tions were commenced for an accommodation, and Hyde's services were put in requisition. In 1643 he was made chancellor of the exchequer, knighted, and sworn of the privy council. On the death of Falkland the king offered to make him secretary of state, but he declined the appointment. It was by his advice that parliament was summoned to meet at Oxford, which comprised large numbers of both houses. He was one of the royal commissioners who met the parliamentary commissioners at Uxbridge, the burden of the work on his side falling on Sir Edward's shoulders. The negotiations failed. When the king appointed Prince Charles head of the western association, Sir Edward was made a member of the prince's council, and saw the king for the last time March 5, 1645. During the miserable proceedings in the west he bore himself well, and attended the prince, first to Scilly, and then to Jersey. In the latter island he remained over 2 years, and long after the prince had left it. In his correspondence he condemned the king's duplicity, as proved by the circumstances of Glamorgan's treaty. He commenced his "History of the Rebellion" while at Scilly, in March, 1646, and labored very diligently on it in Jersey. He applied, though in most instances with but indifferent success, to living actors in the great drama, for materials and assistance. He worked hard, spending 10 hours a day on his books and papers. He joined Prince Charles in Holland in the summer of 1648, and had some part in the intrigues of his quarrelsome court. The next year he was sent minister to Spain, in company with Lord Cottington. His mission proved a failure, and he left that country in 1651, taking up his residence at Antwerp. He joined Charles II. at Paris at the close of the year, and was intrusted with the management of his affairs. This brought him much unpopularity, and the exiled court was the scene of the worst intrigues. He suffered the extremes of poverty, and speaks in his correspondence of his lack of money, clothes, and fuel. The queen mother was his bitter enemy, and sought, with the aid of the courtiers, to ruin him, but without success. He was concerned in the plots against Cromwell's government, and listened to projects for the protector's assassination. He accompanied the vagrant court in all its wanderings, and was made lord chancellor in 1657. When it became apparent that a restoration was approaching, he favored moderate counsels. Two days after the entrance of the king into London, Hyde took the seat of speak er of the house of lords, and sat in the court of chancery. It was vainly attempted to exclude him from power, and he became head of the administration. He was made Baron Hyde, Viscount Cornbury, and earl of Clarendon, and refused the garter. He wished to keep faith with the roundheads, but the current ran too strongly against all who had opposed the royal power for even the king to maintain his faith. Clarendon sought to govern constitutionally,

but in the spirit of a departed age. His morals were pure, and the king was one of the most profligate of mankind. He offended the country party by his arbitrary ideas, and the court by his austerity. His position in the government made him responsible for acts which he did not approve; and the sale of Dunkirk to the French caused him much unpopularity, the people derisively applying the name of Dunkirk house to the magnificent mansion which he had built in London. His taste led him to form a splendid gallery of paintings, many of which he was accused of extorting from necessitous royalists. The marriage of his daughter Anne with the duke of York, heir presumptive to the crown,

to which he was not a party, and concerning which he bore himself with unspeakable meanness,-angered the nobility, and laid him open to grave suspicions with the ignorant portion of the people. Without being corrupt, he was greedy of money, which he expended in the most ostentatious manner. By the year 1667 his unpopularity was at its height. The people changed the name of his palace to Holland house, because of their suspicion that he had been bribed by the Dutch; and from that to Tangier hall, as he was charged with having taken money to assent to the holding of that African town, which was an item in the dower of Catharine of Braganza. The disasters of the Dutch war were laid to his charge, though he had been opposed to the contest. The occurrence of the great plague, and the great fire, with "hard times" generally, tended to swell his unpopularity. The populace broke his windows, cut down his trees, and painted a gibbet on the gate of his house. He was hated for his virtues by the king and his mistresses; by the cavaliers, because he had upheld the act of indemnity; and by the dissenters, because he had promoted the act of uniformity. The Catholics were included among his enemies, as he had opposed the dispensing power. The house of lords were offended by his showing regard for the constitutional privileges of the commons; and the house of commons believed he was either opposed to the very existence of parliaments, or had advised the dissolution of the parliament then existing. There was a complete accord against him of all the harlotry and nearly all the virtue in England. The king, who always disliked extremes, recommended him to surrender the great seal; advice which he refused to take, framing his reply in language which could not fail to be offensive. Four days later (Aug. 13, 1667) he was forced to surrender the seal; but this did not satisfy his enemies, who, on the meeting of parliament, proceeded to extremities against him, encouraged by a reflection on him that appeared in the king's speech. It was then proposed to proceed against him by impeachment generally, but the lords refused to arrest him unless some specific charge were made. Finally, Clarendon was induced to retire to France, whereupon parliament passed a bill of banishment, and his vindication was burned by the hangman.

At

Evreux he was assailed by a mob of English sailors, and came near being murdered. He resided at Montpellier, Moulins, and Rouen for 7 years. His retirement was devoted to literary pursuits. He completed his "History of the Rebellion," finished a work on the Psalms which he had commenced when in his first exile, wrote his "Life," an "Answer" to Hobbes's "Leviathan," a large number of essays on political, moral, and religious subjects, a "Discourse on the Papal Power," &c. He was a very voluminous writer, and owed his success in life in large measure to his skill with the pen. His collected writings would form almost a library, and they would show an extensive range of subjects. His "History of the Rebellion" is one of the most remarkable works in the literature of modern times, and it proves how ill-founded is the common opinion that contemporary works, proceeding from actors in the events described, are necessarily more accurate than those which are written by others. It is full of errors of omission and commission, deliberately made. Indeed, Clarendon wrote an "apology" or "vindication" of the royal party, and not a history of the contest between that party and their opponents. Yet it has become a standard work, a classic; and, to use the language of the author's descendant and biographer, "the arrangement of its materials, the dignity of its tone, the happy combination of disquisition with description, the felicity of expression which it frequently displays, the development of motives, the discrimination of character, have received the warm and merited admiration of many generations of readers."Two of Clarendon's grand-daughters, Mary and Anne, became queens regnant of England. Clarendon's "Life and Administration" has been written by T. H. Lister, esq., one of his descendants, a gentleman of established literary reputation. His "Life," and other autobiographical writings, are not to be trusted, and are inferior in value and interest to the "History of the Rebellion," which is a perfect portrait gallery, in which we see, as it were, the minds of the men whom Vandyke painted. It was not until more than 150 years after Clarendon's death that his "History " and "Life" were published in a perfect state, for which we are indebted to the learned Dr. Bandinel.

CLARENDON (GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS), earl of, and Baron Hyde of Hindon, a British statesman, chancellor of the queen's university in Ireland, a descendant of the preceding in the female line, born Jan. 12, 1800. His earliest appointment was as commissioner of customs in Ireland. In 1833 he was appointed by Lord Grey's government envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Spain. He filled this post, at that time one of importance and difficulty, in a manner highly creditable to himself and acceptable to the constitutional party in Spain, which was in a state of anarchy and civil war during the first years of his mission. The success with which Mr.

Villiers had conducted the negotiation of a treaty for the effectual suppression of the slave trade, and the manner in which he had performed his other official duties, were warmly eulogized by Lord Palmerston, in his speech on the foreign affairs of the country in April, 1837. On this occasion Lord Palmerston observed: "I am bound to say, that the respect which Spain has for this country is very much owing to the able and judicious conduct of the representative of the British government at Madrid." On the decease of his uncle, the 3d earl, he succeeded to the peerage, Dec. 20, 1838, and returning to England in 1839 he took his seat in the house of lords as earl of Clarendon. He was soon called to vindicate the policy of the ministry by which he had been employed, and his own conduct as their representative in Spain, against the attacks of the marquis of Londonderry, a champion of the Carlist faction. His defence of the Spanish character and the policy of the constitutional party in Spain was so acceptable in that country, that a gold medal was struck in his honor. In 1839 Lord Clarendon became a member of the Melbourne government as lord privy seal, and in 1840 he was made chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. He retired from the ministry on Sir Robert Peel's accession to power in 1841, but supported all the liberal measures of his government. When the repeal of the corn laws was brought forward in 1846, Lord Clarendon made an able speech in its support. On the change of administration, and the accession of Lord John Russell to power in 1847, Lord Clarendon was appointed president of the board of trade, which office he filled until the death of the earl of Bessborough, May 16, 1847, who had been appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland under the same administration, when he was transferred to that office. He was at first extremely popular. His situation, however, soon became one of embarrassment. The distress produced by the famine was severe, and the measures for its mitigation adopted by the imperial parliament were attended with very limited success. Nothing within the power of the executive was neglected by Lord Clarendon. The short-lived rebellion of Smith O'Brien followed. It was subdued with the smallest possible amount of bloodshed; but Lord Clarendon's popularity with both parties was impaired. The disaffected looked upon him with aversion, as the agent of an odious government, and the Orange faction were disgusted with his mildness. He experienced the too common fate of moderate counsels, in alienating both extremes of party. His conduct was not only unpopular with both factions in Ireland, but was severely denounced by Lord Stanley (afterward earl of Derby) in the house of lords. Lord Clarendon, on this occasion, left his government in Ireland, and appearing in his seat in parliament, vindicated his conduct. On the formation of the first Derby ministry in 1852, Lord Clarendon was superseded by Lord Eglinton in the government of Ireland. Under Lord Aberdeen's premiership,

the department of foreign affairs, after it was resigned by Lord John Russell, was intrusted to Lord Clarendon (1853). It was conducted by him with acknowledged ability. Of all Lord Aberdeen's ministry, he retained perhaps the greatest share of the public favor, and remained in office on Lord Palmerston's accession to power. The important negotiations relative to the Crimean war and the adjustment of the balance of Europe at its close were carried on by Lord Clarendon with marked, though not ostentatious, vigor, and in a conciliatory spirit. He signed the treaty of alliance between Great Britain and France (April 10,1854); remained at his post during the ministerial crisis of Feb. 1855; had an interview with Napoleon III. at Boulogne (March 3) on occasion of the death of the emperor Nicholas; took a prominent part in the peace conference at Paris, when he came forward as a champion of the liberal institutions of Belgium, and signed the treaties of Paris of March 30 and April 15, 1855. He was less fortunate in conducting the relations of England with the United States. The negotiations relative to Central America and the enlistment question produced a temporary coldness toward the government of the United States, and the dismissal of Mr. (now Sir Philip) Crampton, the British minister at Washington. Lord Clarendon continued to administer the foreign office till the earl of Derby effected his return to power in 1858, when he was succeeded by the earl of Malmesbury.-Lord Clarendon is a person of the most amiable manners, indefatigable industry, and cultivated mind. He married, June 4, 1839, Lady Katharine Grimston, eldest daughter of James Walter, 1st earl of Verulam, and widow of John Forster Barham, esq. The prospective heir to the title is Edward, Lord Hyde, born Feb. 11, 1846.

CLARENDON PARK, an extra-parochial liberty and anciently a royal forest of Wiltshire, England. In a royal palace or hunting seat here, some traces of which yet remain, Henry II. held the council which enacted, in 1194, the celebrated constitutions of Clarendon, aimed to repress the power and privileges of the clergy. It gave the title of earl to Lord Chancellor Hyde. The earldom now belongs to the Villiers family. CLARENS, a village of Switzerland, on the lake of Geneva. It commands a fine view of the lake and of the mountains on the opposite shore, and is immortalized by the writings of Rousseau.

CLARET. See BORDEAUX WINES. CLARIFICATION, the process of purifying and cleansing liquids from feculent substances. In some instances this may be accomplished by filtration, but the term is usually applied to the mode of separating the impurities by the addition of some coagulable substance, which seizes upon and unites the suspended particles, in a scum or sediment which may be easily removed from the clear liquid. The common materials for this purpose are the white of eggs and blood, used for hot solutions, and isinglass particularly for liquids that are clarified in a cold

state. The latter is much employed in clearing wines. Bone black as well as blood is employed by the sugar refiners to decolor the sirups. The mucus contained in oils requires for its separation the addition of diluted sulphuric acid, by which it is charred and reduced to a black mass, which separates as a sediment. The impurities of train oil, which are not mucus but animal gelatine and volatile fetid matters, are separated by a solution of tannin, with which they form insoluble flakes. Blue vitriol or sugar of lead is used for the same purpose.

CLARIGATION, in Roman antiquity, the ceremony of declaring and commencing war by the priests called fetiales. The fetialis visited the hostile people, called the gods to witness that his claims were just, and returned to Rome. If within 30 days redress was not offered, he returned to the enemy, made formal declaration of war, and hurled across the boundary into their territory a spear barbed with iron, charred by fire, and smeared with blood.

CLARINET, a musical wind instrument of wood, played through a reed, with holes and keys for the fingers. Its compass extends from E below the F clef to about 3 octaves above, although its powers are not equal throughout. It is heard to best advantage in the keys of C and F, in which most of the music for it is written. Its invention is ascribed to Johann Christoph Denner, of Leipsic, who died in 1707.

CLARION, a N. W. co. of Penn.; area 600 sq. m.; pop. 23,565. It is bounded on the S. W. by Alleghany river, which is here navigable by steamboats, and intersected by the Clarion, from which it is named. The soil is good, and the surface either undulating or hilly. Bituminous coal, iron, and limestone are found in the county, and timber of various kinds is abundant. The productions in 1850 were 165,060 bushels of wheat, 111,534 of corn, 279,287 of oats, 17,086 tons of hay, and 422,080 lbs. of butter. There were 27 iron furnaces, 10 founderies, 34 flour and grist mills, a large number of factories, 2 newspaper establishments, 46 churches, and 5,961 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Clarion.

CLARK. I. A ́S. W. central county of Ark.; area, 941 sq. m.; pop. in 1854, 5,145, of whom 1,228 were slaves. The Washita river touches its E. border, and the Little Missouri bounds it on the S. W.; the former is navigable by steamboats. Productions in 1854, 164,562 bushels of corn, 5,863 of oats, and 2,371 bales of cotton. Capital, Arkadelphia. II. An E. co. of Ill.; area, 460 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 13,863. It borders on Ind., and is bounded S. E. by the Wabash river, here navigable by steamboats. Stone coal is found near its banks. Alternate tracts of forest and prairie land occupy the surface, and the soil, much of which is devoted to grazing purposes, is quite fertile. The productions in 1850 were 431,490 bushels of corn, 18,350 of wheat, 79,928 of oats, and 85,017 lbs. of butter. There were 8 churches, and 2,816 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Darwin.

utor to the "Methodist Quarterly Review." He has beside produced a "Treatise on Mental Discipline,' ""Death-bed Scenes," and "Life and Times of Bishop Hedding." More than 20 books have been edited by him and published by the book concern. He has also been actively engaged in the duties of the pulpit.

CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS, an American revolutionary officer, born in 1742, died near Louisville, Ky., Feb. 13, 1808, or according to others, in 1817. He passed his boyhood on the western frontier of Virginia, and after the massacre at Wyoming, in 1778, commanded a body of troops against the Indians. The depredations of the savages being encouraged by the British, he advanced to the Mississippi, surprised Kaskaskia and 3 other British posts on that river, captured the British governor and garrison of Detroit, intercepted a convoy of goods valued at $10,000, and built Fort Jefferson on the W. bank of the Mississippi. He marched with Steuben against Arnold when the latter invaded Virginia in 1780, and was appointed general in 1781. After the conclusion of peace he retired to Kentucky.

CLARK, SIR JAMES, an English physician, born at Cullen, Banffshire, in Dec. 1788, studied medicine at Edinburgh, and received his degree in 1817, after which he travelled in France, Switzerland, and Italy, studying the sanitary institutions of those countries. Returning to Edinburgh, he obtained a putation as one of the most skilful physicians of that capital, especially in diseases of the lungs. He afterward settled in London, and became physician-in-chief of St. George's hospital, and consulting physician of the king, the queen of the Belgians, the duchess of Kent, and the princess Victoria. On the accession of Victoria to the throne, he was selected to be her physician in attendance, and received the title of baronet. Severely blamed for his part in the affair of Lady Flora Hastings in 1839, he was yet able to justify himself. He has published "Medical Notes," made during his travels (1820); a work on the "Sanative Influence of Climate" (1829; 4th edition, 1856); and a "Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption" (1835).

CLARK, JONAS, an American clergyman, born at Newton, Mass., Dec. 25, 1730, died Nov. 15, 1805. He officiated as pastor at Lexington, Mass., and it was only a few rods from his own door that the first blood was shed in the revolutionary struggle, April 19, 1775. He published a sermon on the first anniversary of the battle, 1776. He was an ardent patriot, and as a preacher was distinguished for his fervor.

CLARK, LOUIS GAYLORD, an American editor, born at Otisco, Onondaga co., N. Y., in 1810. He and his twin brother, Willis Gaylord, were chiefly educated by their father. In 1834, L. G. Clark assumed the editorship of the "Knick erbocker Magazine," which had been commenced in Dec. 1832, by Mr. C. F. Hoffman, from whom it passed for a short time into the hands of the Rev. Timothy Flint. During the

whole 25 years of Mr. Clark's editorship, it is doubtful whether he has ever made an enemy. In that long period, he has become acquainted, personally or by correspondence, with the most eminent writers in his own country and Great Britain, who have largely contributed to his magazine. Indeed, not even "Blackwood," in its much more extended career, can boast of such a brilliant array of literary contributors. Many an author, now deservedly eminent, has made his debut in the "Knickerbocker" with kind encouragement from its good-natured editor. Mr. Clark's own contributions, called the "Editor's Table," and "Gossip with Readers and Correspondents," exhibit a lively sense of the humorous, a gentle appreciation of the pathetic, much knowledge of men and books, and an unbounded geniality, which expresses itself occasionally in quaint but always in graceful language. In 1852,“ Knick-Knacks from an Editor's Table," selected from the magazine, appeared in a handsome volume, and won extended popularity. Mr. Clark had previously published a selection of papers, by Washington Irving and other authors, called "The Knickerbocker Sketches." In 1855, the leading American contributors to his magazine published a handsome octavo volume, illustrated with their portraits, and consisting wholly of their original contributions, called "The Knickerbocker Gallery." The design was to purchase a cottage residence for Mr. Clark, at Piermont, on the Hudson, where he has lived during the last 5 years, surrounded by his interesting family.-WILLIS GAYLORD, an American author, born in 1810, died June 12, 1841, twin brother of the preceding, was educated with him at home, and showed considerable poetic talent while yet in his teens. At the age of 20 he went to Philadelphia to conduct a weekly literary journal, which was soon discontinued. Soon after he became associate editor of the "Columbian Star," a religious and literary paper. In Sept. 1833, he recited his longest poem, "The Spirit of Life," before the Franklin society of Brown university. In 1836 he married Miss Caldcleugh of Philadelphia, and her early death, of consumption, saddened his mind during the brief remainder of his own life. He died at the early age of 31, also of consumption. For some years before his death he had been proprietor and efficient editor of the "Philadelphia Gazette." A collection of his poems was published during his lifetime. A complete edition was published in 1847, under his brother's supervi sion. In 1844 an octavo volume of his literary remains was given to the world. Half of this was occupied with "Ollapodiana," a series of very original, racy, and fanciful papers, which had appeared in the "Knickerbocker" from month to month, during several years. The remainder of the volume contained tales, essays, and humorous articles which had previously appeared in the magazine, with "The Spirit of Life," and a number of minor poems. The difference between this author's prose and verse