Fred G. Clark; third vice-president, N. H. Pangborn; secretary and treasurer, D. F. Collingwood. The present officers, elected at the annual meeting in June, 1917, are: President, Leo Schlaudecker, Erie; secretary and treasurer, H. M. Bird, Harrisburg.

PENNSYLVANIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, THE, 510 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. Organized 1825; capital, $750,000. Cecil F. Shallcross, president; W. Gardner Crowell, vice-president and secretary: T. Magill Patterson, assistant secretary. The company is controlled by the North British and Mercantile.

PENNSYLVANIA LUMBERMENS MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. Organized 1895. Edward F. Henson, president; Richard Torpin, vice-president; Wm. Henry Smedley, second vice-president; Harry Humphreys, secretary; Edwin H. Coane, treasurer; James S. Young, assistant treasurer; Justin Peters, manager and assistant secretary; H. J. Pelstring, assistant manager, 806 Lafayette Building.

PEOPLES NATIONAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. Organized 1908; began business 1909; capital, paid up, $1,000,000. E. C. Stokes, president; J. H. McNeal, vicepresident; Mortimer B. Yates, secretary; Jas. M. Canning, treasurer; W. G. Wible, assistant treasurer. Third and Walnut Streets.

PETERSBURG INSURANCE COMPANY, INC., Petersburg, Va. Organized 1918; capital, $200,000. T. F. Heath, president; W. D. McKenney, vice-president; E. W. Butcher, secretary; R. W. Pritchard, Jr., assistant secretary.

PETERSBURG SAVINGS INSURANCE COMPANY, Petersburg, Va. Merged in the Petersburgh Insurance Company, Inc., in 1918.

PHENIX FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Paris, France. Starkweather & Shepley, Inc., United States managers, Providence, R. I.

PHENIX MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Concord, N. H. Incorporated 1886; reorganized 1912; Charles L. Jackman, president; Walter Williamson, secretary; Archibald R. Kendall, assistant secretary.

PHILADELPHIA CONTRIBUTIONSHIP FOR THE INSURANCE OF HOUSES FROM LOSS BY FIRE, Philadelphia, Pa. Founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1752. Incorporated 1768. This company has been in operation since 1752 and confines its business to Pennsylvania, writing only perpetual risks. J. Rodman Paul, chairman; J. Somers Smith, secretary and treasurer; C. T. Cowperthwait, assistant secretary and assistant treasurer, 212 So. Fourth Street.

PHILADELPHIA FIRE INSURANCE PATROL. The patrol was established July 15, 1869, and was supported by the voluntary action of the fire insurance companies doing business in the city. It was incorporated February 17, 1871, and reorganized June 8, 1895, the expense being raised by an assessment on premium receipts. The original fire patrol consisted of a horse and wagon and fifteen rubber blankets or covers. Only a few companies contributed to the cost and the establishment was opposed by the old volunteer fire department of the time as a step toward a paid fire department. A notable success achieved by the patrol at a dry goods fire in Chestnut street in saving some $60,000 worth of valuable goods from ruin by water at once satisfied insurance companies of the advantage afforded by the patrol, and they flocked to its support. The first officers were Atwood Smith, president; Alfred G. Baker, treasurer, and John Wilson, Jr., secretary. The original captain was Terrence McCusker, and he had an assistant, George R. Stillman, and a force of five men.

The patrol is now composed of forty-six men thirteen men at Station No. 1, at 516 Arch Street, eleven men at Station No. 2, at the northeast corner of Fifth and Hewson Streets, ten at No. 3, at 2122 Market Street, and eleven men at station No. 4, at 53 East Hawes Street, Germantown. Patrol No. 4 was established in September, 1917. The Patrol is under command of Superintendent Joseph H. Shermer, and captains are Harry Hoffman at No. 1, Sylvester B. Peak at No. 2, William J. Taylor at No. 3, and William Heckman at No. 4. There are five automobile trucks; two at Station No. 1, and one each at Stations Nos. 2, 3, and 4.

The following are the present officers: President, W. E. Bates, treasurer, E. T. Cresson; secretary, Charles B. Hill; directors, E. C. Irvin, E. J. Durban, W. D. Phillips, W. Gardner Crowell.

ASSOCIA

PHILADELPHIA FIRE UNDERWRITERS' TION. The old association, after its tenth annual meeting in November, 1893, discussed the subject of reorganization, and at a meeting held December 4, 1893, it was ordered that the compact of September 1, 1891, be continued in force sixty days more. [For an account of the reorganization see the Cyclopedia for 1894-5 and 1913-14] February 1, 1894, representatives of seventy companies, met and perfected the new organization. An executive committee was appointed to govern the association. Robert B. Beath was chosen chairman and J. W. Grover, secretary. At the annual meeting, November 14, 1894, General Beath was re-elected chairman, and Charles A. Hexamer was appointed secretary. At the annual meeting, November 13, 1895, Eugene L. Ellison was chosen chairman the executive committee, and Charles A. Hexamer was continued as secretary. May 1, 1905, the offices of the association were removed to the eighth floor of the Bullitt building, 131-41 South 4th Street. The officers of the association for year 1918-1919 are: Walter J. Chase, chairman; Alex W. Wister, Jr., vice-chairman; Chas. A. Hexamer, secretary and treasurer; Alfred S. Patton, assistant secretary; execu

tive committee, W. Gardner Crowell, Geo. R. Packard, Chas. T. Evans, Geo. Y. Shermer, R. N. Kelly, A. Elwood Wagner, J. B. Kremer. PHILADELPHIA MANUFACTURERS MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. Organized 1880. Edwin I. Atlee, president; George Wood, vice-president; Richard H. Morris, secretary, 911 Commercial Trust Building.

PHILADELPHIA SUBURBAN UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION was organized in 1901 for the purpose of maintaining "just and equitable rates and good practices in the fire insurance business." The association is under the supervision of a managing committee, as follows: W. Gardner Crowell, chairman, B. H. Wood, C. J. Irvin, J. M. Woodroffe, Gilbert M. Russell, and Wm. E. Bates. A. P. Stradling is manager and Jules N. Fischler, assistant manager.

PHOENIX ASSURANCE COMPANY, Limited, of London. This Company was established in 1782. It was the first English company to establish an agency in the United States, Israel Whelen being its agent in Philadelphia as early as 1804. In 1810 an act was passed by the Pennsylvania legislature prohibiting all insurance by foreign corporations, co-partnerships, or persons not citizens of the United States, and the Phoenix withdrew. It returned again in 1879. Prior to its return it had some reinsurance contracts, so that it sustained losses of $500,000 in Chicago in 1871, and $250,000 in Boston in 1872. The Phoenix is a notable exception to the general history of companies founded upon a grievance, in that it has been successful. It was founded by the sugar bakers of London, because of the high rates charged that industry by the other offices. Before the war of 1812 the Phoenix had agencies established in several of the southern states, as well as in New York and Philadelphia, and in the West Indies. In 1807 it sustained losses in St. Thomas of $1,000,000, and in 1842, in the great fire at Hamburg, Germany, it lost the then unprecedented sum of $1,080,000. Since it returned to this country the Phoenix has received in the United States premiums amounting to $81,323,842, and has paid in losses $49,952,534. It does an agency business throughout the states, and in 1918 wrote $978,104,582, of insurance, the premiums of which were $8,016,811. Percival Beresford, manager; Hart Darlington, assistant manager, 100 William Street. R. E. Lidster is in charge of the Western department at Chicago, and E. F. C. Knowles is the Pacific Coast representative, all reporting to the head office in New York.

PHOENIX INSURANCE COMPANY, THE, Hartford, Conn. Organized 1854; capital, $3,000,000. Edward Milligan, president; George M. Lovejoy, vice-president; John B. Knox, Thomas C. Temple, George C. Long, Jr., secretaries; Henry P. Whitman, Edward V. Chaplin, Fred C. Gustetter and F. Minot Blake, assistant secretaries.

PIEDMONT FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Charlotte, N. C. Capital, $100,000. Henry H. McAden,_president; B. D. Heath, vice-president; A. L. Smith, secretary; Eug. H. Chisholm, manager.

PIONEER FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, 29 South La Salle Street, Chicago, Ill. Organized 1918; capital, paid in, $100,000. P. Czaja, president; F. J. Palt, vice-president; J. M. Justus, secretary; P. Niemira, assistant secretary; J. B. Braza, treasurer.

PISCATAQUA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Portsmouth, N. H. Organized 1907; capital, $10,000. Calvin Page, president; Joseph O. Hobbs, vice-president; Alfred F. Howard, secretary.

PITTSBURGH FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. Organized 1851; capital, $200,000. John G. Sell, president; J. A. C. Miller, vice-president and treasurer; A. C. Shaw, vice-president; G. R. Dette, secretary; Don Stehle, Jr., assistant secretary; H. E. Becker, assistant treasurer.

POLICY FORMS AND LAWS. Agitation for a uniform policy began almost in the infancy of what may be called the modern practice of fire underwriting. In the records of the Salamander Society of New York, which was an organization of local fire insurance companies in 1821, and the forerunner of the New York Board of Fire Underwriters, allusion is made to the appointment of a special committee to draft a form. This committee reported to the association June 19, 1821, with a proposed form, which, after it had been submitted to the directors of the company separately, and had received their approval, was adopted and came into general use. It was the model upon which all subsequent improved policies were made in the United States.

The National Board of Fire Underwriters was organized in 1866, and the very first subject which claimed its attention after it convened was a form of policy, the board resolving, "that this board recommend to the executive committee to draft a fire policy to be used by all fire insurance companies belonging to this association." A form was reported to the board at its second annual meeting, in 1868, and adopted. Although the subject of a uniform standard policy to become obligatory was stirred up in the legislatures of New York and Massachusetts several years prior to this, Connecticut appears to have been the first state actually to adopt a law requiring a standard form, which was in 1867. The law, however, was repealed a year later.

It should be added that many companies have adopted the New York standard for use wherever there is no other compulsory form, so that, with the exception of the slight changes made by the Michigan form, and the special forms in Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Iowa, Oregon, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, a uniform policy is written by the leading companies all over the United States. The laws of several states require that the New York standard form be used. The laws of Arizona, West Virginia, Idaho, and Washington require that no policy shall be issued in the state other than the New York standard form as now or may be hereafter instituted," but Washington and Idaho make exceptions to permit the use of riders adding to or relating to those contained in the policy, and permitting forms of description and specifications of

the property insured. The West Virginia law permits such changes and additions as the insurance commissioner may deem proper. The laws of Georgia require that "each and every company shall adopt and write a standard or uniform policy such as may be prescribed by the commissioner." A Maryland law requires that all policies issued in the state shall have marked or stamped the words, "authorized to do business in the state of Maryland with a fac-simile of the signature of the insurance commissioner. The insurance commissioner of West Virginia has ruled that the requirement of the New York law regarding the selection of an umpire shall be attached to policies issued in West Virginia. [For a history and summary of legislation in the different states regarding standard forms, see Cyclopedia for 1911-13 and earlier volumes.]

In recent years criticism and suggestions have resulted in new forms being proposed, and a committee of the National Convention of Insurance Commissioners early in 1915 reported a proposed form, which the committee approved and submitted for criticism. There was legislation in 1915 in Iowa, Maine, Washington, and South Carolina, amending the existing requirements in those states, and North Carolina and Pennsylvania enacted legislation prescribing a new form, which went into effect January 1, 1916, and was substantially the form proposed by the committee of the Insurance Commissioners Convention. [See Cyclopedia for 1915.]

The Texas law, creating the "State Insurance Commission,' gives the commission power to make, promulgate and establish uniform policies forms, and no other form may be used, and the commission also prescribes the clauses and endorsements that may be used. The state commission in 1917 prescribed a new form of policy which went into effect June 1, and legislation was enacted in New York, Wisconsin, and California in 1917 amending existing standard forms. The Wisconsin law went into effect January 1, 1918.

Legislation was enacted in several states in 1916 and 1917 permitting fire insurance companies to not only write insurance against loss or damage to property from explosion or bombardment, but from war, invasion, insurrection, riot, civil war, civil commotion including strike, or military or usurped power." These hazards, incident to the existence of a state of war, were hazards not covered under the regular legal form of policy.

At a conference of fire underwriters, held in New York in April, 1917, a form of policy was adopted providing for full war coverage, and a rider to be attached to existing explosion policies, assuming the full war risks, was also adopted. The conference also approved the writing of separate policies covering war risks, but excluding explosion. [For full text of form see Cyclopedia for 1917.]

POLICIES, NON-CONCURRENT, APPORTIONMENT. [See Non-Concurrent Policies - Apportionment.]

POLICY, VALUED FIRE. [See Valued Policy Laws.]