Ethics in Engineering Practice and ResearchCambridge University Press, 1998. 3. 13. - 330페이지 Engineers encounter difficult ethical problems in their practice and in research. In many ways, these problems are like design problems: they are complex, often ill-defined; resolving them involves an iterative process of analysis and synthesis; and there can be more than one acceptable solution. This book offers a real-world, problem-centered approach to engineering ethics, using a rich collection of open-ended scenarios and case studies to develop skill in recognizing and addressing ethical issues. |
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INTRODUCTION TO ETHICAL CONCEPTS | 1 |
Values and Value Judgments | 3 |
Types of Value and Value Judgments | 6 |
Ethics and Ethical Relativism | 9 |
Ought Good Bad Right Wrong | 11 |
A Note on Normative Ethical Theory | 12 |
Moral and Amoral Agents | 13 |
Consequences Harms and Benefits | 15 |
The Hanford Joint Council for Resolving Employee Concerns | 166 |
Employment Guidelines from Engineering and Scientific Societies | 168 |
The Biological Testing of Workers | 170 |
Limits on Acceptable Behavior in the Large Corporation | 175 |
Lockheed Martins Ethics Game | 176 |
Advice from the Texas Instruments Ethics Office | 181 |
Ethical and Legal Considerations | 182 |
Title VII of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964 | 183 |
Moral Rights and Moral Rules | 18 |
Moral Obligations Moral Rules and Moral Standing | 27 |
Moral Character and Responsibility | 35 |
Ethical Responsibility and Official Responsibility | 37 |
Trust and Responsibility | 44 |
Privacy Confidentiality Intellectual Property and the Law | 46 |
Intellectual Property | 48 |
Ethics Conscience and the Law | 49 |
ETHICS AS DESIGN DOING JUSTICE TO ETHICAL PROBLEMS | 53 |
Design Problems | 55 |
The Design Analogy | 56 |
Four Moral Lessons from Design Problems | 61 |
The Dynamic Character of Ethical Problems | 66 |
Problems as Experienced by Agents | 68 |
Making and Assessing Ethical Judgments | 70 |
Improving on Excellence | 72 |
THE BASIS AND SCOPE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY | 74 |
How Ethical Standards Vary with Profession | 76 |
Responsibilities Obligations and Moral Rules in Standards of Ethical Behavior | 82 |
Trustworthy Professional Practice | 86 |
Which Mistakes are Culpable? | 88 |
The Autonomy of Professions and Codes of Ethics | 93 |
Does Employee Status Prevent Acting as a Professional? | 100 |
Summary | 104 |
CENTRAL PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENGINEERS | 108 |
The Emerging Consensus on the Responsibility for Safety among Engineers | 109 |
Knowledge Foresight and the Responsibility for Safety | 111 |
The Kansas City Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse and the 1979 America Airlines DC10 Crash | 114 |
Hazards and Risks | 118 |
The Scope and Limits of Engineering Foresight | 122 |
Matching an Engineers Foresight With Opportunities for Influence | 128 |
Summary | 129 |
TWO MODELS OF PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOR ROGER BOISJOLY AND THE CHALLENGER WILLIAM LEMESSURIERS FIFTYNINE STOR... | 133 |
Background and the Postflight Inspection in January 1985 | 134 |
Being Asked to Tone Down the Hypothesis about Cold Temperature | 135 |
Stagnation in the Face of Mounting Evidence about Seal Erosion | 136 |
A Companys Concern about Its Image | 139 |
the Day and Evening Before the Flight | 140 |
Preventing Accidents | 144 |
Note on the Challenger Disaster as a Formative Experience for Many Engineers and for Popular Culture | 145 |
William LeMessurriers Handling of the FiftyNine Story Crisis | 146 |
LeMessuriers Innovative Design for the Citicorp Tower | 147 |
The Discovery of the Change from Welds to Bolts | 148 |
Investigating the Effects of Quartering Winds | 149 |
Wind Tunnel Evidence of the Danger | 150 |
Mobilizing Support | 151 |
Accomplishing the Repair without Causing Panic | 152 |
LeMessuriers Good Name | 153 |
Conclusion Comparison of Boisjoly with LeMessurier | 154 |
WORKPLACE RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES | 156 |
Engineers and Managers | 157 |
Organizational Complaint Procedures | 160 |
Government Agencies | 163 |
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC | 164 |
American Forestry Service | 165 |
US Supreme Court Decision on Harris v Forklift | 184 |
From Overcoming Prejudice to Valuing Diversity | 185 |
Organizational Responses to Offensive Behavior and Harassment | 187 |
Ethics in a Global Context | 189 |
Conclusion | 190 |
RESPONSIBILITY FOR RESEARCH INTEGRITY | 194 |
Research Misconduct or Research Integrity? | 196 |
The Search for Adequate Terms | 197 |
What Counts as Research Misconduct? | 200 |
Does Scientific Fraud Describe Research Misconduct? | 203 |
From Hoaxes to Undone Work | 205 |
The Rare Cases of Fraud | 207 |
Robert Millikans Data Handling | 208 |
The Debate and the Silence about Millikans Lie | 211 |
Responding to Changing Moral Standards | 213 |
From Honest Mistakes to Negligence and Recklessness | 214 |
SelfDeception and Research Misconduct | 219 |
Conclusion | 221 |
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF INVESTIGATORS FOR EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECTS | 227 |
Requirements for the Use of Human Subjects in Research | 229 |
Human Subjects in Product Testing | 231 |
Responsibility for Experimental Animals | 234 |
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT | 236 |
The Rise of Ecology | 237 |
Rachel Carson | 238 |
Key Environmental Legislation | 240 |
The Concept of an Ecosystem | 241 |
Hazards and Risks | 242 |
Illustration from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Case | 245 |
Ecological Thinking and the Question of Who Counts | 247 |
The Case of Timbering and the Northern Spotted Owl | 249 |
The 1995 Supreme Court Decision on Taking of a Threatened Species | 251 |
Acid Rain and Unforeseen Consequences of Human Action | 252 |
Effects of Chlorofluorocarbons on the Ozone Layer | 253 |
Superfund Sites and the Monitoring of Communities for Toxic Contamination | 255 |
Changing Norms in US Corporations | 258 |
Summary and Conclusion | 259 |
FAIR CREDIT IN RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION | 263 |
The History of the Significance of Authorship in Scientific Research | 266 |
From Copying Text to Appropriating Significant Ideas | 268 |
The Criteria for and Responsibilities of Authorship | 271 |
Ethical Guidelines for the Publication of Research | 278 |
Conflict of Interest and Potentially Conflicting Interests | 284 |
Credit Issues Among Faculty PostDocs and Graduate Students | 289 |
The Review of Grant Proposals | 291 |
Conclusion | 292 |
CREDIT AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE | 295 |
Individual Credit and the Ownership of Innovation | 300 |
Benchmarking and Reverse Engineering | 301 |
Conclusion | 304 |
MAKING A LIFE IN ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE | 306 |
Miguel Barrientos Building a Water Pump for Andean Alpaca Breeders | 307 |
Jim Melcher Witnessing against Waste and Violence | 310 |
Bibliography and References | 313 |
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accidents action animals authors behavior Board of Ethical Bob Lund Boisjoly Boisjoly's bolted joints Chapter chemical Citicorp client codes of ethics cold fusion concern conduct conflict of interest consider culture decision design problems develop device discussion drug employees Engineering and Science Engineering Ethics environment environmental ethical problems Ethical Review Ethics Center evaluation example experience experimental fraud guidelines harm hazards informed consent investigators issue journal judgment justified LeMessurier LeMessurier's managers Millikan's mistakes moral responsibility moral rights moral rules moral standing Morton Thiokol National norms NSPE obligation one's organization patients person plagiarism practice profession Professional Engineers professional responsibility proposal protection pump question recognize research ethics research misconduct reverse engineering risk Roger Boisjoly Scientific Scientific Misconduct scientists situation specific standards supervisor testing tion toxic treatment trust tuned mass damper University violations whistle-blowing