The board is empowered either upon complaint or upon its own information to order a hearing as to discrimination in rates, and to order this discrimination removed (Section 10), and Section II gives the board power to investigate the necessity for a reduction in rates, and to order a reduction in rates, but in no event to order any reduction "which will prevent a reasonable aggregate profit to stock fire insurance companies." Any reduction ordered shall be applied to such class as may be determined by the companies or rating bureau, subject to the approval of the board. The term stock companies includes Lloyds and every organization operated for profit, and in determining the question of reasonable profits the board shall give proper and reasonable consideration to the losses and liabilities both within and without this Commonwealth."

Section 4 of the act provides that every fire insurance company, before being licensed, shall be a member of or maintain a rating bureau, but shall not be a member of more than one such bureau. A bureau may consist of one or more insurers. Every rating bureau or other insurer "shall inspect every risk specifically rated by it upon schedule and make a written survey of such risk," which shall be filed as a permanent record in the office of such bureau, and the bureau shall furnish the owner a statement of the rate and of the removable defects found. The state insurance board may address any communication to such bureau, regarding its transactions, and may require the filing of schedules, rates, forms, rules, regulations, and such other information as may be required. The board may examine the rating bureau whenever it deems necessary, and shall do so at least once in every two years.

The Ohio and Wisconsin legislatures in 1917 passed acts which in terms are very similar to the Kentucky law above and the Indiana legislature in 1919 passed a law the title of which explains its scope, and provides for the organization, operation and supervision of fire insurance rate-making bureaus; to provide for a review of any rates fixed by such bureaus for insurance upon property in this state; to prohibit discrimination in such rates, and regulating all agreements between fire companies or their agents affecting such rates, and providing penalty for violation." The act contains provisions simular to the laws of the other states in respect to the powers of the commissioner in investigating rates and ordering removal of any discrimination found. Tennessee also enacted a similar law in 1919.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE AGENTS, Washington, D. C. Organized in April 1919 by fire, casualty and surety agents. The officers are: President, Thomas F. Boland; vice-president, Harry C. Birge; second-vice-president, T. J. DeLashmutt; secretary, Edgar K. Legg, Jr.; treasurer, Morris Simon; executive committee, Holcombe G. Johnson, Ralph W. Lee, Horace Winter, H. M. Ward, W. M. Hoffman, W. H. West, Charles E. Hood and president and secretary, ex-officio.

DIXIE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Greensboro, N. C. Organized 1906; capital, $500,000. H. R. Bush, president; William B. Blades, first vice-president; George Hackney, second vice-president; Edward G. Michaels, secretary; William G. Davis, treasurer.

DORCHESTER MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Boston, Mass. Organized 1855. William A. Muller, president; and treasurer; W. D. C. Curtis and Arthur T. Hatch, vice-presidents; Edward C. Mason, secretary; Shepherd M. Crain, assistant secretary.

DUBUQUE FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, Dubuque, Ia. Organized 1883; capital, $200,000. N. J. Schrup, president; Maurice Connolly, vice-president; S. F. Weiser, secretary; S. W. Waring, assistant secretary; C. J. Schrup, treasurer.

E

EAGLE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Newark, N. J. Organized 1913; capital, $400,000. Edward M. Waldron, president; Jacob R. Hall and Paul Guenther, vice-presidents; Franklin W. Fort, secretary; James Y. Milne, assistant secretary; Louis V. Aronson, treasurer; Victor E. Downer, assistant treasurer.

EAGLE, STAR AND BRITISH DOMINIONS INSURANCE COMPANY, LTD., London, Eng. Organized 1904; entered the United States 1916. Fred S. James & Co., United States managers, 123 William Street, New York, N. Y.

CONFER

EASTERN AUTOMOBILE UNDERWRITERS ENCE, New York, N. Y. Organized 1916. The present officers elected in October 1918 are: President, William M. Hare, Norwich Union; vice-president, Charles G. Smith, Great American; secretary and treasurer, W. A. Hamilton, Chubb & Son, New York, N. Y.; executive committee: B. M. Culver, Niagara, chairman; G. M. Martindale, Home; George F. Kern, T. Å. Kruse, United States Lloyds; S. G. Wright, Columbia; Z. L. Hoover, Great American; Roderick O'Connor, Caledonian; J. F. Hollerith, Continental, and E. C. Carey, Liverpool and London and Globe.

The conference has jurisdiction over the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, Delaware, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. [See National Automobile Underwriters Conference.]

EASTERN FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY of Atlantic City, N. J. Organized 1902; capital, $200,000. David Fitzsimons, president; Walter J. Buzby, vice-president; J. Haines Lippincott, secretary; F. L. Bosworth, assistant secretary; Wm. F. Wahl, treasurer.

EASTERN FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Concord, N. H. Organized_1905; capital, $30,000. Charles L. Jackman, president; Freeman T. Jackman, secretary.

EASTERN SHORE OF VIRGINIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Keller, Va. Organized 1906. Cash capital, $76,446.00, S. W. Ames, president; R. L. Ailworth, vice-president; L. C. Mears. secretary and managing underwriter; Thos. W. Blackstone, treasurer; E. L. Mapp, assistant secretary.

EASTERN TORNADO INSURANCE ASSOCIATION. The present officers, elected in October, 1918, are: President, H. R. Loudon, Liverpool and London and Globe; vice-president, F. W. Sargeant, New Hampshire Fire; secretary and treasurer, J. E. Lopez, Continental,

New York, N. Y.; executive committee, H. P. Moore, Home; S. E. Locke, Hartford Fire; George W. Babb, Northern; J. L. Parsons, North River; John Kremar, Insurance Company of North America.

EASTERN UNION. An organization of fire insurance companies exercising jurisdiction over the states east of the Mississippi (excepting those within the jurisdiction of the Western Union), of which organization only executive officers or managers (in charge of not less than three states) are members. The headquarters of the East

ern Union are in the city of New York.

The officers of the Eastern Union, elected in November, 1918, are: President, Edward Milligan, Phoenix Fire; vice-president, George W. Babb, Northern; treasurer, B. M. Culver, Niagara; secretary, Miss G. E. Lank. Following is the membership roll:

ELECTRICITY AND FIRE INSURANCE. [See Underwriters' National Electric Association.]

ENGINEERS, FIRE, INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF. [See International Association of Fire Engineers.]

ENTERPRISE MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Providence, R. I. Organized 1874. John R. Freeman, president and treasurer; Theodore P. Bogert, secretary; Benj. G. Buttolph and Edwin D. Pingree, S. G. Walker, vice-presidents.

EQUITABLE FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, Providence, R. I., executive office, Hartford, Conn. Organized 1859; capital $500,000. Fred W. Arnold, president; Edward Milligan, George M. Lovejoy, John B. Knox, vice-presidents; Samuel G. Howe, George C. Long, Jr., secretaries; Henry P. Whitman, Edward V. Chaplin, Fred C. Gustetter, assistant secretaries. The company is affiliated with the Phnoix Insurance Company, Hartford.

EQUITABLE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Charleston, S. C. Organized 1895; capital, $200,000. David Huguenin, president; William G. Mazyck, secretary and treasurer; R. F. Touhey, assistant secretary and treasurer.

EQUITY FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Kansas City, Mo. Organized 1909; capital, $100,000. E. G. Rowley, president; C. T Hinkle, secretary; Bruce Dodson, manager.

EUREKA FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, Cincinnati, Ohio. Organized 1864; capital, $100,000. F. A. Rothier, president; Adam Benus, secretary; F. C. Barton, assistant secretary.

EXCESS POLICY. A class of policies written to cover property in excess of other insurance. They do not apply until specific insurance is exhausted. Usually it is stipulated that a certain amount of specific insurance shall be carried, the rates for excess insurance being lower than the specific rate.