Companies employed four men whose duty it was to attend all fires and protect the interests of fire underwriters by preserving property exposed to fire and damage by water. They received a salary of $250 per annum each. In 1839 the association employed forty men as a fire police in the mercantile district. The men were firemen or ex-firemen, and wore red fire caps. They gave the alarm to each other by means of whistles and rattles. The first covers for the protection of merchandise from water were used in 1845. George T. Hope was chairman of the fire patrol committee in 1853, and was instrumental in the preparation of the first code of rules placed in the hands of every member of the force. A second patrol company was organized in 1855, a third in 1867, the fourth in 1876, fifth in 1893, a sixth in 1901, and a seventh in 1906.

The patrol was and continues to be under the government of the committee on fire patrol of the board, elected annually. Each company is fully equipped and motorized. The force consists of one hundred and seventy-eight men, composed of a superintendent, officers, and men. The whole force is under the immediate command of Superintendent James O. Schwank.

The committee on fire patrol elected at the last annual meeting of the board, in May, 1919, is as follows: B. M. Culver, Charles H. Post, C. L. Tyner, George B. Edwards, E. E. Pearce, J. G. Hilliard, and Wallace Reid; ex officio members: Thomas A. Ralston, president Clarence A. Ludlum, vice-president; and W. L. Chambers, treasurer, respectively, of the New York Board of Fire Underwriters.

NEW YORK NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Buffalo, N. Y. (Formerly National Lumber Insurance Company.) Organized 1995; capital, $200,000. James J. Boland, president; Charles Diebold, Jr., vice-president; N. P. Boland, treasurer; J. Russell Jones, secretary.

NEW YORK STATE ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE AGENTS was organized by representatives of local boards in the state of New York, outside the metropolitan district, at a meeting held at Syracuse, March 22, 1893. The first title adopted was "New York State Association of Local Boards of Fire Underwriters." The present title was adopted at the annual meeting in 1916. The constitution states the purpose of the association to be the promotion of harmony in underwriting, the protection of our interests, and those of our companies in our several territories, and the securing of united action in such direction as may be required to obtain these results." The officers chosen at this meeting were: M. G. Thompson, of Utica, president; James E. Reed, of Warsaw; C. T. Goodrich, of Newburgh; and H. B. Boss, of Binghamton, vice-presidents; William T. Ford, of Cohoes, secretary; John L. Getman, of Gloversville, treasurer. The present officers, elected at the annual meeting held in June, 1919, are: President, Fred V. Bruns; vice-presidents, S. C. Goodrich, Buell P. Mills, J. S. Kernan, Edward S. Hawley, W. W. Heppell, W. M. Gildersleeve, E. C. Cooper and R. W. Wadsworth; secretary, H. C. Webb; treasurer, W. M. Fiero.

NEW YORK STATE ASSOCIATION OF SUPERVISING AND ADJUSTING FIRE INSURANCE AGENTS was organized at Syracuse, N. Y., July 23, 1872, under the name of the New York State Board of Supervising and Adjusting Fire Insurance Agents. The first officers were: Thomas P. Stowell, President; Charles R. Knowles, first vice-president; C. F. Paige, second vicepresident; A. J. Woodworth, secretary and treasurer. The association was reorganized in July, 1874, and the present name adopted. [For a history of the organization see Cyclopedia for 1911-13, fire volume.] The present officers, elected at the annual meeting held at Saranac Inn N. Y., in July, 1919, are: President, Charles R. Folsom, vice-president, William C. Roach, secretary and treasurer, John W. Wood, Geneva, N. Y.; executive committee, F. E. Burke, chairman, A. J. Lovett, F. W. Young, A. J. Bates, Geo. S. Tompkins, John A. Jordan, Louis C. Breed, and the president and vice-president, ex-officio.

NEW YORK STATE, UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION OF. [See Underwriters' Association of the State of New York.]

NEW YORK UNDERWRITERS AGENCY, THE, was established by Alexander Stoddart, January 1, 1864, to transact the agency business of certain fire insurance companies. These were succeeded on January 1, 1894, by the Hartford Fire Insurance Company, under a permanent arrangement whereby the policies of the Hartford Fire are issued through the New York Underwriters Agency. The New York Underwriters Agency does business throughout the whole United States and Canada, and its management, agency plant, and lines remain entirely separate and distinct from those of the Hartford. It is under the management of A. & J. H. Stoddart, general agents, No. 100 William Street, New York.

NEW ZEALAND INSURANCE COMPANY, Limited, Auckland, N. Z., began business on the Pacific Coast in 1875. Clinton Folger and W. M. Speyer, managers, 334 California Street, San Francisco; H. E. Kempthorne, manager, 76 William Street, New York, N. Y.

NIAGARA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, The, of New York. Organized 1850. Capital, $1,000,000. Otho E. Lane, president; B. M. Culver and W. L. Steele, vice-presidents; Charles A. Lung and Wilbur C. Smith, secretaries. (123 William Street.)

NON-CONCURRENT POLICIES - APPORTIONMENT. It is hardly within the scope of this work to enter into a discussion of a subject which has been one of the most perplexing with which adjusters have to deal. The courts have pretty generally taken the view that companies may adopt any adjustment satisfactory to themselves so that it does not deprive the insured of his protection, or fail to fully indemnify him for his loss. It has been difficult, if not impossible, to make a rule that will meet the requirement in all cases, and many of the so-called rules have been made to meet particular cases. In the eastern states, as Mr. Griswold puts it, the matter is left to the

individual adjuster to adopt such methods as may seem most advantageous for his own company." Mr. Griswold gives nine different rules for adjusting specific and compound insurance. The "Reading the "Finn," which was the production of Mr. Finn, secretary of the Long Island Insurance Company; the Albany," which is credited to Mr. Heald, president of the Home Insurance Company; Rule IV, which is attributed to Henry A. Oakley; Rule V, with no author; Rule VI, attributed to Mr. Hope; Rule VII, Rule VIII, which Mr. Griswold names the rule of proportion; and Rule IX, the English rule. On the Pacific Coast the "Kinne" rule, so-called from its author, Mr. C. Mason Kinne, was adopted by the Fire Underwriters' Association of the Pacific in 1885 and being general in scope has been put into effect throughout the association's jurisdiction.

The principle governing all apportionments of non-concurrent policies is, that general and special insurances must be regarded as co-insurances; and general insurance must float over and contribute to loss on all subjects under its protection, in the proportions of the respective losses thereon, until the insured is indemnified, or the policy exhausted.

The correct method of applying the principle of the Kinne rule has been formulated in the following statement:

First Ascertain the non-concurrence of the various policies and classify the various items covered into as many groups as the non-concurrence demands, whether of property, location, or ownership.

Second Ascertain loss on such groups of items separately.

Third If but a single group is found with a loss upon it, the amount of all policies covering the group contribute pro rata.

Fourth- If more than one group has sustained a loss, and such loss on one or more groups be equal to or greater than the totals of general and specific insurance thereon, then let the whole amount of such insurance apply to the payment of loss on such groups.

Fifth -If more than one group has sustained a loss, and such loss be less than the totals of unexhausted general and specific insurance thereon, then apportion the amount of each policy covering on such groups generally, to cover specifically on such groups, in the same proportion that the sum of the losses on such groups bears to the loss on each individual group.

Note-When a group is covered by one or more general policies, it would be well to see at once if an apportionment as above on that group would equal the loss as in case it will not, it will show, without further calculation, that the whole amount of loss on such group must be met by such policies pro rata, and the remainder only apportioned. In such cases, carrying out Step 6 simply accomplishes by a longer process what here is indicated.

Sixth If the loss on any group or groups is then found to be greater than the sum of the now specific insurances as apportioned, add sufficient to such specific insurances to make up the loss on the group, taking the amount of the deficiency from the now specific insurance of the heretofore general amounts previously covreing the now deficient groups, which cover on groups having an excess of insurance, in the proportion that their sums bear to their individual amounts.

Note Very rarely are new deficiencies created by the re-apportionment, but if so, simply repeat Step 6.

Seventh Cause the amounts of all the now specific insurances to severally contribute pro rata to pay the partial losses, and it will be found that the whole scheme has resulted in the claimant being fully indemnified in accordance with the various contracts and on a basis which preserves the equities between the companies through

out.

NORFOLK MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Dedham, Mass. Organized 1825. James Y. Noyes, president and treasurer; Theodore T. Marsh, secretary.

NORSKE LLOYD INSURANCE COMPANY, LTD., of Christiania, Norway. This company made its initial deposit with the Insurance Department of the State of New York in January, 1916. It transacts a fire insurance business with the International Fire & Marine Agency Corporation, New York, as United States Manager and a direct marine business with Whist & Company, Inc., United States manager. The officers of the managers are at 3 South William Street, New York City.

NORTH ATLANTIC INSURANCE COMPANY, New York City, organized 1917; capital, $250,000. C. Steendal, president; C. Hannevig and Finn Hannevig, vice-presidents; J. F. Murphy, secretary; Kalph J. M. Bullowa, treasurer.

NORTH BRANCH FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Sunbury, Pa. Organized 1911; capital, $500,000. John G. Sell, president; Amos Bloom, vice-president; G. R. Dette, secretary; W. A. Shipman, treasurer.

NORTH BRITISH AND MERCANTILE INSURANCE COMPANY of Edinburgh and London had its beginning in the North British of Edinburgh, founded in 1809 to do a fire insurance business. A life insurance department was added in 1823. Mr. Bostwick was the first manager, and he was succeeded by David Smith, a "writer to the Signet,' a man of great ability and untiring energy. In 1861, after the great Tooley Street fire in London, a new fire company was established in that city, by prominent merchants, under the name of the Mercantile Insurance Company, which at once took a strong position. In 1862 the two companies agreed to amalgamate, establishing a general court of directors, divided into two sections, with chief officers in Edinburgh and London, the latter giving special attention to the large foreign connections; for the company has agencies and branches over the entire world.

The present subscribed capital of the company is £4,500,000, and the cash capital, £2,437,500. The fire funds at the close of 1916 amounted to £7,449,269.9.6—, and total assets of £26,642,792.12.1.

The company entered the United States August 16, 1866. Ezra White, an experienced underwriter, was selected as manager, and his son, Charles E. White, as assistant manager. The head office of the company was at 74 Wall Street, and its first local board of directors was composed of Charles H. Dabney, chairman; Solon Humphreys, Aymar Cater, David Dows, Egisto P. Fabbri, Simeon B. Chittenden, and Shepard Gandy. Its present head office is 76 William Street, New York, N. Y.

The present United States Branch Management is as follows: Cecil F. Shallcross, manager; William P. Young, Walter S. Alley, Charles R. Perkins, Edward T. Cairns, Charles E. Case, assistant managers, R. P. Barbour, secretary, and the following gentlemen form its board of directors in New York: Adrian Iselin, Esq. (A. Iselin & Co.),

chairman, A. D. Juillard, Esq. (A. D. Juillard & Co.); Wm. Pierson Hamilton, Esq. (J. P. Morgan & Co.); Chas. S. Brown, Esq. (Douglas Robinson, Chas. S. Brown & Co.); Jesse Isidor Straus, Esq. (R. H. Macy & Co.); Edward J. Berwind, Esq. (Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.); Frederick J. Middlebrook, Esq. (Middlebrook & Borland.)

The business in the United States is fire, tornado, sprinkler leakage, automobile, marine, riot and civil commotion. In the fifty years that the company has transacted business in the United States it has paid therein in fire losses over $83,000,000. It was involved to the extent of $2,330,000 in the Chicago fire of 1871, $742,067.56 in the Boston fire of 1872; $857,000 in the Baltimore fire of 1904, and in San Francisco, over $4,000,000, all of which losses were promptly met by funds from the home office. Its losses in the Jacksonville conflagration in 1901, amounting to $171,363.47, were paid from its United States funds, making a total of $7,771,897.58 paid for losses by the foregoing conflagrations, thus establishing the character and strength of the company firmly in the minds of the American people.

NORTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATION OF LOCAL INSURANCE AGENTS was organized in September, 1899, with the following officers: J. H. Southgate, president; Walker Taylor, C. T. Rawle, A. B. Dangerfield, vice-presidents; Jacob Battle, Rocky Mount, secretary and treasurer. At the annual meeting held in June, 1919. officers were elected as follows: President, Thomas F. Southgate, Durham; vice-presidents, Fred C. Odell, Greensboro; Clayton Giles, Wilmington; secretary and treasurer, Charles V. Sharpe, Fayetteville.

NORTH CAROLINA HOME INSURANCE COMPANY, Raleigh, N. C. Organized 1868; capital, $200,000. Alexander Webb, president; John F. Bruton, vice-president; George P. Folk, secretary.

NORTH CAROLINA STATE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Rocky Mount, N. C. Organized 1918; capital authorized $250,000; paid in, $50,000. M. R. Braswell, president; W. S. Wilkinson, secretary.

NORTH CHINA INSURANCE COMPANY, Limited, Shanghai, China, (Marine). H. K. Fowler, United States manager, New York, N. Y., 27 William Street.

NORTHERN ASSURANCE COMPANY, Limited, of London, England. Organized 1836. Entered the United States in 1854. George W. Babb, general attorney in the United States and manager for the Eastern and Southern states; T. A. Ralston, sub-manager, 55 John Street; J. C. Corbet, Chicago, Ill., manager for Western and Pacific states; H. D. Lewis, assistant manager.

NORTHERN INSURANCE COMPANY of New York. Organized 1897; capital, $500,000. William Mason, president; James Marshall, secretary. Willard S. Brown & Co., general managers, I Liberty Street, New York, N. Y.