A MEMOIR ON THE INDIAN SURVEYS; BY CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S. (SECOND EDITION.) PRINTED BY ORDER OF HER MAJESTY'S SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL. LONDON: SOLD BY W. H. ALLEN AND CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE; HENRY S. KING AND CO., 65, CORNHILL; CONTENTS. V. SECOND PERIOD OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEYS, 1823-43 Sir George Everest and the completion of the Measurement of an VII. THIRD PERIOD OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEYS, 1843-61 - Sir Andrew Waugh as Superintendent of the Great Trigonometrical VIII. THIRD PERIOD OF THE TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS, 1843-61 IX. FOURTH PERIOD OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEYS Colonel Walker and the Great Trigonometrical Survey. X. ROUTE SURVEYS BEYOND THE FRONTIER OF BRITISH INDIA, BY NATIVE XI. FOURTH PERIOD OF THE TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS, 1861-77 Colonel Thuillier as Surveyor General. XII. THE REVENUE SURVEYS OF INDIA I. Index to the Charts executed by the Marine Survey Department facing page 52 146 234 IV. The Himalaya and Tibet, a view of the mountain system bounded PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. THE object of the present Memoir is to furnish a general view of all the surveying and other geographical operations in India from their first commencement; in order that, in reading reports of current work, ready means of reference to the previous history of each branch of the subject may be at hand. In case it should be desired to follow up an enquiry into the details of any particular operation or series of operations, the references in the foot notes have been made as copious as possible. It has been difficult to bring together a complete record of the marine surveys in consequence of the destruction of documents, and it would have been impossible without the aid of several surveying officers of the Indian Navy, who kindly furnished me with the necessary information.* Nothing has been done for many years to continue and complete the admirable work of the surveyors of the Indian Navy, but this state of things cannot last, and it is hoped that, before very long, the section on Marine Surveys will be useful as a means of reference. The history of the labours of Major Rennell and his fellow routesurveyors is particularly interesting, as the commencement of the vast operations of which they were the precursors. But their work is still extremely valuable in itself. For the decision of important points in physical geography, and of some engineering questions, it is necessary to compare surveys of the same place made at long intervals. The work done by Major Rennell in 1780 enabled Mr. Fergusson in 1863 to argue from data, the absence of which would have left the question he was discussing in doubt; while the want of early observations on the Katiwar coast deprives the present tidal measurements of their comparative interest. * Namely, Captains Jenkins, Lynch, Felix Jones, Selby, Constable, Taylor, Ward, Heathcote, Sweny, and Cruttenden, and Lieutenants Collingwood and Barker, Mr. Marshall, and Dr. Carter. |