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"Journey to Ireland," and several occasional poems. He is now best known by the second part which he added to the 5th edition of Walton's "Complete Angler," valuable for the technical information which it gives concerning fly fishing, and for its descriptions of the scenery of the Dove, and of his fishing-house on a little peninsula in the river, having a bowling green near by, and inscribed Piscatoribus sacrum, with a cipher including the first 2 letters of the names of Walton and Cotton.

COTTON, JOHN, one of the first ministers of Boston, Mass., born in Derby, Eng., Dec. 4, 1585, died in Boston, Dec. 23, 1652. At the age of 13 he entered Trinity college, Cambridge, and was afterward fellow of Emmanuel and employed as lecturer and tutor. About 1612 he became vicar of St. Botolph's church in Boston, Lincolnshire, where he remained 20 years, noted as a preacher and controversialist, and inclining in his doctrines and practices toward the Puritan worship. His influence with his people carried them mostly with him, but he was at length informed against for not kneeling at the sacrament, and cited to appear before Archbishop Laud in the high commission court. Upon this he sought safety in flight, and after sojourning for some time in London went to America, arriving in Boston Sept. 4, 1633. In October he was ordained on a day of fasting, by imposition of hands by the minister and 2 elders, teacher of the church in Boston and colleague with Mr. Wilson the pastor. In this connection he remained over 19 years, with such influence and standing that he has been called the patriarch of New England. In 1642 he was invited, together with Hooker and Davenport, by the assembly of divines at Westminster, to assist in their counsels, and was in favor of accepting the invitation, but was dissuaded by Hooker, who was intent upon forming himself a system of church government for New England. His death was brought on by exposure in crossing the ferry to Cambridge, where he was going to preach. His reputation for learning was very high, and, as was frequent among the ministers of that time, was sustained by an accumulation of obscure and professional knowledge. He was a critic in Greek, wrote Latin with elegance, and could discourse in Hebrew, and spent 12 hours a day in reading, his favorite author being Calvin. His pulpit eloquence was famous for its simplicity and plainness, and his discourses were exceedingly effect ual in exciting attention to religion. He was very regular in religious observances, keeping the Sabbath holy from evening to evening, and it was from him that the form of that observance was disseminated throughout New England. His publications were numerous, consisting of sermons and controversial works upon most of the subjects discussed in his time. The most important are those published in the course of his controversy with Roger Williams, and his "Power of the Keys" on the nature of church government. He maintained that the church is constituted of elders and brethren; that the VOL. V.-49

elders are intrusted with the government to the extent of admissions and excommunications, yet that there is so much liberty left among the brethren that nothing of common concern can be imposed upon them without their consent. Against Williams he defended the interference of the civil power in religious matters for the support of the truth, maintaining the duty, for the good of the church and of the people, of putting away those who, after repeated admonitions, persist in rejecting fundamental points of doctrine or worship. Nevertheless he was char itable and benevolent, and contributed freely of his labors and substance to strangers and those in distress.-A monumental tablet, with a Latin inscription by Mr. Edward Everett, was erected in St. Botolph's church in 1857, in honor of Cotton, chiefly by contributions from his descendants in Boston, Mass.

COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE, an English antiquary, founder of the Cottonian_library, born at Denton in Huntingdonshire, Jan. 22, 1570, died in London, May 6, 1631. He made a very valuable collection of ancient manuscripts, including many which had been scattered about the kingdom when Henry VIII. dissolved the monasteries. In 1629 he was arrested on a false suspicion of having written an obnoxious pamphlet, thrown into the tower, and his library was sequestrated. Though released, he was still denied access to his library; and to this deprivation he attributed the malady of which he died. His collection was augmented by his son and grandson, and, after having been partly destroyed by fire in 1731, was afterward transferred to the British museum.

COTYS, or COTYTTO, a Thracian female divinity, whose festival (the Cotyttia) resembled that of the Phrygian Cybele. It was held at night, and celebrated with licentious revelry.

COUCH GRASS (triticum repens, Linn.), known by a great variety of names in different localities, such as twitch, witch, quitch, squitch, quack, quake, dog grass, chandler grass, wheat grass, is one of the most troublesome pests of the farm. The plant is about 2 feet high, having rough leaves, somewhat hairy, and trailing at the lower joints. Although a grass, it performs the office of a vile weed, being an insidious creeper, multiplying and ramifying itself in all directions. Its scraggy roots go deep into the soil, and take firm hold. Each joint, whether of the root or stem, can produce a new plant, which in turn, if not destroyed, will produce others beyond number. Every friend to enlightened agriculture is an enemy to couch grass. Some slovenly farmers let it grow as pasture and meadow, and thus infest their tillage land. Its nutritive qualities do not make up for its disadvantages in a thorough system of husbandry. Couch grass can withstand intense frost without injury. On lands sown with winter grain, or seeded down with grass, even if stripped of their snowy protection and winter-killed, couch grass commonly shows itself in early spring when no sign of the crops is to be seen.

This land must have a thorough harrowing before another crop, and in covering the seed, if any of the cereals are being sown, clean the harrow teeth at the head lands, gather the rubbish into heaps, and when dry, burn it. A crop of turnips, whose broad leaves exclude sun and air, and the frequent disturbance of the soil in hot weather, are useful in subduing this noxious weed. If hand hoes, horse hoes, root cleaners, and other disturbing implements are not used, it will defy every effort, made at a late date, to banish it from a growing crop for the season. Cleaning land thoroughly in autumn keeps the roots from penetrating the soil deeply, and from getting a strong hold, almost impossible to be broken. In the early autumn the roots strike horizontally and obliquely, and then go down till the growth of the plant is stopped by the cold of winter. The ashes of couch contain only about 10 per cent. of potash and 5 per cent. of lime. Professor Voelcker found a little more than 20 per cent. of bone earth in it. The large amount of soluble silica found in its ashes explains why clay soils, rich in alkaline silicates, are conducive to its growth. In parts of Europe where paring and burning are much practised, it is known that the fouler the land is made by couch grass, the larger is the ensuing crop of turnips.

COUCHING. See CATARACT.

COUCY, the name of a French family, who from the 12th to the end of the 14th century held the first rank among the great barons in the N. of France. They took their name from the castle of Coucy, situated about 12 m. S. W. of Laon.

COUCY, RENAUD, or RAOUL DE, castellan of Coucy, but probably not a relation of the celebrated family of that name, a French minstrel of the 12th century, was the reputed author of 24 songs, remarkable for simplicity and tenderness, which were reprinted in 1830 under the editorship of Francisque Michel. His name is associated with a famous romance of the 13th century, but which has been mixed up with another legend of Gabrielle de Vergy. This romance, under the title of Roumans dou chastelain de

Coucy, was published in 1829. It is founded upon the following legend, which has been reproduced under various forms: Coucy was in love with a French lady, the wife of the chevalier de Fayel. Fighting in the ranks of the crusaders, he was mortally wounded, and deputed his servant to carry his heart to his mistress. The messenger was surprised by the husband. The latter caused the heart to be cooked and to be presented to his wife, who tasted it, but being informed of the origin of the dish she starved herself to death.

COUGAR (felis concolor, Linn.), a carnivorous animal, also called puma, or American lion; and by the early settlers of the United States, painter (a corruption of panther) and catamount. It has a very extensive range, being found from northern New York to Patagonia in South America. The length of the body of the adult cougar is from 4 to 4 feet, and that of the tail from 2 to 23 feet; the females are somewhat less. The fur is thick and close, of a pale reddish brown color above, shading into white on the flanks and lower parts; the muzzle, chin, throat, and inside of limbs are grayish white, and the breast is almost pure white; the back of the ears, and the part from which the whiskers spring, are brownish black; the tip of the tail black; the whiskers white; on the face and sides there are sometimes a few stripes. The cougar is an active climber, but prefers the grassy plains and meadows of South America, where it is very destructive to the herds. In the forests of the north it lives chiefly on deer, upon which it drops from a branch overhanging their paths and watering places. It is not satisfied with seizing a single victim, but will kill as many of a herd as it can, sucking only a small portion of the blood of each; it is accordingly destroyed whenever an opportunity offers. It is cowardly by nature, and will flee from man; but if wounded, it will turn upon the hunter, and prove a dangerous foe. In the north it is generally hunted by dogs, and driven to a tree, where it is easily shot. It is readily tamed, and many instances are on record of its docility and even affection.

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