woollen and other goods, but the chief trade is in rural and mineral produce.

CHERBOURG, an arrondissement and town of France, in the department of Manche; pop. of the former in 1856, 95,153, and of the latter 38,309. The arrondissement is divided into 5 cantons, and possesses 50,000 acres grain land, 17,000 various crops, 14,000 meadow, 8,000 fallow, 6,000 forest. Of industrial establishments there are 183. The annual value of the raw material employed in manufacturing is $1,000,000, and of goods manufactured $1,300,000. The number of hands employed is 1,684. The average daily wages are for men 40 cents, and for women 20 cents.-The town of Cherbourg, one of the principal seaports and naval stations of France, is situated on the N. shore of the peninsula of Cotentin, at the mouth of the Divette, in the centre of a bay, the extremities of which are formed by Cape Levi on the E. and Cape La Hague on the W., and connected by railroad with Paris. Under the Romans it was known as Coriallum or Cortallum, a name which was changed to Carusbur during the middle ages. As early as the 10th century, it was very much frequented as a port. When Edward III. of England landed at La Hogue in 1346, Cherbourg was among the first cities of Normandy conquered by the English. It changed hands several times, until it was finally secured to the French by Dunois in 1450. During the 7 years' war, the English effected a descent on the coast, took the town, and destroyed all the naval and military works, docks, and arsenals, blowing them up and burning the lock gates of the harbor with all the vessels in it. The project of creating at Cherbourg a harbor of refuge for war vessels was entertained by Louis XIV. as early as 1665, and Vauban was commissioned to draft the plans of a series of improvements and defences; but nothing was done until 1739, when quays and 2 moles were constructed. From that time the works have been continued, with occasional interruptions, down to the present day. Over $80,000,000 are supposed to have been expended on them. Violent storms have more than once destroyed the labor of years. The roadstead, in a bay at the N. extremity of a narrow promontory, has been formed by the construction of an immense breakwater running E. and W., partly across its mouth, and composed of 2 unequal arms, joined at an angle of 170°, with the opening toward the land. This stupendous work was commenced in 1784, and up to the end of 1853 had cost nearly $14,000,000. (See BREAKWATEE.) The annual cost of keeping it in repair is estimated at 120,000 francs. The roadstead which it serves to defend has anchorage for 400 large vessels. The commercial harbor is at the head of an inner bay at the S. end of the roads, near the mouth of the Divette, and consists of an outer basin communicating with the sea by a channel 656 yards long, and 55 yards wide, bordered with long quays, and with an inner floating dock, closed by flood

VOL. V.-4

gates. The military port is distinct from this, and lies on the W. shore of the same recess, facing N. E. It comprises 3 large docks, viz.: an outer one, 984 feet long and 754 feet wide; another on the N., communicating with the former, and closed by lock gates; and a. third on the W., larger than either of the others, through which it must be entered. All these have been excavated from the solid rock. The first, the construction of which is due to Napoleon I., was inaugurated by the empress Maria Louisa in 1813; the 2d was commenced the same year; and the 3d, called the dock of Napoleon III., built of granite masonry, 1,260 feet long and 600 feet wide, was begun in 1886, and opened in the presence of the French emperor and empress, Aug. 7, 1858. Its cost was 16,000,000 francs. Brilliant fêtes and rejoicings preceded and followed the ceremony, and the occasion was selected for a visit to the works by the queen of England, for the inauguration of an equestrian statue of Napoleon I., and for the opening of the railway from Cherbourg to Paris. There are 6 smaller docks or building slips connected with the principal basins, and the dock of Napoleon III. has 3 of its sides grooved with slips for repairing vessels. These slips, 7 in all, are furnished with flood gates, and may be used as dry docks. Surrounding the basins are work-shops, smithies, timber yards, a ropery, furnaces, barracks, a powder magazine, and all the establishments necessary for a naval arsenal, the whole shut in by a strong line of fortifications extending from shore to shore. The town and harbor are defended by a series of formidable works commanding every avenue of approach. On the centre of the breakwater is a strong fort, and on each of its extremities is a battery crossing fire with similar works on the opposite points of land or intervening islands. The shores of the bay and several rocky islands bristle with the guns of forts Chavaignac, des Flamands, du Galet, du Longlet, and du Homet, so placed as to sweep every part of the roadstead and harbor; while on the land side the town is surrounded by a double line of 14 star forts and redoubts; making a total of 24 regular works of defence, mounting over 3,000 guns of heavy calibre, which have been erected in different parts of this apparently impregnable position. Cherbourg is ill-built, but has fine promenades, a handsome theatre, and on the place d'armes is a monument commemorating the landing of the duke of Berry in 1814. It is the seat of many foreign consuls, of a maritime prefecture, of civil and marine courts; has a communal college, a public library, and a library connected with the navy. It is estimated that about of the population are employed in the navy yard. The entrances of foreign vessels in 1855 were 4,541, tonnage 33,630; clearances 4,561, tonnage 42,400. Entrances of coasting vessels, 48,937 tons; clearances, 19,956 tons.

CHERI, ROSE CIZOS, a French actress, born at Etampes in 1825. The daughter of an actor,

she appeared on the stage before she was 15, and was greatly adınired in the many cities she visited in company with her father. In 1842 she went to Paris, and appeared twice at the Gymnase theatre, but made so little impression that she was induced to accept an engagement at a salary of less than $200 a year. A lucky circumstance soon occurred, which fixed the attention of the public upon her genius. Unexpectedly called upon to take the place of the leading actress in the play entitled Une jeunesse orageuse, she produced a deep impression on the audience, and from that night (July 5, 1842) became a great favorite in Paris. Her salary was increased fourfold, and the most popular dramatists were anxious to have her perform in their plays. For the last 15 years she has been the principal attraction at the Gymnase. Her characteristics are a singular naïveté of expression blended with refined and graceful manners. She has achieved her greatest triumphs in Clarisse Harlowe and La niaise de St. Flour, expressly written for her. Latterly, however, she has tried characters of a different kind in Le fils de famille, Diane de Lys, and Le demi-monde. On May 12, 1845, she married the manager of the Gymnase theatre, M. Lemoine-Montigny.

CHEROKEE, the name of counties in several of the United States. I. In the W. of N. C., area about 950 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 6,838, of whom 337 were slaves. It is intersected by Hiawassee and Valley rivers, and borders on Tenn. and Ga. The surface is mountainous; Unaka or Smoky mountain in the N. W., and the Blue Ridge, near the S. E. border, being the principal ranges. The soil, particularly near the streams, is quite fertile. In 1850 it yielded 204,827 bushels of corn, 35,761 of oats, and 24,296 of sweet potatoes. The tract from which this county was formed in 1839 was formerly in the possession of the Cherokee Indians. Capital, Murphy. II. A N. W. co. of Ga.; area 620 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 13,825, of whom 1,285 were slaves. The soil is fertile, and the surface diversified by hills and fine rolling lands. In the N. E. part are quarries of excellent statuary marble; gold mines have been opened and found profitable, and iron, copper, and titanium are also obtained. The Etowah, the principal river, is navigated by steamboats, and supplies good water power. In 1850 the county produced 444,984 bushels of corn, 60,008 of oats, 78,465 of sweet potatoes, and 272 bales of cotton.. There were 34 churches, and 650 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Canton. Value of real estate in 1856, $1,430,388. III. A N. E. co. of Ala., bordering on Ga.; area 710 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 13,884, of whom 1,691 were slaves. The Coosa river, which bisects it, and the Chattooga, one of its affluents, are the principal streams. There are several mountain ranges, and extensive forests of pine, oak, &c. In 1850 the productions were 2,717 bales of cotton, 546,986 bushels of corn, 79,645 of sweet potatoes, and 68,678 of oats. Number of pupils in the public schools, 1,292. The

county was organized about the year 1837. Capital, Centre. IV. An E. co. of Texas; area 1,215 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 13,144, of whom 2,329 were slaves. It consists of prairies, alternating with woodland, and is bounded by the Neches river on the W. and by the Angelina on the E. Productions in 1850, 226,660 bushels of corn, 5,528 of oats, 54,291 of potatoes, 1,083 bales of cotton, 1,295 lbs. of tobacco, 4,250 of rice, 122,097 of butter, and 2,492 of wool. Value of real estate in 1857, $888,880. Capital, Rusk. V. AN. W. co. of Iowa, recently formed; area 625 sq. m.; intersected by the Little Sioux river. It is not included in the census of 1856. CHEROKEES, a tribe of the Appalachian group of American Indians, occupants for centuries of the southern slopes and valleys of the Alleghany mountains, the highlands of Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, the most picturesque and salubrious region E. of the Mississippi. Their original territory comprised over 35,000,000 acres. They formed a nation by themselves. and had about 50 small villages in the valley of the Tennessee river. They are the most civilized of the Indian tribes. Their language abounds in vowels, and is destitute of labials; and from its limited number of syllables, an ingenious halfbreed member of the tribe named Guess was able, in 1826, to invent a syllabic alphabet, by which the Cherokee is written and read with facility. De Soto fell in with them in his expedition, and they informed him that there was gold 30 m. to the northward. They appeared favorably disposed to the English colonists, and Wousatasate, one of their chiefs, in 1721, received royal investiture from the English governor, Nicholson. By a treaty in 1730, they acknowledged themselves subjects of Great Britain. In 1755 they made an extensive cession of lands to Gov. Glen, and permitted the erection of Fort St. George near their villages of Conasatchee and Keowee. In 1757 they volunteered to protect the English frontier S. of the Potomac, but though they displayed great valor they received no reward. In 1759 there were several skirmishes between them and the back settlers of Virginia and the Carolinas, the result of which was the invasion and devastation of their country by Gen. Montgomery, in 1760. Yet the English army was forced to retreat, Fort Loudoun surrendered to the savages, and in the next year an army of 2,600 men, under Col. Grant, was able to subdue them only after a severe conflict. In 1773 the colony of Georgia obtained a large cession of lands from them, the proceeds of which were to be applied to the payment of debts due to Indian traders. There was a 2d war between the Cherokees and frontier colonists in 1776, in which the crops of the former were destroyed and they sued for peace. There were hostilities for the 3d time in 1782, and an expedition undertaken against the Cherokees by Gen. Pickens resulted in a treaty, by which Georgia obtained all the Cherokee lands S. of the Savannah and E. of the Chattahoochee. By a treaty in 1785, they acknowledged the

sovereignty of the United States, and, with the Chickasaws and Choctaws, were confirmed in possession of the larger part of the present states of Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi, with portions of Georgia and North Carolina. They constantly complained of encroachinents upon their lands, but were temporarily quieted, in 1791, by a treaty, which secured them an annuity of $1,000 as a compensation for the lands occupied by white intruders. In 1793 another temporary war was kindled with them by the unjustifiable aggression of a militia officer, who crossed the Tennessee without orders and killed a number of the most friendly and influential members of the tribe. By a survey made in 1798 it appeared that several consider able tracts in the state of Tennessee, already occupied by white settlers, fell within the Cherokee territory. An attempt to remove these settlers produced the greatest discontent, and it was therefore determined by the government to buy up the claim of the Indians. By a treaty signed at Tellico, in consideration of $5,000 in goods and an annual payment of $1,000, the Cherokees ceded the lands in question, granting also a free passage through their territory to travellers to Kentucky. By a convention in 1802, Georgia ceded to the United States her claim to more than 100,000 sq. m. of territory W. of what now constitutes her western boundary, and thus a large part of the Cherokee country was brought under the national jurisdiction. From the period of the revolution the government had sought to introduce the arts and habits of civilized life among the Indian tribes, and the Cherokees had now made so much progress in husbandry and the rearing of cattle that they were more ready to cede a part of their remaining lands, which they no longer needed for hunting grounds. In 1805, for $14,000 in cash and a perpetual annuity of $3,000, they yielded up a large tract N. of Duck river in Tennessee. In 1807 the government erected in their territory, for their use, a grist mill and a machine for cleaning cotton. In the war of 1812 Cherokees fought in the American ranks, and were honorably mentioned in the despatches of Gen. Jackson. The irritating proximity of the Indians and white men had early suggested the project of inducing all the Indian tribes to remove W. of the Mississippi. In 1817 and 1819, when the Cherokees numbered about 15,000, and had made considerable progress in the arts of civilization, many of them, after the manner of their white neighbors, having become slaveholders, 2 treaties were concluded, which were the first steps in the arrangement that resulted, 20 years later, in the reluctant and forced emigration of all the Cherokees to their present country in the Indian territory. They at this time made a new concession of lands, retaining of all their once vast possessions only a mountainous tract of about 8,000 sq. m., chiefly within the nominal limits of Georgia. Here about 9,000 of them continued to reside, while 6,000 were persuaded to remove to a district as

signed them in the centre of the present state of Arkansas. The incompatibility of the Cherokees and the planters of Georgia prompted the government, in 1828 and 1835, to make new attempts to induce the former to go west; and, by a treaty obtained from them at the latter date, they gave up the whole of their original territory in exchange for a plot westward of the state of Missouri. The majority of the nation and chiefs protested against the treaty as unauthorized, yet it was confirmed by congress, and in 1838 Gen. Scott with 2,000 men marched into the Cherokee country, and the tribe obeyed his summons to assemble at certain points, prepared to migrate from the land of their fathers. They were removed, under federal officers, to a place in the Indian territory further westward than that assigned them by the treaty of 1819; their industrial and educational means were transplanted with them; and they were furnished with provisions for a year after their arrival in their new homes. Their district comprises 9,776,000 acres in the N. and E. of the Indian territory. There they have much increased in numbers, intelligence, and industry. They have written laws; a well organized government, similar to that of the several states; a legislature or general council, consisting of a committee of 2 members from each of their 8 districts, and of a council of 3 members from each; an executive, chosen for 4 years; and a judiciary, consisting of a supreme court and circuit and district courts. They live mostly in villages, have comfortable dwellings, and are skilful and diligent in agriculture and some of the mechanic arts. They have recently given much attention to stock-raising, and they sell annually several thousand head of cattle and a large number of ponies. The pay rolls of 1853 indicated an aggregate population of 19,367; and they had 1,100 scholars in their schools. They have a printing press and newspaper, a complete translation of the Gospels, and almanacs, hymns, and many pamphlets. Missionaries employed by the American board. of foreign missions and other institutions have long resided among the Cherokees, and have had much influence in civilizing and educating them. The sum expended for this tribe during the revolutionary war and the confederacy was $580,103; from 1789 to 1819 it was $213,311; and it increased in proportion till their removal to the west. They have permanent investments in state stocks, guaranteed by the United States, of $759,899, the interest of which ($38,692) they annually receive from the U. S. treasury, in appropriations, according to the treaty of Dec. 1835.

CHERRY. The common cultivated cherry tree (prunus cerasus, Linn.; cerasus vulgaris, Loud.) is of Asiatic origin, and is said by Pliny to have been introduced into Italy from Pontus during the Mithridatic war, about 70 B. C., and about 120 years afterward it was introduced into Britain. At present it is extensively cultivated in the temperate regions of

Europe and America. The Romans recognized 8 varieties of it, and more than 300 varieties are now reckoned in catalogues. The branches are spreading, horizontal, or slightly inclining upward in the larger trees, and drooping in the smaller ones; the flowers are in subsessile umbels, somewhat stalked; the leaves are ovatelanceolate, smooth, folded together, and of lightest color in the largest varieties; and the fruit is round or heart-shaped, commonly red, but passes into all shades between that color and dark purple. The wood is of a reddish hue, hard and tough, and much used by the cabinetmaker; the gum which exudes from the bark is edible; and the fruit is eaten either fresh or dried, and is made into preserves. The cherry tree is best propagated by grafting on seedlings of the wild cherry.-The wild cherry tree (cerasus Virginiana, Loud., and prunus serotina, Ehrhart) is one of the largest productions of the American forest, sometimes attaining a height of 100 feet with a trunk 3 or 4 feet in diameter. It is found from Mexico to Hudson's bay, and abounds in the middle states, and in Kentucky and Ohio. Its wood is compact, fine-grained, and of a dull, light red tint, which deepens with age. It takes a brilliant polish, and is not likely to warp. It is employed by cabinet-makers for almost every species of furniture, and when selected near the ramification of the trunk it rivals mahogany in beauty. Where it abounds, it is used in ship-building and for the fellies of wheels. The fruit is purplish black, slightly bitter, and is used for flavoring brandy. This tree is cultivated in Europe for ornament.-The choke-cherry (prunus Virginiana, Linn.) has often been confounded by botanists with the preceding. It is a tall shrub, seldom a tree, with greenish bark, oblong, sharply serrate teeth, and red fruit, turning to dark crimson, and very astringent till perfectly ripe. It is common on river banks W. of the Alleghanies, and along the Atlantic parts of America, especially northward. Its bark is known to physicians as a tonic. Its fruit affords nourishment to birds, which are said to be sometimes affected by it with a sort of intoxication.-The prunus avium (Linn.), or cerasus sylvestris (Loud.), is the wild cherry tree of England and continental Europe, and in favorable situations acquires a height of 60 or 70 feet in about 50 years. Its fruit is known in England by the name of gean, and is highly prized in France for the food it supplies to the poor. It is also used to make jelly and cherry brandy. Its wood is manufactured into furniture and musical instruments, and wine casks made of it are said to improve the flavor of the wine kept in them.

CHERRY LAUREL (prunus lauro-cerasus, Linn.), called in England the common or broadleaved laurel, is a native of the Levant, and was brought from Constantinople to Holland in 1576. It has racemose flowers, pale evergreen, oblong-lanceolate leaves, and is so hardy that neither frost nor drought seems to affect it. It

is now one of the most popular evergreens in English pleasure grounds, and is almost as common in shrubberies as the rose. Its leaves are poisonous from the abundant hydrocyanic acid which they contain, and should be used with caution. By distillation the laurel water of commerce, the German kirschwasser, and other poisonous cordials, are obtained from them. The fresh leaves are often employed to give a flavor to culinary preparations.

CHERSON, or KHERSON, a government of European Russia, in Little Russia, bounded N. by the government of Kiev, E. by that of Ekaterinoslav, S. E. by that of Taurida, S. by the Black sea, W. by Bessarabia, between lat. 46° 12′ and 49° 4' N., and long. 29° 10' and 35° 5' E. The government is divided into 6 districts. Area, 28,186 sq. m.; pop. about 900,000, consisting of Russians, Cossacks, Poles, Bulgarians, Tartars, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Gypsies, and many foreign settlers, mainly Germans, who occupy about 60,000 acres of land and form 50 or 60 colonies. The Greek Christians are under the archbishop of Cherson, Taurida, and Ekaterinoslav, whose cathedral is in the latter city, and who has 367 parishes in Cherson. With the exception of the N. W. and N. E. borders, where there is some wood, and some extensive forests in the neighborhood of Elisabetgrad, the country consists of an immense plain with but few trees. The soil, however, is covered with grasses and other plants, and produces in the interior rich pastures. The principal rivers are the Dnieper and the Dniester. Wild animals abound, especially wolves and wild cats. The most common tame animal is the sheep. Oxen and buffaloes are numerous and used for draught; the horses (of which many are wild) are spirited and noted for their swiftness. The fisheries are important, especially in the Dniester. The minerals are freestone, slate, chalk, talc, saltpetre, agates, and garnets. The northern part of the government possesses many distilleries and tallow manufactories; rope-walks and tile-works are scattered all over the country. The products are wheat, hemp, flax, tobacco, mustard, saffron, and wine to the extent of 550,000 gallons annually. The principal quality of wheat cultivated is called Albanian wheat. duce of cattle has diminished; merino sheep, however, have been successfully introduced and. produce a fair quality of wool. Many of the peasants are engaged in manufacturing linen. But the chief seat of manufacture as well as of trade is Odessa; and next in commercial importance is the capital of the government, also named Cherson. The latter is situated on the Dnieper, lat. 46' 37' 46' N., and long. 32° 38′ 33′′ E.; pop. 35,986. It is divided into 4 quarters, and is the seat of the provincial government and of several learned institutions. Cherson was founded in 1778 by Potemkin, whose tomb is in the cathedral, and was destined by Catharine to become the southern Petersburg of the empire. But the bad climate of the town has proved unfavorable to its growth, and the vicin

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