DIOCESE

29 April, 1909; and consecrated on 12 Sept. following is the first bishop.

CAMPINAS, DIOCESE OF (CAMPINENSIS), in Brazil, suffragan of São Paolo, erected on 7 June, 1908. It has 35 parishes formerly part of the Archdiocese of São Paolo. The town of Campinas contains 16,000 inhabitants. Mgr. João Baptista Correa Nery is the first bishop. He was born at Campinas, 6 Oct., 1863; ordained, 11 April, 1886; appointed to the See of Spirito Santo, 22 Aug., 1896; consecrated on 1 Nov. following; transferred, 18 May, 1901, to the See of Pouso Alegre, and to Campinas on 9 Aug., 1908. CARABOBO, DIOCESE OF (DE CARABOBO), in Venezuela, suffragan of Caracas, erected on 4 May, 1847. It was formerly called the Diocese of Barquisimeto (q. v.), but by a Decree of 12 Feb., 1907, the episcopal residence was changed to Valencia, the capital of the State of Carabobo, and the name of the see was changed to Carabobo. The present bishop is Mgr. Aguedo Felipe Alvarado, b. at Bobara, 5 Feb., 1845; appointed 16 Aug., 1910. (See XV, 333.)

CATAMARCA, DIOCESE OF (CATAMARCENSIS), in the Argentine Republic, erected on 21 Jan., 1910; it comprises the Province of Catamarca (area, 47,530 sq. miles), with 107,000 inhabitants, and the Territory of the Andes (area, 35,100 sq. miles), with 2500 inhabitants (mostly Indians). See TUCUMÁN, XV, 85. CORPUS CHRISTI, DIOCESE OF (CORPORIS CHRISTI), in Texas, U. S. A., suffragan of New Orleans, erected on 23 March, 1912, before which it had formed the Vicariate Apostolic of Brownsville (q. v.). At the beginning of the year 1913 there were in the diocese 73 churches and chapels, 35 priests, 19 of whom are Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 9 parochial schools and 5 academies with 1150 pupils, and a Catholic population of 82,400 out of 116,850 inhabitants. Rt. Rev. Paul J. Nussbaum C. P. (b. Philadelphia, 1870) was consecrated first bishop on 20 May, 1913.

CORRIENTES, DIOCESE OF (CORRIENTENSIS), in the Argentine Republic, suffragan of Buenos Aires, erected on 21 Jan., 1910; it comprises the Provinces of Corrientes (area, 31,800 sq. miles), with 322,000 inhabitants, and Misiones (area, 8500 sq. miles), with 44,000 inhabitants, which were formerly part of the Diocese of Paraná (q. v.). At the time of the separation Corrientes was a vicariate forane, with 20 parishes, while Misiones had 1 parish and 3 chaplaincies. Mgr. Luiz A. Niella, b. at Corrientes, 24 April, 1854; ordained, 2 Feb., 1879; appointed, 3 Feb., 1911; consecrated, 4 June, 1911, is the first bishop.

CORUMBA, DIOCESE OF (CORUMBENSIS), in Brazil, suffragan of Cuyabá, erected on 10 March, 1910. It was formerly part of the Diocese of Cuyabá. The town of Corumbá, situated on the Rio Paraguay, in the southwest of the State of Matto Grosso, is strongly fortified and contains about 15,000 inhabitants. The principal churches are those of Nossa Senhora de la Candelaria and Nossa Senhora de los Remedios. The first bishop is Mgr. Cirillo de Paula Freitas, who was born at Capellinha, Matto Grosso, 15 March, 1860; ordained, 30 May, 1885; appointed coadjutor Bishop of Cuyabá and titular Bishop of Eucarpia, 27 March, 1905; he was consecrated on 7 Jan., 1906, and transferred to Corumbá on 13 March, 1911.

CROOKSTON, DIOCESE OF (CROOKSTONENSIS), in Minnesota, U. S. A., suffragan of St. Paul, erected on 31 Dec., 1909. It was formerly part of the Archdiocese of St. Paul and comprises the following counties: Becker, Beltrami, Clay, Clearwater, Hubbard, Kittson, Marshall, Mahnomen, Norman, Pennington, Polk, Red Lake, and Rosseau, having an area of 16,598 sq. miles. In the diocese there are 34 priests, of whom 19 are secular; 21,147 Catholics; 52 churches, 12 stations and 4 chapels; 7 parochial schools with 995 pupils; 2 orphan asylums; 2 Indian industrial

of St. Benedict have charge of the industrial schools and the hospitals; the Sisters of St. Joseph have 2 academies for girls with 310 pupils; the Benedictine Fathers have 9 missions among the Chippewa Indians. Right Rev. Timothy Corbett, b. at Mendotta, Minnesota, in 1861; ordained, 12 June, 1886; appointed to the see, 9 April, 1910; and consecrated at St. Paul on 19 May following, is the first bishop.

CUYABA, ARCHDIOCESE OF (CUYABENSIS), in Matto Grosso, Brazil, was raised to the archiepiscopal rank, 10 March, 1910, when the Diocese of São Luiz de Cáceres and Corumbá were separated from it. The present occupant of the see, Mgr. Carlos Luiz d' Amour, was born at São Luiz de Maranhão, 3 July, 1836; consecrated, 28 April, 1878, and made archbishop on 5 April, 1910.

DES MOINES, DIOCESE OF (DES MOINENSIS), suffragan of Dubuque, erected on 12 August, 1911. It comprises the 23 counties previously forming the western half of the Diocese of Davenport. The diocese contains 60 secular priests, 3 Benedictine Fathers, 4 communities of Sisters of St. Benedict, 3 of the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 9 of the Sisters of Mercy, who have an hospital at Des Moines, and two at Council Bluffs, 3 of the School Sisters of St. Francis, 2 of the Sisters of the Holy Humility of Mary, 1 of Franciscan Tertiary Sisters, and 1 of Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration. There are also 79 churches, 3 stations, 6 chapels, 17 parish and mission schools with 2437 pupils, 2 girls' academies and about 25,000 Catholics. The first bishop is the Right Rev. Austin Dowling, ordained, 24 June, 1891; appointed to the see, 31 Jan., 1912; and consecrated on 25 April, 1912.

EDMONTON, ARCHDIOCESE OF (EDMONTONENSIS), in Canada.-On 30 Nov., 1912, when the southern half of the Diocese of St. Albert was erected into a new diocese, Calgary, the remaining portion, was erected into an archdiocese and the episcopal residence transferred from the town of St. Albert to Edmonton, which gives its name to the new metropolitan see. The suffragans of Edmonton are the Diocese of Calgary, and the Vicariates Apostolic of Athabaska and Mackenzie. Mgr. Emile Joseph Legal, O. M. I., born at St. Jean de Boiseau, France, on 9 Oct., 1849, is the first archbishop.

FLORESTA, DIOCESE OF (FLORESTENSIS), in Brazil, suffragan of Olinda, erected on 5 Dec., 1910, comprises 18 parishes lying beyond the Rio Maxató and previously part of the Diocese of Olinda. Mgr. Augusto Alvaro Alvares da Silva, b. at Recife, 8 April, 1876; ordained in 1900; and appointed to the see on 12 May, 1911, is the first bishop.

GIBRALTAR, DIOCESE OF (GIBRALTARIENSIS), in Spain, was raised from being a Vicariate Apostolic to the rank of a diocese on 19 Nov., 1910. It is immediately subject to the Holy See, and has been entrusted to the care of the Benedictines of the Monte Cassino Congregation. Right. Rev. Henry Gregory Thompson, O. S. B., born at Mold, Wales, 27 March, 1871; professed, 15 Aug., 1896; appointed to the see, 10 Nov., 1910, and consecrated at Ramsgate, England, on 21 Nov., 1910, is the first bishop. Gibraltar contains about 16,000 Catholics; 46 priests, of whom 19 are secular; and 7 churches and chapels.

HAJDU-DOROGH, DIOCESE OF (HAJDU-DOROGHENsis), Greek Rite, erected on 8 June, 1912, for the Catholics of pure Greek Rite scattered through Hungary. The diocese has been endowed by the Hungarian Government, and is under the jurisdiction of the Propaganda. It comprises 8 parishes in Eperies, 70 in Munkacs, 35 in Fogaras, 1 in Gran, 44 in Grosswardein (Greek), and 4 in Szamos-Újvár. After three years the sole liturgical language is to be ancient Greek. Hajdu-Dorogh is suffragan to the Latin See of Gran. See "Acta Apost. Sedis", IV (1912),

DUPRE

LIPA, DIOCESE OF (LIPENSIS), suffragan of Manila, erected on 10 April, 1910, comprises the Provinces of Batangas, Laguna, Mindoro, Tayabas, with the districts of Infanta and Principe having an area of 12,208 sq. miles. Tayabas was formerly part of the Diocese of Nueva Cáceres. The diocese contains 75 priests, of whom several in Mindoro are Augustinians, and a few in Laguna, Minims; 72 churches and a number of mission chapels, and about 650,000 Catholics. The first bishop is Mgr. Giuseppe Petrelli, born in the Diocese of Fermo, Italy, 1871; appointed 12 Apr., 1910; consecrated 12 June, 1910. LOURDES (LAPURDENSIS).-As the sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes is situated in the Diocese of Tarbes, the name of Lourdes, by a Decree of 29 March, 1912, has been added, merely ad honorem, to that of Tarbes in the official title of the see.

MATANZAS, DIOCESE OF (MATANZENSIS), in Cuba, suffragan of Santiago de Cuba; erected on 10 Dec., 1912, comprises the Province of Matanzas formerly part of the Diocese of San Cristóbal de la Habana. The town of Matanzas lies 54 miles east of Havana and has a population of 36,000. The first bishop is the Right Rev. Charles Warren Currier, born in St. Thomas, West Indies, 22 March, 1857, ordained 24 Nov., 1880, at Amsterdam, Holland, and consecrated at the Collegio Pio Latino Americano, Rome, on 6 July, 1913.

MONTESCLAROS, DIOCESE OF (MONTESCLARENSIS), in Brazil, suffragan of Marianna, erected on 10 Dec., 1910. It was separated from the Diocese of Diamantina, and comprises the northern portion of the old diocese, lying beyond the rivers Jacquetahy, Jequitinbonha, Machubas, São Francisco, and Urucuja. The first bishop is Mgr. João Antonio Pimenta, b. at Capellinha, Minas Geraes, 12 Dec., 1859; ordained, 10 June, 1883; consecrated, 20 May, 1906, as coadjutor Bishop of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul and titular Bishop of Pentacomia. He was transferred to Montesclaros on 7 March, 1911.

MONT LAURIER, DIOCESE OF, Canada, erected 1 Aug., 1913, comprises the former northern part of the Diocese of Ottawa, with 30,000 inhabitants, 50 priests, and 36 churches. Mgr. F.-X. Brunet is the first bishop.

NATAL, DIOCESE OF (NATALENSIS), in Brazil, suffragan of Olinda; erected on 11 Nov., 1909. It comprises the State of Rio Grande do Norte, having an area of 22,196 sq. miles and a population of 407,000 inhabitants. This territory was formerly part of the Diocese of Parahyba. The town of Natal is a seaport, lying about 150 miles north of Pernambuco, and contains 13,700 inhabitants. The first bishop is Mgr. Joaquim Antonio de Almeida, b. at Goyaninha, Rio Grande do Norte, 17 Aug., 1868; ordained, 12 Dec., 1894; consecrated Bishop of Piauhy, 4 Feb., 1906; and transferred to Natal on 23 Oct., 1910.

OLINDA, ARCHdiocese of (OlINDENSIS), in Brazil. -On 5 Dec., 1910, the Diocese of Olinda (q. v.) was raised to the archiepiscopal rank. Its suffragan sees are Floresta, Fortaleza, Natal, and Parahyba. Mgr. Luiz Ramon da Silva Britto is the first archbishop.

SAN MIGUEL, DIOCESE OF (SANCTI MICHAELIS), in Salvador, suffragan of San Salvador, erected on 11 Feb., 1913. It is bounded on the north by Honduras, on the east by Honduras and the Bay of Fonseca, on the south by the Pacific Ocean, and on the west by the Río Lempa; thus it comprises the Provinces of San Miguel, La Unión, Morazan, and Usulután, formerly part of the Diocese of San Salvador. The town of San Miguel has a population of 25,000.

SAN SALVADOR, ARCHDIOCESE OF (SANTISSIMI SALVATORIS). By a Decree of 11 Feb., 1913, the Diocese of San Salvador (q. v.), was withdrawn from the metropolitan jurisdiction of Guatemala, and its

territory divided into three parts; the western portion becoming the Diocese of Santa Ana, the eastern that of San Miguel, and the central retaining the name of San Salvador. Santa Ana and San Miguel were made suffragans to San Salvador. The archdiocese now comprises the Provinces of Cabañas, Chalatenanco, Cuscatlán, La Libertad, La Paz, San Salvador, and San Vicente. The first archbishop is Mgr. Antonio Adolfo Pérez, b. at San Salvador on 20 March, 1839.

SANTA ANA, DIOCESE OF (SANCTE ANNE), in Salvador, suffragan of San Salvador, erected on 11 Feb., 1913; it comprises the western portion of the old territory of the Diocese of San Salvador, thus including the Provinces of Ahuachapán, Santa Ana, and Sonsonate. The town of Santa Ana has a population of 48,000, Sonsonate has 17,000.

SANTISSIMA CONCEIÇÃO DO ARAGUAYA, Abbey nullius of (SANCTISSIME CONCEPTIONIS DE ARAGUAYANA), in Brazil, erected on 11 July, 1911. On 26 Aug., 1912, Mgr. Raymond-Dominique Carrerot, O. P., prior of the Convent of Conceição from 1900, was appointed first prelate. He was born at Pamiers, France, on 1 Jan., 1863, studied at Salamanca, was ordained in 1885; in 1887 he went to Brazil to evangelize the Indians. He was consecrated at Toulouse on 10 Oct., 1912. The boundaries assigned to the new prelature are: on the S. the Rio Tapirapé, on the E. the Araguaya from the mouth of the Tapirapé to the town of São João, where the Araguaya meets the Tocatins; on the N. the Tocatins as far as Jaraba thence a right line drawn to Alta Mira on the Xingu; on the W. the Xingu as far as the mouth of the Fresco, thence to the source of the Fresco, and then a right line to the source of the Tapirapé. This comprises the southeast corner of the State of Para and the northeast of the State of Matto Grosso, and roughly lies between 5° and 13. S. lat. and 49° and 53° W. long. The population consists mainly of Cayapos, Caraja, Taraja, and Chavante Indians. This mission was begun in 1896 and the town of Conceição founded by the Dominicans. There is a convent of Dominican Sisters at Conceição.

SIMLA, ARCHDIOCESE OF (SIMLENSIS), in India.— When this see was raised to the archiepiscopal rank in 1910, the Holy See postponed the designation of its suffragan sees. On 22 May, 1913, the new ecclesiastical province was completed and the Diocese of Lahore, and Prefecture Apostolic of Kafiristan and Kashmir were made suffragans of Simla. A. A. MACERLEAN.

Dupré, GIOVANNI, sculptor, b. of remote French ancestry at Siena, 1 Mar., 1817; d. at Florence, 10 Jan., 1882. Dupré was in youth a woodcarver, and taught himself the art of sculpture. In 1836 he married. In a contest opened by the Academy he won first prize with his "Judgment of Paris", took his rank as a sculptor with the life-size recumbent figure of the dead "Abel" in marble (c. 1839), Pitti Palace, Florence, and followed this with the "Cain" (1840), also in the Pitti, the "Giotto", "Pius II" for the Church of S. Domenico, Siena, and the "S. Antonino", Florence. A period of ill-health was followed by renewed vigour, which resulted in the brooding "Sappho", considered one of his best subjects (1857), the so-called "Tazza", surrounded by figures in relief; the Ferrari monument in S. Lorenzo, Florence (1859); the "Putti dell' Uva" (the Grape Children); the "Addolorata" for Sta Croce, Florence (1860), and the much discussed relief of the "Triumph of the Cross" over the entrance to the same church. In 1863 Dupré touched high-water mark with the noblest of all his creations, the "Pietà", for the family tomb of the Marchese Bichi-Ruspoli in the cemetery of the

DWIGHT

Misericordia, Siena. This group was awarded the Grande médaille d'honneur at the International Exhibition in Paris. The "San Zanobi" for the façade of the Duomo, the "Risen Christ" for the Dupré memorial chapel, the Cavour monument in Turin, the bronze bust of Savonarola in his cell at the monastery of S. Marco, Florence, and a number of minor works complete the list of Dupré's productions. His last work, the "St. Francis" inside the Cathedral of S. Rufino, Assisi, was finished by his eldest daughter and pupil, Amalia. Time failed him to execute the crowning figure of the Madonna for Sta Maria del Fiore. The sculptor left a volume of memoirs of great interest to artists and critics: "Pensieri sull'arte e ricordi autobiografici" (Florence, 1884-1906), tr. by F. Peruzzi (Edinburgh, 1886). FRIEZE, Giovanni Dupré (London, 1886); CONTI, Del bello nel tero e dialoghi sull'arte (Florence, 1880); POWERS, Giovanni Dupré and his Pietà in Ave Maria (Feb., 1912). M. L. HANDLEY.

Dwight, THOMAS, anatomist, b. at Boston, 1843; d. at Nahant, 8 Sept., 1911. The son of Thomas Dwight and of Mary Collins Warren, with his mother he became a Catholic in 1856. He attended Harvard College and graduated from its medical school in 1867. After studying abroad, he was appointed in 1872 instructor in comparative anatomy at Harvard, lectured also at Bowdoin, and in 1883 succeeded Oliver Wendell Holmes as Parkman professor of anatomy. Dr. Dwight's talent for organization enabled

him to effect a needed reconstruction of the Harvard Medical School. In 1872 he published his "Frozen Sections of a Child", and in 1907 "A Clinical Atlas of Variations of the Bones of the Hands and Feet".

Eguiara y Eguren, JUAN JOSÉ, b. in Mexico towards the close of the seventeenth century; d. 29 January, 1763. He received his education in the Jesuit College of San Ildefonso of Mexico and later was named rector of the University of Mexico. His learning was extensive, covering theology, canon law, philosophy, mathematics, and letters, to which was added an exceptional gift of oratory. Resenting the levity with which the famous Dean of Alicante, Manuel Martí, had characterized the attainments of the men of letters of the New World in his "epistolas latinas" printed in Madrid in 1735, denying them any merit, Eguiara, determined to vindicate the honour of his compatriots, began his work "Biblioteca Mexicana". He gave it this name because of his love of Mexico and thereby incurred the ill-will of the other Spanish-American provinces. He published the first volume, which comprised the letters A, B, and C, and left in manuscript many biographies down to J. In the preface he refutes the charges of Dean Martí with much spirit and patriotism. The "Biblioteca Mexicana" is written in Latin and, besides the fact that it is incomplete, a certain pomposity of style detracts from its merits. Notwithstanding this it has been extremely valuable, being the first work of this kind published in Mexico and perhaps in the whole of Spanish-America. Eguiara was elected Bishop of Yucatán, but resigned the dignity to continue his literary work. Besides the work already mentioned, the complete title of which is "Biblioteca Mexicana sive eruditorum historia virorum qui in America Boreali nati, vel alibi geniti, in ipsam domicilio aut studiis asciti, quavis lingua scripto aliquid tradiderunt. Ferdinando VI Hispaniarum Regi Catholico, Nuncupata Mexici 1755", he published "Panegíricos", printed separately in Mexico (1727-57); "Elogios fúnebres" (1755-66); "Prælectiones" (Mexico,

ENGLISH

He was also a frequent contributor to scientific journals. In the Warren Museum of Anatomy Dr. Dwight arranged a section of osteology which is considered the best in existence, and he enjoyed an international reputation as an anatomist. Long a zealous member of a conference of St. Vincent de Paul, he died president of the central council. In 1883 Dr. Dwight married Miss Sarah C. Iasigi of Boston and eight children were born to them. His "Thoughts of a Catholic Anatomist" (New York, 1911) is a valuable work of Christian apologetics, for neither in his life nor in his writings had Dr. Dwight any difficulty in reconciling faith and science.

The American Catholic Quarterly Review (Jan., 1912); America (30 Sept., 1911); Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (4 Jan.. 1912); Anatomical Record (Nov., 1911). WALTER DWIGHT.

questions; twenty volumes of sermons and instructions; and several other treatises.

BERISTAIN, Biblioteca hispano-americana (Amecameca, 1883); Diccionario enciclopédico hispano-americano (Barcelona, 1893). CAMILLUS CRIVELLI.

Elbel, BENJAMIN, a first-class authority in moral theology, b. at Friedberg, Bavaria, in 1690; d. at Söflingen in 1756. He belonged to the Strasburg Franciscan province, was lector of theology, and held high positions in the order. His classical work, "Theologia moralis decalogalis et sacramentalis" (Venice, 1731), passed rapidly through several editions, and has recently been brought up to date by Irenæus Bierbaum, O.F.M., under the title "Theologia moralis per modum conferentiarum auctore clarissime P. Benjamin Elbel..." (3 vols., Paderborn, 1891-92). Elbel advocates probabilism. His doctrine is sound and solid; his style simple and unassuming. He shows admirable facility in giving exact and lucid expression to abstract principles, and in applying them to strikingly practical cases. The eminent qualities of his work have elicited praise from all theologians. It is constantly referred to by St. Alphonsus, and has been largely copied by modern writers.

HURTER, Nomenclator lit., IV (3rd ed.), 1635; EUBEL, Geschichte der oberdeutschen Minoriten provinz (Würzburg, 1886); see also preface to Bierbaum's edition (mentioned above). THOMAS PLASSMANN.

English Hierarchy, REORGANIZATION OF THE.On 29 Sept., 1850, by the Bull "Universalis Ecclesia", Pius IX restored the Catholic hierarchy in England which had become extinct with the death of the last Marian bishop in the reign of Elizabeth. Westminster became the metropolitan see and its occupant the lawful successor of the Catholic archbishops of Canterbury. The suffragan sees were Southwark,

Beverley, Liverpool, Salford, Shrewsbury, Newport and Menevia, Clifton, Plymouth, Nottingham, Birmingham, and Northampton. In 1878 Beverley was divided into the two new Dioceses of Leeds and Middlesborough. And in 1895 Wales, except Glamorganshire, was separated from the Dioceses of Newport and Menevia, and of Shrewsbury, and formed into the Vicariate of Wales. The vicariate was erected into the Diocese of Menevia in 1898. The Diocese of Portsmouth was formed in 1882, by the division of the Diocese of Southwark into the Dioceses of Southwark and Portsmouth. Thus, the province of Westminster having fifteen suffragan sees was numerically the largest in the world. By letters Apostolic, "Si qua est", of 28 Oct., 1911, Pius X erected the new provinces of Birmingham and Liverpool. With Westminster remained the suffragan Sees of Northhampton, Nottingham, Portsmouth, and Southwark; to Birmingham were assigned those of Clifton, Newport, Plymouth, Shrewsbury, and Menevia; and to Liverpool, Hexham and Newcastle, Leeds, Middlesborough,

and Salford.

It had for many years been felt that some such division would have to be made, but there had always been the fear of causing disunion thereby, especially if it meant as in pre-Reformation times a division between north and south. Such a result was obviated by ignoring the precedent of York and Canterbury, and arranging for three instead of two provinces; and also by the grant in the Apostolic Constitution of "certain new distinctions of preeminence, for the preservation of unity in government and policy, to the archbishop of Westminster for the time being, comprised under the following three heads: He will be permanent chairman of the meetings of the Bishops of all England and Wales, and for this reason it will be for him to summon these meetings and to preside over them, according to the rules in force in Italy and elsewhere. (2) He will take rank above the other two Archbishops, and will throughout all England and Wales enjoy the privilege of wearing the Pallium, of occupying the throne, and of having the cross borne before him. (3) Lastly, in all dealings with the Supreme Civil Authority, he will in his person represent the entire Episcopate of England and Wales. Always, however, he is to take the opinion of all the Bishops, and to be guided by the votes of the major part of them". Thus, though the Archbishop of Westminster was vested with more powers and privileges than primates usually enjoy, unity of action has been safeguarded. The grouping of the dioceses is rather curious. Instead of the natural division into a northern, a midland, and a southern province, formed by drawing a line from the Humber to the Mersey, and another from the Wash to the Bristol Channel, the Westminster or eastern province and the Birmingham or western province reach from the south-east and south-west to the Humber and Mersey respectively. In this way the northern province is contiguous to the other two, bringing all three into closer intercommunication. It is interesting to note that in 787 an attempt was made to have a third province with the metropolitan at Lichfield, but in 803 it was abandoned and the bishops of central England were again made subject to Canterbury.

The English hierarchy was reorganized to "promote the greater good of souls and the development of the Catholic religion". And before new sees could be formed it was felt necessary to erect more ecclesiastical provinces out of the already abnormal extensive province of Westminster. That this was the object in view seems clear from the concluding words of the Bull: "We have reserved to ourselves the taking of further measures in this matter of the reconstitution of English dioceses, as shall seem opportune, and as experience may suggest and the good

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of souls require." In accordance with the instructions of the Constitution the present Archbishop of Westminster, Francis Cardinal Bourne, executed these new ordinances by Decree dated 1 Dec., 1911, which was ordered to be read at the meetings of the metropolitan and other cathedral chapters throughout England and Wales.

The Catholic Directory (1851-1912), passim.

ARTHUR JACKMAN. Epiphanius of Constantia. See SALAMIS. EPIPHANIUS OF, Vol. XIII, p. 393.

The

Ernakulam, VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF, in India.In May, 1887, the churches of Syrian Rite in Malabar were separated from those of the Latin Rite and formed into the Vicariates of Trichur and Kottayam under European prelates. In response, however, to the petitions of the Syrian Catholics desirous of obtaining bishops of their own race and rite, Leo XIII by his Brief "Quæ Rei Sacræ" (28 July, 1896) divided the territory anew into three vicariates: Trichur, Changanacherry, and Ernakulam. last comprises all the churches of Syrian Rite between the Chalakudy River and Lake Vempanatu, excluding the Suddhist churches of Bramangalam, Caringoth, and Chumkam. The Suddhists are SyroMalabar Christians, descended from the fourthcentury Syrian immigrants; they were formed into a distinct ecclesiastical unit on 29 Aug., 1911, when the Vicariate Apostolic of Kottayam was revived for them. The Vicariate of Ernakulam contains about 814,000 inhabitants, of whom 101,400 are Catholics; the chief language spoken is Malayalam. Mgr. Aloysius Pareparambil, titular Bishop of Tio (b. on 1 Aug., 1848, named first vicar Apostolic on 11 Aug., 1896), was consecrated at Kandy, Ceylon, on 25 Oct., 1896, and resides at Ernakulam. On 29 Aug., 1911, Mgr. Augustine Kaudatkil was appointed coadjutor bishop. There are 81 parish churches, 20 chapels with resident pastors, 112 secular priests, 32 divinity students at Puthenpally and 11 at the Papal Seminary, Kandy, Ceylon; 6 convents, 116 native Carmelite Tertiary nuns and 28 postulants; 2 catechumenates; 1 orphanage with 25 orphans; 7 boarding-schools with 267 pupils, 201 primary and secondary schools with 12,386 pupils; 412 converts in 1911; 39 Jacobite churches with 32,000 members; 1 industrial school. In the printing-press attached to this school there are published the "Messenger of the Sacred Heart" (monthly) and "Sathianadam" (weekly), both in Malayalam; "Eucharist and Priest", an English monthly periodical of the Priests' Eucharistic League, and Promptuarium Canonico-Liturgicum", a Latin monthly for the missionary clergy. There is a Lazarist community of 3 Fathers and 1 lay brother at Thotacam. The Syro-Chaldaic Carmelite Congregation of Malabar has 4 convents and 31 members in the vicariate; this institute, the first of its kind in India, was begun at Mannanam in 1831. The first priests were professed on 8 Dec., 1855, and on 1 Oct., 1860, the congregation was affiliated to the Discalced Carmelites. Its rules and constitutions were approved by the Holy See tentatively on 1 Jan., 1895, and definitively on 12 March, 1906. Catholic Directory of India (Madras, 1913).

A. A. MACERLEAN.

Eugenics, THE CHURCH AND.-Eugenics literally means "good breeding". It is defined as the study of agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally. Both the word and the definition were fixed by Sir Francis Galton, the founder of the movement. The science has two chief divisions, namely, heredity and environment. Galton believed that heredity was by far the more important. He derived his main idea from the breeding of the race-horse. Just as we can breed horses for points,

EUGENICS

so also, it is contended, can we breed men for points. The eugenics movement, however, consists of more than study. It includes public action in the way of legislation, administration, and the influencing of human conduct.

Galton was born in 1822. His parents were people of means, and so he was enabled to receive a very liberal education and to devote his life to scientific research. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He travelled in Syria and Central Africa. Charles Darwin was his cousin, both being grandsons of Dr. Erasmus Darwin. Ás early as 1865 Galton began his work of measuring the human faculties and of tracing similarities and differences in definite families through several generations. He founded several anthropometric laboratories. The chief of these is now carried on under Professor Karl Pearson at University College, London. Galton was much impressed by the hereditary phenomena of the Fellows of the Royal Society. From the information which he collected concerning their families he formed the basis of his future research. He also made use of the stud-book of the basset-hounds belonging to Sir J. E. Millais. His earlier studies led him to formulate what he called the ancestral law. According to this, the contribution to the making of any one individual is by each parent one quarter, by each grandparent one sixteenth, and so on. In 1869 he published his "Hereditary Genius, an Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences". In this he essayed to show a law of distribution of ability in families. In each group of ten illustrious men who have illustrious relations, there are three or four eminent fathers, four or five eminent brothers, and five or six eminent sons Hence it is inferred that by mating eminent people with eminent people, we can produce eminent people.

It has been objected, however, that such breeding would make the race unbalanced. All the good, few in number, would be at the top, and all the bad, many in number, at the bottom. Galton replied to this criticism with his "law of regression towards mediocrity". A lower stratum, he said, would produce an offspring, on the whole, superior to itself. This in turn would produce a still better offspring, and so on until mediocrity was reached. Then more careful artificial selection would be needed. During the last ten years, through the work of Professors Bateson and Biffen of Cambridge, the principles of Mendelism have been brought into the question. These threaten to modify Galton's law of regression towards mediocrity, and indeed to nullify his ancestral law. The permanence of dominant qualities and the disappearance of recessive qualities (see MENDEL, MENDELISM) show that experiments are of little value which have not been spread out over at least three generations. Mendelian experiments, however, on human beings have not yet been conspicuously successful. Owing to disturbing and amplifying factors only few normal characters, eye-colour for instance, have been demonstrated to follow Mendelian laws. Abnormal characters can be more easily verified. Deaf-mutism, for instance, acts as a recessive. Selection implies rejection. Thus the science is divided into positive eugenics and negative. The one encourages parenthood of the fit or worthy, whilst the other discourages parenthood of the unfit or unworthy. Thus eugenics concerns itself largely with selection in marriage and with the exercise of the marital function. Negative eugenics also seeks to eradicate the racial defects of alcohol, venereal disease, lead poisoning, feeblemindedness, and consumption. But the Church, too, has a doctrine concerning marriage and its use, and also a doctrine and a method of dealing with racial defects. The Church therefore has no fault to find with race culture as such. Rather does she encour

The root difference between Catholic teaching and that of modern eugenics is that the one places the final end of man in eternal life, whilst the other places it in civic worth. The effectual difference is that the Church makes bodily and mental culture subservient to morality, whilst modern eugenics makes morality subservient to bodily and mental culture. But we must admit that modern eugenics shows a growing tendency to acknowledge the claims of religion. Dr. Saleeby is an advance on Galton, and Professor Whetham is an advance on Saleeby. In dealing with racial poisons, the Church provides the most radical remedies. Against alcohol she sets the virtue of temperance, against white-lead the virtue of justice, against venereal disease the virtue of purity. She provides for proper selection in marriage by setting impediments against unworthy marriages. The spirit life of the married pair and of the children is protected by the prohibition of mixed marriages. The proclamation of banns protects the parties against possible fraud or mistake. The requirement of consent of parents tends to promote prudent marriages. The impediment of a previous engagement unreleased is a safeguard against rash promises and heartless breach of promise. The impediments of consanguinity and affinity are universally acknowledged to have a great eugenic value. Moreover, since the most necessary and most difficult eugenic reforms consist in the control of the sex appetite, the practice of celibacy is an important factor in race culture. It is the standing example of a Divinely aided will holding the sensual passion in check.

The crux of the eugenic question is in the proposals for segregation and sterilization. Both may be either voluntary or compulsory. The aim is to prevent defectives from propagating their kind. Segregation means not only the separation of defectives from the rest of the community but also separation of the sexes from each other amongst the defectives themselves. Sterilization is a surgical operation by which the subjects are made incapable of procreation. Formerly it consisted of castration in men and excision of the ovaries in women. But recently two much simpler operations have been discovered, namely, vasectomy for men and ligature of the Fallopian tubes (Kehrer's method) for women. They are not grave when considered as dangerous operations, but they are grave as regards their moral effects. Herein lies the difficulty of judging them. The Holy Office has not yet given any decision concerning them. Speculatively speaking, therefore, the question is open. The following, however, may be taken to be the prevalent teaching of Catholic theologians and physicians. Vasectomy or ligature of the Fallopian tubes is no remedy against concupiscence; and even if it were, mutilation could not be permitted as a means of avoiding temptation. The operation would open the door to immoral practices which would constitute a worse evil than the one avoided. Being in itself slight and almost painless, it would be useless as a punishment for criminals or as a deterrent for others. If the principle were admitted it would encourage the abuse of matrimonial relations. The welfare of the State, if seriously threatened by the degenerate, could be better protected by segregation. Therefore the operation is not permissible, except as a necessary means to bodily health, and consequently except for this necessity may not be performed even with the patient's consent. The Church has never regarded the marriage of degenerates as unlawful in itself; they cannot be deprived of their right without a grave reason. Even eugenists like Dr. Saleeby and Dr. Havelock Ellis disapprove of compulsory surgery. As for compulsory segregation it seems to be both right and good, provided that all due safeguards are taken in respect of the grades of feebleness. The