthy Jewish gentleman, Judah Touro, furnished him a large church edifice free of expense, and he himself for many years superintended the renting and management of it. In 1847 he travelled in Europe, in 1857 he resigned his pastorate on account of ill health, and in 1858 he published a volume of "Autobiographical Sketches and Recollections" of a 35 years' residence in New Orleans.

CLAPP, WILLIAM W., jr., an American journalist, born in Boston in 1826, completed his education by a 2 years' residence in Europe. In 1847 he succeeded his father as editor and proprietor of the Boston "Saturday Evening Gazette," a journal established in 1814. In addition to the ordinary duties of an editor, Mr. Clapp has within a few years published "A Record of the Boston Stage," and a history of the Boston light infantry, containing much matter of a local nature of great interest. Mr. Clapp is a frequent contributor to dramatic literature. CLAPPERTON, HUGH, an African traveler, born at Annan in the co. of Dumfries, Scotland, in 1788, died near Saccatoo, in Africa, April 13, 1827. He evinced a strong taste for mathematics at a very early age, and had made considerable progress, when at the age of 13 he was apprenticed to a shipmaster trading between Liverpool and New York, with whom he made a number of voyages. For an accidental violation of the excise laws he was sent on board a man-of-war, where he was speedily promoted to the rank of midshipman. He served on the American lakes during the war with Great Britain in 1812-14, where he was raised to the rank of lieutenant

and placed in command of a schooner. He returned to Scotland in 1817, and remained on half pay till 1822, when, having become interested in Dr. Oudney's proposed exploration of the interior of Africa, he was chosen to accompany that gentleman and Lieut. Denham in the expedition. It was the design of the explorers to go first to Bornoo, where Dr. Oudney was to remain as British consul, and from thence to make explorations E. and W. The expedition started from Moorzook, Nov. 29, 1822, and reached Lake Tchad in the kingdom of Bornoo in safety, on Feb. 4, 1823. The distance was 800 m. Six days after entering the capital, Kooka, Clapperton and Dr. Oudney set out for Saccatoo, the capital of Hoossa, more than 700 m. W. of Kooka. The journey was a long and disastrous one, occupying 90 days, and accompanied by many privations. When they had accomplished about of the distance Dr. Oudney died, after a brief illness. Clapperton struggled forward and reached his destination, but was not suffered to proceed further westward, and after a short stay returned to Kooka, whence he proceeded in company with Denham to Tripoli, and thence to England. Within 6 months after his return, he was raised to the rank of captain, equipped with the necessary men and goods for trading, and sailed for Badagy in the Bight of Benin. Arriving there, Dec. 7, 1825, he journeyed N. E. toward Saccatoo. Two of his companions, Capt. Pearce and Dr. Morrison, fell victims to the fatal climate within a short distance of the coast; still Clapperton, accompanied by his faithful servant, Richard Lander, pressed on. At Katunga they approached the N. branch of the Niger, the Kawam or Joliba, and crossed it without knowing that it was the stream of which they were in search. Proceeding N., they reached Kano, a considerable town, from which proceeding W. they arrived again at Saccatoo. Here he was detained for more than a year by the jealousy of the native king, and the intrigues of the pasha of Tripoli. At length, wearied with the delay so irksome to his active spirit, the deadly climate began to tell upon his vigorous constitution, and he fell a victim to dysentery.

CLÁRAC, CHARLES OTHON FRÉDÉRIO JEAN BAPTISTE, count, a French antiquary and artist, born in Paris, June 16, 1777, died in 1847. Having emigrated with his family, he served for some time in the army of the prince of Condé, and afterward entered a Russian regiment; but his leisure hours were devoted to the study of natural philosophy and the fine arts. Availing himself of the amnesty granted under the consulate, he returned to France, and being chosen tutor to the children of King Murat, he repaired to Naples in 1808. During his stay there he superintended the excavations at Pompeii, the results of which he described in his book, Fouilles faites à Pompéi. On the downfall of Murat he returned to France, but soon left it to follow the duke of Luxembourg in his embassy to Brazil. On his return to Paris he was appoint

ed successor to Visconti, as keeper of the musée des antiques. He published a catalogue of the musée du Louvre, and a Manuel de l'histoire de l'art; but his best work is the Musée de sculpture antique et moderne, 1826-'52, completed after his death, to which he devoted his fortune. CLARE, a central co. of the southern peninsula of Mich., drained by Maskegon and Assemoqua rivers and their branches; area about 650 sq. m. The surface is mostly covered with forests, and diversified with many small lakes. The county has been recently formed, and has few inhabitants. It is not included in the last census (1850).

CLARE, a county in the west of Ireland, province of Munster; area, 768,265 acres, about of which are under cultivation; pop. 212,428. It has an extensive coast line, and is rich in natural resources. Its mineral deposits are numerous ironstone, coal, iron ore, lead, copper pyrites, manganese, black marble, slate and flag quarries, and sand. Although deficient in water, and with a rugged surface, there is abundance of pasturage among the hills, while on the banks of the Shannon, which forms its southern boundary, and other spots, in which surface waters occasionally collect, there is much fine soil. Corn and provisions are the staple products, and coarse linens and woollens are made for home use. There are several ancient memorials in Clare-round towers, the abbey built by Turlogh O'Brien in 1306 at Ennis, and the abbey of Quin, built of black marble, in the 13th century, beside other and numerous remains of interest.

CLARE, or CLARE CASTLE, a town in the co. of Clare, Ireland, situated on the Fergus, 2 m. S. of Ennis; pop. 879. The river, here crossed by a stone bridge, is navigable by vessels of 300 tons; but the commercial advantages which the town possesses as the port of all the central part of the county are nearly counterbalanced by the poorness of its harbor. In 1845, however, it exported corn, meal, flour, &c., to the, value of £16,617. It has no manufactures, and is inhabited mostly by fishermen and farm laborers. About 1 m. S. of the town are the ruins of Clare abbey, founded by O'Brien, king of Munster, in the 12th century.

CLARE, or CLARA, an island off the W. coast of Ireland, at the entrance of Clew bay. It belongs to the co. of Mayo, Connaught, is about 4 m. long, and 2 m. broad. At its northern point the land rises to a height of 487 feet, and elsewhere attains an elevation of 1,520 feet above the sea.

CLARE, JOHN, an English poet, born at Helpstone, July 13, 1793. He was the son of a poor farmer, who had become a cripple, and was supported by the charities of the parish. He managed, by saving a penny whenever it was possible, and by doing extra work, to pay for a little schooling, and at the age of 13 years, meeting, through one of his companions, with Thomson's "Seasons," he determined to own a copy. The shilling was at last saved, and he

walked one morning 6 miles to the neighboring village, waited an hour for the stores to be opened, and returned with his precious purchase. He had soon composed, during his walks and labors, two short descriptive poems, the "Morning Walk" and the "Evening Walk." In 1817 he resolved to publish a small volume, and by working day and night, saved £1 to pay for printing a prospectus. The "Collection of Original Trifles" was announced, at a price not to exceed 38. 6d.; but as he could not distribute his papers into higher circles than his own acquaintance, only 7 subscribers were obtained. One copy of his prospectus, however, fell into the hands of a London publisher, the final result of which was the sale of his poems for £20. The volume appeared in 1820, with a brief biographical introduction, and bearing the title of "Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery," and was received with general favor by the public and the reviews. In a short time Clare was in the midst of wealth. Numerous gifts of from £10 to £100, and annuities of similar amounts, had been bestowed upon him. He married the daughter of a neighboring farmer, first, however, celebrating her in several small poems. He published in 1821 two other volumes of poetry, which were superior to his first, and contained some poems of rare beauty. He often described with peculiar force the impression made upon the mind by the sight of lovely objects in nature. His prosperity did not continue long after this. He speculated with his money and lost it, and amid increasing difficulties sank into a state of despair and mild lunacy. He has been for many years in a private asylum, allowed to wander about at will, but wholly lost to the world.

CLARENCE STRAIT, the channel between Melville island and the N. W. coast of Australia, connecting Van Diemen's gulf with the Indian ocean. It is about 12 m. wide at the narrowest part, and contains a number of islets, rocks, and reefs, between which the current runs with great rapidity.

CLARENCEUX, in Great Britain, the 2d provincial king-at-arms, so called, probably, from the duke of Clarence, whose herald was appointed to this office by his brother, Henry V. It afterward declined into the office of herald only, but was revived by Edward IV., who gave the title, and the west of England as a province, to William Hawkeslow. The duty of this office at present is to marshal and dispose the funerals of all baronets, knights, and esquires on the south of the river Trent.

CLARENDON, EARL OF (EDWARD HYDE), a British statesman and historian, born at Dinton, Wiltshire, Feb. 18, 1609, died in Rouen, France, Dec. 9, 1674. His family belonged to the English gentry, and had for several centuries been settled in Cheshire. Instructed by his father and the vicar of the parish, he was sent to Oxford in 1622, and was admitted at Magdalen hall. He was made bachelor of arts in 1626, and left Oxford. He had been intended

for the church, but his destination was changed in consequence of the death of his elder brother, and he was entered in the Middle Temple, of which his uncle, Sir N. Hyde, was treasurer. His studies were more miscellaneous than legal, and he associated much with loose characters. He did not show application until after his marriage with Anne Ayliffe, in 1629, a union that lasted only 6 months. In 1632 he married Frances Aylesbury. The deaths of his father and uncle had a grave effect on his character, and he applied himself to professional labors, yet not neglecting literature or politics. Among his associates were Ben Jonson, Selden, Carew, Waller, Kenelm Digby, Hales, Chillingworth, and Sheldon. He knew several distinguished noblemen who figured in the great contest then sonear at hand; and his most intimate friend was the fainous Lord Falkland. Among his professional friends were Lane, Maynard, and Whitelocke. Circumstances of a professional character brought him the acquaintance of Laud, then the most powerful member of the government, and by that most zealous of churchmen he was much assisted. In return, Hyde was of much assistance to the archbishop. He was chosen a member of the short parliament, which met April 13, 1640, sitting for WoottonBasset, having been also chosen for Shaftesbury. He took the government side, though moderately, and was brought into collision with Hampden. The same day the parliament was dissolved by the king, a measure to which Hyde was opposed, boldly remonstrating with Laud on the subject. He was an advocate of practical reforms, and had the policy which he indicated been pursued, there can be little doubt that the British throne would have remained in possession of the house of Stuart. Hyde was chosen by Saltash to serve in the long parliament, November, 1640. In the first proceedings of that celebrated body he was as conspicuous a reformer as either Pym or Hampden. He led the way in the abolition of some of those arbitrary tribunals by the use of which the Stuarts were seeking to make of England a monarchy after the fashion of France, the earl marshal's court and the council of York especially. He took part in the proceedings against the judges who had been concerned in the shipmoney business, and in the impeachment of Lord Keeper Finch, distinguishing himself particularly in the latter transaction. He was not so prominently concerned in the proceedings against Strafford, but yet was active in them. It is not certain whether he voted for the bill of attainder which brought that great criminal to the scaffold. In the summer of 1641 Hyde separated himself from the reformers, though indications of his intention to do so were afforded at an earlier date. He broke with them on church questions, and his decision was apparently hastened by his discovery of the republican leanings of some of their chiefs. He at tracted the king's attention, and they had an interview just before Charles made a visit to

Scotland. From that time dates his connection with the Stuarts, in forming which Hyde acted from principle and disinterestedly. He belonged to that numerous and respectable portion of Englishmen who believed the parliament had gone far enough, but who were as much opposed to arbitrary power as St. John and Vane; men whose advice, had he been governed by it, would have saved Charles I.'s throne and life. The most determined friend of constitutional government must admit that the house of commons was beginning to evince an arbitrary dis position on some points, while the utter faithlessness of the king was unknown to the world. A reaction had commenced, and had Charles known how to profit from it-had he been governed by the advice of Hyde, Colepepper, and Falkland-the troubles of the nation would have then come to an end. The occurrence of the Irish rebellion, and other circumstances, were sufficient to set the popular tide in favor of the parliament again, when the bringing forward of the "grand remonstrance," in which all the king's crimes and errors were clearly set forth, led to a pitched battle, the result of which showed that the reformers were carrying matters too far, as they triumphed by only 11 majority. Hyde was very conspicuous in opposition, and narrowly escaped being sent to the tower. The king's answer to the remonstrance was written by Hyde, and is an able state paper. Sensible of Hyde's talents, the king determined to associate him with Falkland and Colepepper as his chief ministers and advisers. to accept office, but the three constitutional royalists were to meet often, and to consult on the king's affairs, and to conduct them in parliament, the monarch asking their advice, and solemnly pledging himself to take no step in parliament without that advice-a pledge which he kept after his usual fashion. All three were of service to him, meeting every night, generally at Hyde's house, he doing all the writing that was necessary, and corresponding with the king. The suspicions of the other party were directed to him, but this could not have proved injurious if the king had acted with common honesty. In violation of his pledge to Hyde and his associates, as well as in violation of law, he endeavored to seize "the five members," an act that not only made civil war inevitable, but set the country once more against the king. Hyde says they were absolute strangers to the royal counsels, and detested them. Still he remained the royal adviser, and aided the king with his pen. He opposed the bill to remove the bishops from the house of peers. In the dispute between the king and parliament respecting the militia, Hyde was the author of the ablest royal papers, and also wrote other papers for his master. They were all written in a constitutional spirit, and had Charles triumphed he would have disregarded them all. The king had left London, and he summoned Hyde to York, to the vicinity of which he went in May, 1642. The war began three months later but negotia

He refused