in Tuscarawas, beside at New Philadelphia, the seat of justice, at Bolivar, Cadwallader, Canal-Dover, Dohrman, Gnadenhutten, Leesville, New Comerstown, New Hagerstown, One Leg, Sandyville, Shanesville, Tuscarawas, and Zoar.

New Philadelphia, the seat of justice, stands on the left or eastern bank of Tuscarawas river, 50 miles, a little N. of W. from Steubenville, and by post road 314 miles N.W. by W. from W.C., and 107 N. E. by E. from Columbus. North Lat. 40° 31'. Lon. 4° 32′ W. from W.C. DARBY.

TWEED. See BERWICKSHIRE, PEEBLESSHIRE, ROXBURGHSHIRE, SELKIRKSHIRE, and SCOTLAND.

TWIGGS, county of Georgia, bounded N. by Jones, N.E. and E. by Wilkinson, S.E. and S. by Pulaski, and by Ocmulgee river, separating it from Houston, S. W., and Bibb W. Length from S.E. to N.W. 26, mean breadth 16, and area 436 square miles; extending in Lat. from 32° 30' to 32o 56', and in Lon. from 6° 19' to 6° 40′ W. from W.C. Though bounded westward by Ocmulgee river, Twiggs county embraces part of the table land between that stream and Oconee river. The western and larger section declines to the southwestward towards Ocmulgee, whilst the eastern side has a southeastern declivity towards the Oconee. Much excellent soil exists in this county, with considerable extent, on the other hand, which is sterile.

Beside at Marion, the seat of justice, there were in 1831 three other post offices in Twiggs, namely, at Granberry's, Raisin's store, and Taruer's store. Marion, the seat of justice, is situated near the centre of the county, by post road, 37 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. North Lat. 32° 42'. Lon. from W.C. 6° 30' W.

By the census of 1820, Twiggs contained a population of 10,447, of whom 6968 were whites.

TYE, a small river of Virginia, gaining importance from forming for some part of its course the demarcation between Amherst and Nelson counties, It rises in the southeastern valleys of Blue Ridge, by several branches, which flowing generally to the southeastward, unite and fall into James river, about 25 miles, by the land route, below Lynch burg.

TYLER, county of Virginia, bounded N. by Ohio county of the same state; N. E. by Greene county of Pennsylvania, and Monongalia of Virginia; E., S.E. and S. by Harrison; S. W. by Wood and by Ohio river separating it from Washington county state of Ohio W. and Monroe county of Ohio N. W. Length from southwest to northeast 46 miles; main breadth 20 miles, and area 920 square miles. Extending in Lat. from 39° 14' to 59° 42′ N. and in Lon. from 3° 26' to 4° 12′ W. from W.C. The declivity of Tyler is to the westward towards Ohio river, which large stream opposite this county flows to the southwestward. It is drained by Middle Island and Fishing creeks. Surface very hilly, though much of the soil is highly productive.

Beside at Middlebourne, the county seat, there

were in 1831, post offices at Fishing Creek, Grape Island, Ingham's Mills, Pine Grove, and Sistersville.

Middlebourne, the seat of justice, is situated on Middle Island creek, 41 miles N. W. by W. from Clarksburg, about 50 direct land course, a little W. of S. from Wheeling, and by post road 273 miles a little N. of W. from W.C. N. lat. 39° 30'. DARBY.

TYNE. See ENGLAND, NEWCASTLE, and NORTH

UMBERLAND.

TYNEMOUTH, a town of England, in Northumberland, situated at the mouth of the Tyne, about nine miles E.N. E. of Newcastle. It consists of several narrow, irregular, and dirty streets, the prin cipal one of which runs along the river and round the harbour. The church is about a mile from the town. This place is celebrated for its ancient castle and priory, situated on a rock inaccessible from the sea. The walls were repaired in 1783, and made a depot for military stores. The principal remains of the ancient building is an old gallery, which has lately been flanked with bastions. Some handsome remains of the monastery, which were within the castle, still exist. The whole presents a fine group of picturesque views. The principal object is the church, at the east end of which is an elegant chapel.

The trade of Tynemouth is considerable, though the harbour has only seven feet of water at low water. A ridge of rocks, called the black middens, render it very dangerous, but a lighthouse directs the mariner in that dangerous navigation. The principal exports of the place are coals and salt, about 770,000 chaldrons of the former being annually sent to London. The imports consist of timber, iron, flax, and groceries. The harbour is defended by Clifford's fort, erected in 1672, but lately repaired and mounted with heavy guns. Extensive military barracks stand near it.

Tynemouth is much resorted to for sea-bathing. Commodious hot and cold baths have been erected, and good lodgings may be procured. Marsden rocks, separated from the coast by the gradual action of the sea, are an object of interest. At high water they are 50 or 60 yards from the land, though in the memory of man they could have been reached by a common plank...

The population of the township in 1821 washouses 1525, families 2214, do. in trade 669, males 4192, females 5262, difference of male and female population 1070, total population 9454.

TYPES. See PRINTING.

TYPES, METHOD OF CASTING. The exact form of every type is cut out of well tempered steel, so as to form a steel punch, with a solid type at its extremity, This steel punch is used to convey a hollow impression from the type to a piece of brass or copper. This impression when well cleared of all roughness is the matrix of the type.

This matrix is placed at the bottom of a mould which is constructed with great ingenuity. The type metal, consisting of lead, with a due proportion of regulus of antimony, is then melted, and by

means of an iron ladle, the workman pours a portion of it into the mould, which descends into the matrix and forms the type. By means of the mechanism of the mould, he is able to toss the type out on a piece of paper, and he proceeds to form other types in succession. This operation is managed with such dexterity that a workman can cast about 3000 of these letters in one day.

The types when sufficiently accumulated are taken away by boys, who break off the jets or little ingots of metal, while another set of boys take them from the first set and polish the broad side of the types upon smooth stones. Another set of boys Another set of boys arrange the types on long rules or dressing sticks. A clever workman then polishes all the sides of each column or row with a sharp but thick-edged razor. The types are next bearded or barbed by running a plane faced with steel along the shoulder of the body next to the face, which takes a greater or a less quantity off the corner of each type. The next operation is that of grooving, which is performed by a steel cutter which makes an uniform groove along the whole row of types.

When the types are thus dressed, the imperfect letters are picked out, and the whole are then put up into pages and papers ready for use.

sea."

TYRE, or SOUR, a seaport town of Syria, occupying the site of ancient Tyre the "Queen of the The walls of the city may still be traced in the form of an irregular square, nearly a mile in circumference. They are fast going to ruin, though sustained here and there with columns of granite. Two or three old rusty cannons are mounted upon them. On the west side the sand reaches nearly to the summit, but on the south and east they are thirty feet high. Remains of ancient niches are seen at the south-west and south-east corners. There is a wooden gate in the eastern side, and on the north a passage is made in the wall. The houses, amounting only to 200 inhabited ones, are well constructed from the ruins of the city; the ruins of a large church, built of hewn stone in the Syrian style, stands without the walls of the city; and to the south of it are very beautiful remains of buildings, which may have belonged to the archiepiscopal palace. The ruins of other churches are also visible. At the east end of the harbour, near the walls, are the remains of two Arab towers, one of which is 60, and the other 35 feet in height. They are conjectured to have been reservoirs belonging to the aqueduct. Pocock observed a thick wall stretching from the one to the other. The harbour itself, which extends 80 feet along the shore, and 150 along banks projecting into the sea, admits only boats.

The trade of the place consists chiefly in tobacco, of which 100 cantars (196 lbs. each) are sent to Cairo and Damietta, where it pays £20 to £25 per cantar. Charcoal, dried figs, and faggots of wood are exported to the same places. A large pottery and fishery are farmed for £115.

The inhabitants consist chiefly of Greeks and Catholics, with 12 Maronite families, but not a single Jew. East Lon. 35° 20'. North Lat. 33° 10'. TYROL, which is formed of part of the ancient VOL. XVIII. PART I.

Rhalia, and which is now a province belonging to the Austrian empire, derives its name from an ancient fort, (Terioli,) situated on a mountain near Meran, on the Adige. It is bounded on the north by Bavaria; on the west by Switzerland; on the south by the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom; and on the east by Illyria and the circle of Austria. The superficial extent has been estimated variously, but 7000 square miles may be regarded as not far from the truth; the population has been ascertained to be 762,653.

Tyrol is divided into seven circles; namely, the Upper Inn, the Lower Inn, Pusterthal, the Adige or Botzen, Trente, Roveredo, and Voralberg. There are 22 towns, of which Inspruck is the capital, 36 burghs, and 3150 villages. Inspruck, which signifies the Bridge of the Inn, is situated at the confluence of the Sill and Inn, with a beautiful bridge over the latter river. It is, on the whole, a mean town, though it is distinguished by some. good buildings; and its population amounts only to 10,000. Roveredo, the capital of the circle of the same name, is a larger town than the metropolis, containing 13,000 inhabitants. Trente is well known on account of the last Roman Catholic council having been held there, which lasted from the year 1545 till 1563. Of Schwatz, the chief town of the Lower Inn, the population amounts to 7400, nearly one-third of whom find employment in the copper and silver mines in its neighbourhood. The other more important towns are Botzen, on the Bisach, a tributary of the Inn, population 8000; Ala, on the Adige, 6500; Hall, below Inspruck, 4200; Brixen, on the Bisach, 3800.

The physical appearance of Tyrol is similar to that of Switzerland. The chain of the Alps traverse it from west to east; the highest ridges are Ischernowand, Orteles, Glokner, and Mount Brenner, the first being 12,000 feet, the last nearly 6000. There are, besides, two secondary chains, one in the north, separating Tyrol from Bavaria, the other in the south, dividing it from Italy. Glaciers, of which some are several leagues in extent, and avalanches, dismal precipices, and lofty foaming ca'aracts, abound as much here as in the country to which we have compared it. Tyrol is exclusively mountainous, with the exception of the valleys which intervene between the different ridges; but these valleys are no fewer than about twenty in number; thus affording, in point of scenery, the most rapid transitions, and the most striking contrasts. The mountains, covered with eternal snow, send down innumerable streams, which add beauty to the respective valleys through which they flow. Two rivers form the recipients of all the lesser streams, the Inn on the north, the Adige on the south. The former, rising in the Grisons and flowing past Inspruck, loses itself in the Danube at Passau. The Adige takes its rise also in the Grisons, and after traversing Tyrol and the north of Italy, falls into the Gulf of Venice.

Of this country the climate is cold both summer and winter, except in the valleys, where heat abounds to a high degree. Except in the low grounds, agriculture has made little progress, though much la

V

bour and patience have been expended in extending it. The natives ascend apparently inaccessible heights, carrying manure in baskets, to gain a few feet of land, and devote it to agriculture. After all, however, they are obliged to import corn. The bowels of the earth are more productive; every species of ore, from gold to coal, being found there; but comparatively few of them are wrought. Mineral springs are common. The salt mines are the continuation of those in Satsburg, and one of them near Hall yields 25,000 quintals. Vineyards are numerous, particularly in the valley of the Adige: the natives cultivate fruit trees; and from the forest, they rear silk worms, and export raw silk. The transit trade between Italy and Germany forms a most extensive and lucrative branch of commerce. They are a singularly industrious people. They cannot be said to possess any manufactories; but every Tyrolean is a manufacturer. There is little division of labour. A family or an individual is obliged to do every thing for himself, else his few wants could not easily be supplied. And recourse is had to the most ingenious modes of fabricating the articles of which they stand in need. "Do they require flour, or stand in need of oil? As every individual provides in some respects for his own wants, there are neither millers nor oil mills; but at the neighbouring stream the corn is ground, and the oleaginous plants are pressed. A German traveller observes that, to abridge labour, he has seen a child rocked in its cradle by means of a wheel made to revolve by a stream." (Malte-Brun, vii. 515.)

The people have a thirst for independence; and if they cannot find employment at home, they do not hesitate to emigrate to other countries to gain a livelihood. Bavaria or the neighbouring provinces, which is their earliest outlet, do not satisfy them. They emigrate to the most distant countries, to England, America, or the East Indies, generally as pedlars, selling petty wares. Thirty thousand are calculated to leave their native land annually. They return, however, in old age, having amassed a little stock, to enable them to spend the evening of their days in comparative independence. The music of the Tyrolese has been long celebrated for its simple and plaintive character. In other respects, they are distinguished by the characteristics common in their circumstances; loyalty, love of country, bravery, frankness, hospitality, uncorrupted morals, superstition, religion. They are all Roman Catholics, with the exception of eight or ten Jewish families. Their language is German. Tyrol cannot boast of a university, but there are various Lyceums, Gymnasia, and other seminaries, where every branch of education is taught. The number of such seminaries, including elementary schools, is no fewer than

819.

The history of Tyrol may be comprised in a few sentences. The Rhaeti, the ancient inhabitants, to whom Horace applied the epithet immanes, (lib. iv. 14.) and who had made formidable encroachments on the Romans, were first subjected to that people by Drusus, brother to the emperor Tiberius. From that period their country composed

an integral part of the Roman empire. On the inroads of the Goths and Vandals, it shared the fate of the rest of Europe, and fell into the hands of these ruthless barbarians. After several changes, it became subject to Austria about the beginning of the 14th century: in whose hands, with the little interruption which we are about to mention, it has since continued. This interruption refers to its being ceded to Bavaria by the treaty between the French and Austrians signed at Presburgh, (26th Dec. 1805,) after the power of Austria had been paralized by the disaster at Ulm and the defeat at Austerlitz. Bavaria treated her newly acquired territory in a most arbitrary manner. Not only did she exert herself to strip Tyrol of the privileges she had enjoyed under Austria, but suppressed the very name of the country, and interfered with the sacred rights of the church. The Tyrolese were too brave and proud a people, and held liberty in too high veneration, long to submit to such indignities. The flame of insurrection spread throughout the province in 1809; and it was fanned and cherished by an individual whose great energies the crisis called forth,-the William Tell of his country,-Andrew Hofer, a person of humble origin, but whose name now ranks with that of the first patriots and heroes. He performed prodigies of valour, and was ably supported by his suffering countrymen. But fate had doomed these noble exertions to be unsuccessful. Austria could render no assistance; the French and Bavarian forces poured into Tyrol; and after Hofer, like our Scottish Hero, had thrice rescued his country from the hands of the enemy, he was, like him too, betrayed into their hands; and he submitted (1810), with fortitude to a public death. Tyrol, meanwhile, continued in the possession of the Bavarians till 1815, when, by the congress of Vienna, it was restored to Austria, and reinstated in all its ancient privileges. These privileges are not unimportant. It has, for example, a representative body, consisting of four orders, the clergy, the nobles, the depu ties respectively of the towns and the peasants. Without the consent of this body no tax can be imposed. Tyrol is the only country subject to Austria, where the peasantry are adequately represented. The revenue which this country yields, we may mention in conclusion, amounts to 2 millions of florins, though there are no custom-houses on the frontiers. This sum is obtained from a land-tax, and from duties which affect only the higher classes. The military force is confined to four battalions of light armed troops, but in cases of emergency, the Tyrolese are willing to rise to a man to defend their country.

See the article AUSTRIA; Beaumont's Travels through the Rhaetian Alps in the year 1786; Voyage dans le Tyrol, by M. de Bray; Kotzebue's Travels in Italy through the Tyrol; The Life of Hofer, translated from the German by Hall; and The Annual Register for 1810 and 1815. (&)

TYRONE, a county of Ireland in the province of Ulster, is bounded by Londonderry on the N. by Armagh on the E. by Monaghan and Fermanagh on the S. and by Donegal on the W. It is about 42

miles long from N. to S. about 54 from E. to W. and contains 1271 square miles, or 8!3,440 English acres. Its political divisions are the baronies of Dungannon, Strabane, Omagh and Clogher, and it contains 35 parishes in the sees of Derry, Armagh, and Clogher.

The northern part of the country is rough and mountainous. The Cairntogher and Munterlony hills occupy an extensive tract, and to the south in the barony of Strabane are two lofty hills called Bessy Bell and Mary Gray.

The rivers in Tyrone are numerous. The Mourne, which is the principal one, passes through the centre of the country from north to south. It rises in the mountains near Clogher; at Omagh it is joined by the Cameron from the south, and a little farther on by the Po from the west. After receiving at Newton Stewart the Moyle, &c. and at Ardstraw the Derg, it runs to Strabane, below which it meets the Fin, with which it proceeds under the name of the Foyle to the sea. It is navigable for large boats. The Blackwater is also navigable for ten miles. The Ballinderry passes by Cookstoun and flows into Lough Neagh. Agriculture is in a very low state in this county, owing to the unprofitable manner in which the farms are occupied. The land is held in what is called Rundale, the arable land being divided into a certain number of shares, which are changed annually, the cattle of the different tenants pasturing in common. The arable land is wrought more with the spade than the plough, and when a plough is used, it is drawn by horses, bullocks, and even milk cows, contributed by three or four neighbours, each of whom attend the operation for the behoof of his cattle. The chief crops are potatoes, oats, and flax. The cattle and sheep are of a very inferior description. The best land is in the barony of Dungannon, and there is also a considerable portion of good land in Clogher.

There is little or no limestone in the county. Clay fit for bricks and pottery is abundant, and the barony of Dungannon is said to produce the best pottery in Ireland, consisting of crockery ware, fire-bricks, and tiles. At Coal Island, situated in the eastern part of the county, five coal pits were working in 1800, but Mr. Wakefield describes the coal as bituminous and of a bad quality. Mr. Griffith has also expressed an unfavourable opinion of the extent and value of the coals of Tyrone.

The principal proprietors of Tyrone are the marquess of Abercorn, lords Belmore, Northland, and Mountjoy. Many of the estates are worth from £5000 to £7000 per annum. The village farms do not exceed twenty acres each, and the leases are for thirty-one years and three lives-three lives and twenty-one years and a life.

The chief towns are Omagh the county town, Newton Stewart, Augher, Clogher, Strabane, and the burgh of Dungannon. Strabane is a thriving town, situated on the Mourne, and has a good market for many articles, particularly linen cloth. The canal which connects it with the Foyle is a principal source of its prosperity. It was represented in parliament before the union. Dungannon has a

good linen market, and from the collieries at Drumglass, in its vicinity, there is a canal to the Blackwater. It has a barrack for a troop of horse. Newton Stewart is a neat small town, agreeably situated on the river Foyle. Augher and Clogher, though parliamentary burghs before the union, are very small places. The linen manufacture is carried on to a great extent in the county.

The county sends two members to parliament, and the borough of Dungannon a third.

In 1771 the population was 157,700. In 1821 it was 259,691. The catholics are to the protestants as six to one, but the property chiefly belongs to the latter. See M'Evoy's Statistical Survey of Tyrone and Ireland, and Wakefield's Statistical Account of Ireland, passim.

TYRREL, county of North Carolina, bounded by Hyde county S., Washington W., Albemarle Sound N.; and including the islands along the coast, by the Atlantic Ocean E. Greatest length from east to west, including the islands and intervening sound, 52 miles; mean width 18 miles. The actual land area, however, not exceeding 800 square miles. Extending in Lat. from 35° 36′ to 35° 56' N., and in Lon. from 0° 36' to 1° 40', including the Roanoke islands.

Surface flat and in great part marshy. The continental part indented by Alligator river or bay, making to the southward from Albemarle Sound. It is in fact the recipient of the water from extensive swamps between Albemarle and Pamtico sounds.

The only post office in the county is at the seat of justice, Columbia, situated on a small bay near the northwestern angle of the county, by post road 170 miles a very little N. of E. from Raleigh. N. Lat. 35° 53', Lon. 0° 43′ E. from W.C.

In 1820 the population of this county was 4319, of whom 3007 were whites. DARBY.

The

TYRTÆUS, a Greek poet, and a native of Attica. He is said to have exercised at Athens the functions of a schoolmaster, a poet, and a musician. In the recent Messenian war, the Lacedemonians, having been unsuccessful, were directed (B.C. 623) by the oracle at Delphi to apply to the Athenians for a general, in order to secure success. Athenians sent them, in derision, the poet Tyrtæus, remarkable for his deformity and his ignorance of military affairs. Tyrtæus, however, recited songs in praise of valour and patriotism, and when the Lacedemonians were about to raise the siege of Ithome, he excited them to such a paroxysm of courage, that they defeated the Messenians, and reduced them to subjection. For this and other services, the Spartans honoured him with the right of citizenship. Horace has united his name with that of Homer, and, from the fragments of four or five war elegies which are extant, there can be no hesitation in ranking him among the greatest of the Greek poets. He composed also a treatise called "Moral Precepts," and a work on the "Polity of the Lacedemonians.”