by the water of the river at the highest of the tide, by which means depositions are gradually made on the surface, till a considerable depth of alluvial soil has been obtained, sometimes to the extent of ten or fourteen feet. Lands that have undergone this process not unfrequently yield various successive crops of great value without any application of manure. Wheat is produced in great abundance, more so indeed than any other grain. Oats are also very extensively cultivated; indeed oat-meal, as in Scotland, forms the chief part of the food of the inhabitants throughout all this division, but particularly towards the west of it. Turnips and potatoes are also reared; and of the latter great quantities are sent by water carriage to the London market. Flax is grown in considerable abundance. Rye, peas and beans, are but partially cultivated. Liquorice is produced in great perfection on some deep loamy soils. Teazles, a production used for the purpose of raising the nap on cloth before it is submitted to the operation of the shears, are grown to a considerable extent, and are almost peculiar to this part of the county. A great portion of this Riding is devoted to pasture, and dairies are pretty common. The horned cattle, sheep, and horses have nothing peculiar; the horses for which Yorkshire has become celebrated, are reared mostly in the other two divisions. The mineral wealth of the West Riding must not be overlooked. There are mines of iron, lead, and coal; which last seems almost inexhaustible, but it abounds most between Leeds and Wakefield, and in the vicinity of Barnsley, Bradford and Sheffield. Iron is often found in the same mine with coal; indeed the best strata of coal are found under seams of iron, sometimes of a depth of about 200 feet below the surface. But whatever be its agriculture and mineral wealth, or its distinction in other respects, the division under review is chiefly eminent for the great extent of its manufactures; in truth it may be pronounced one of the greatest manufacturing districts, not only in England, but in the world. The truth of this assertion will be allowed when we mention Leeds, Wakefield, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Halifax, Bradford; indeed the .greater part of the whole division, studded with villages as large as most towns, forms one continued succession of manufacturing establishments. The aggregate number of families amounts to 161,466, of whom 108,841 or two-thirds of the whole population, are employed in trade, manufactures or handicraft. The ample supply of coal; the extent of water carriage, and the command over the most powerful machinery afforded them by the numerous streams with which the Riding abounds, have had no trivial effect in giving that eminence in manufactures to which we are referring. Their manufactures embrace broad and narrow cloths of all kinds, flannels, with every species of woollen goods, shalloons, calimancoes. Sheffield exports cutlery and plated goods to every quarter of the globe. The soil of the manufacturing districts is not naturally good, but owing to the great increase of manufactures, it has been cultivated, so that it is equal, if not superior, to the most fertile districts. During the ten years previously to 1821, while the population of the East Riding increased 14 per cent and that of the North Riding 20 per cent, the increase of the West Riding was no less than 23. The chief towns are Halifax, including the parish; population 92,850; Leeds, 83,796, Sheffield and parish, 52, 105; Bradford and parish, 62,954; Huddersfield and parish, 24,220; Almondbury, 23,979; Kirk-Heaton, 21,870; Birstall, 21,217; Dewesbury, 16,261; Calverley, 14, 134; Kirk-Burton, 13,695; Ripon, 13,096; Ecclesfield, 12,496. There are a great many other towns and villages, such as Doncaster, Pontefract and Knaresborough, but none of them contain so many as 10,000 inhabitants. It The East Riding next claims our attention. is bounded on the east by the German Ocean; on the north and west by the rivers Hartford, Derwent and the Ouse; and south by the Humber. This Riding, which comprehends six wapentakes, and is the smallest of the three divisions of which the county consists, is not marked by any very peculiar features. The wolds, a range of chalky hills elevated above the level country about 600 feet, extends from north to south, nearly through the whole of the Riding. The wolds, till within forty years, remained nearly in a state of nature, being entirely uncultivated, but since that time they have been enclosed and subdivided and subjected to the action of the plough, and now produce excellent crops. The soil is commonly a light loam, with a mixture of chalk. On each side of the wolds extend flat, level, fertile tracts, with gentle undulations, where agriculture has been carried to very considerable perfection. Marshes have been drained, and extensive districts formerly swarming with rabbits, have been converted to a more useful purpose, being used either for grain or pasture. Agri. culture has gained no greater triumph in any district in England than it has acquired in the quarter under review, particularly in the successful cultivation of the wolds. Fifty years ago, agriculture, which has recently been brought to such perfection, was in a very rude state, and barley and oats were the principal, if not the only, grain produced. Now not only the valleys, but the slopes of the hills are adorned with wheat; and wheatbread, and not oatmeal, constitutes the chief food of the people. What twenty years ago was a marshy waste, and could not be crossed with safety, has now the advantage of numerous excellent roads, is studded with elegant farm-houses, and produces the best crops. This division contains also some excellent pasture-grounds. The farms are generally large, each varying from £200 to £1200 per annum of rent. The climate includes every variety of weather; the east winds are cold and raw; the wolds average a very low temperature; the tract on the west of this range is the mildest. The East Riding can boast of no mineral wealth; nor have manufactures been much cultivated; carpets, spinning of flax and cotton are almost the only articles connected with manufactures which has been attended to. This riding cannot boast of much timber, and it has no coal; which latter ar are numerous; of which they are rapidly improving the kind by the introduction of better breeds. The fine wool of this division is not exported, but used for the manufacture of hosiery, which the females here cultivate - pretty considerably. This Riding has long been celebrated for the rearing of horses, calculated respectively for the draught, the turf, and saddle, and vast numbers of them are purchased at the York and Howden fairs by dealers from London and almost every quarter of the empire. There is also a smaller breed, not unlike the Scottish Shelties and Galloways. ticle is got either from the mines in the West Riding or from the county of Durham. The produce of agriculture and pasturage form the staple commodities of the people, which they export to a great extent; grain, potatoes, bacon, horses, black cattle, butter, wool, which last article is generally sold to cloth manufacturers in the West Riding. Ship-building, particularly at Hull, is a great source of employment. Hull, indeed, is the great entrepot of the trade and commerce, not only of this Riding and of all Yorkshire, but also to a great extent of the counties of Lancaster, Chester, Derby and Nottingham; in consequence of which that This Riding, like the division last described, city has more than doubled its population (which can hardly be said to be possessed of any mineral is now 31,425) within the last forty years. The wealth. Lead, iron and copper mines have been whale-fishery on the coast of Greenland has been wrought to a very small degree. Coal is found, long prosecuted by the inhabitants of Hull. The but the quality is bad, and fuel is imported from herring-fishery is also pursued by several of the Durham. Alum is got in considerable quantities, coast towns of this Riding. and is the source of considerable wealth. There are no manufactures, except those of linen, knit hose, and gloves, but none of them carried on very extensively. The chief towns and villages in this division are York, population 38,731; Hull, as just mentioned; Sulcoates, 10,449; Beverley, 7503; Howden, 4443. No other town or burgh contain more than 3000. The North Riding falls last to be considered. It contains that portion of the county not included in the two divisions already described. It is divided into ten wapentakes. The physical appearance is considerably various: the land on the shore is lofty and precipitous, varying from 150 to 900 feet in height. In several parts of the district, there are considerable elevations, Rosebury-Topping, a mountain whose summit is 1480 feet above the level of the sea, being the highest. Moorlands abound much; but there are some very fertile and extensive, of great beauty and fertility, which form a striking contrast with the elevated and comparatively barren ground with which they are bounded. There are extensive marshes, both on the banks of some of the rivers, particularly the Derwent, and in the other districts. Some of them have recently been drained, and many are in the way of undergoing this amelioration; but still much on this head requires to be done. Mists and humidity, both on these swamps and on the high ground, prevail more than in any of the other divisions of the county. In some of the valleys, the weather in summer is intensely sultry; while in winter, a corresponding degree of cold is felt; and snow abounds, particularly on the moorlands. Though agriculture has not been neglected, but on the contrary has been practised with great success in some of the richest spots, yet the breeding of cattle and other live stock is carried on to a greater extent here than in the other Ridings. The operations of the dairy are also common. The cows are generally of a small size: the average weight of the oxen is 40 stone. Flocks of sheep Of towns and villages the most important are Whitby, population, 12,331; Scarborough, 8533; Northallerton, 4431; Maldon, 4005; Richmond, 3546; Thirsk, 2533. With regard to antiquities, Yorkshire was inhabited in the time of the Romans by the Brigantes. Eboracum, the present city of York, was the station of the Legio sexta Victrix, where the emperors Severus and Constantius Chlorus died. There are throughout the county many old castellated remains. The ecclesiastical ruins, however, are the most striking, including no fewer than 106 decayed religious houses, namely, 14 abbeys, 44 priories, 7 alien priories, 13 cells, and 28 houses of friars of various orders. (See Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum.) This county has produced many eminent men; such as Constantine the Great, Ailred, abbot of Rievall, Wycliffe, Sir George Gower, Sandys the traveller, Sir Robert Stapleton, Garth, Andrew Marvel, Tillotson, Bentley, Captain Cook. may here mention that a curious biographical sketch of St. Ninian, bishop of Candida Casa, written by Ailred, abbot of Rievall, who lived in the 12th century, forms the first article of a collection of ancient biography, published by Pinkerton, and entitled Vitae Antiquae Sanctorum, qui habitaverunt in re parte Britanniae, nunc vocata Scotia, vel in ejus Insulas. Lond. 1789, 8vo. See Bigland's Beauties of England and Wales; Hargrove's Yorkshire Gazetteer; Langdale's Yorkshire Topography; and the various Agricultural Surveys, by Tuke, Brown, Latham, and others. See also in this work, the articles YORK, WAKEFIELD, and the other important towns of this county. (T. M.) † In the year 1816, an act was passed by the legislature, establishing Hamilton county, but it is to remain united with Montgomery until it contains 1288 taxable inhabitants. Franklin 11,312 St. Lawrence 36,354 Genesee 52,147 Steuben 33,851 Herkimer 35,870 Seneca 21,041 Hamiltont Jefferson Lewis 1,325 Tioga 27,690 48,493 Tompkins 36,545 - 39,038 Warren 11,796 Recapitulation of the Population of the State in 1830, showing the classification of the inhabitants. WHITES. 15 to 20 101,712 105,196 COLOURED. MALES FEMALES AGE 151,868 Un. 10 Yrs. 5,647 10 to 20 6,102 20 to 36 4,859 5,521 36 to 55 3,493 3,783 1,720 40 to 50 68,871 64,315 nization, and in 1621 the states general of the Dutch republic gave the country the name of New Netherlands, and granted its government to the Dutch West India Company. The New Netherlands embraced New York, Long Island, New Jersey, and both banks of the Delaware. The city of New Amsterdam, now New York, continued the capital until 1664, when the whole country was conquered by the English. Charles II. granted this province and adjacent parts to his brother James, Duke of York, under the name of New York. After much oppression under the dukes' governors, a legislative assembly was formed in 1683, and the powers of the people augmented and secured by a bill of rights soon after the revolution in 1688. New York soon became a colony of considerable consequence, but her subsequent history up to the revolution in 1775, was barren of events of much consequence. Previous, however, to the overt act of resistance, the people of New York, had been made ready for opposition to any length by individual oppression. With other colonies they resisted the stamp act of 1765, and in 1767 was by royal authority restrained from legislation, until quarters were provided for British troops. This impolitic and unjust imposition of burthening the people with soldiers in time of peace, was one of the most operative causes of the revolution, and in the case of New York, was aggravated by all the insolence of power. The consequence of such measures was to add the colony to the continental confederacy. The city of New York was early in the war seized by the British, and held by them until November 25, 1783. Some of the most memorable events of the war occurred in New York, particularly the capture of General Burgoyne and his army, October 1777, a year rendered still more interesting in her annals by the adoption, on the 20th of April, of a republican constitution. This instrument was amended October 27th, 1801, and was superseded by a new 12,406 constitutfon, adopted at Albany on the 10th November 1821, the general provisions of which do not materially differ from those of other states. 6,321 Besides the preceding there are numerous villages scattered over the state, containing from 1000 to 3000 inhabitants. Commercially Brook lyn ought to be regarded as a part of New York, presenting a city containing 214,995 inhabitants. If we allow the state 46,000 square miles, we have from the preceding table a distributive population of 41.71 to the square mile, approaching in density and aggregate amount the population of many of the smaller kingdoms of central Europe. HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT.-The mouth of the Hudson river was probably one of the first places reached by European navigators on the coast of North America; but no well authenticated instance of actual settlement took place until 1609 or 1610. The Dutch, who made the discovery and settlement, entered seriously on their project of colo By this constitution the legislative power is vested in a senate and an assembly. The senate consists of thirty-two members, who are required to be free-holders; they are elected for four years, the seats of one-fourth being vacated annually. The assembly is composed of 128 members, all of whom are annually elected. The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected for two years; he must be a freeholder, and have attained the age of thirty-five years. It is requisite also that he shall be a native citizen of the United States, and have resided five years in the state, unless during that period he shall have been absent on public business of the state, or of the United States. The governor has the power of pardon in all cases of conviction, except for treason and on impeachments: in case of treason he can suspend the execution of the sentence until the decision of the next session of the legislature. The lieutenant-governor is elected at the same time and for the same period as the governor, and in case of vacancies in the latter office, its duties are performed by the lieutenant-governor. CLIMATE. In the article UNIted States, in this volume, page 289-307, the reader will find the general principles of the climate of the entire physical section of our continent, including New York. The writer of this article has travelled over nearly every part of New York, with the express view of examining the prevailing winds, the real controling cause of every climate. In the western part of the state, so powerful and so constant are the western winds, that the entire forests are bent eastward to an extent to arrest the attention of every observer. Extending through 4 degrees of latitude, a very perceptible difference of temperature exists between the extremes arising from mere difference of equatorial distance, but the intermediate mountains operate to increase the real extreme of temperature. The winters are long and severe at Albany, N. Lat. 42° 39', and still more intense advancing northwestward from that city. Similar to all surfaces so large and broken, any general character given to its climate must be subject to so many local exceptions as to admit but little precision. Of the aeriel temperature over New York, we can only, therefore, say, that along the ocean border, it is subject to less severity of cold than even a few miles inland, but that the winters are in most years severe. The mercury has fallen at Albany to 18 degrees below zero. The rivers are annually and permanently frozen from two to three months. PHYSICAL FEATURES.-It would be difficult to conceive a species of soil or feature in nature not to be found in or on the border of New York. In giving a summary of the physiognomy of the United States (see page 261, &c.), so much has been said on the geography of New York, as very much to abridge what would otherwise have been necessary in the present article: it may suffice to observe that the state rises from the Atlantic ocean, by a long insular sea border, to which the name of Long Island has been given; through this selvage the Atlantic tides are borne inland, upwards of 150 miles, and passing numerous chains of mountains, reach the interior secondary formation. On each side of this natural channel the country rises into mountains, of from 500 to 4000 feet, with extensive valleys of productive soil, and cultivated by an active people. Passing the tide channel and the mountainous region, the face of the earth becomes less imposing and stern, and the soil more fertile towards the west, but less so northward, from the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. Comparatively the rather elevated tract north from the Mohawk, and west from Lakes George and Champlain, is a cold and sterile expanse remaining much the most thinly peopled part of the state. The State of New York may be fairly deemed the travelling ground of the United States. The city itself, the majestic Hudson, the canal and the great western country, the Niagara, Trenton, and Cahoes falls; Saratoga, Ballston, Lebanon and Avon Springs, the Catskill mountains, all these present a combination of interesting objects which amply repay the curiosity of the enlightened traveller. The many scenes, too, connected with the revolutionary war and the war of 1812, cannot fail to arouse patriotic feelings, as the village of Tarry-Town, Saratoga, Plattsburgh, and the noble and romantic scenery of West Point, with its admirable institution for military science. MINERAL SPRINGS.-Several of the mineral waters of this state have been long known, and annually arrest the attention of the valetudinarian. Those most resorted to for remedial purposes are the Ballston and Saratoga waters, in Saratoga county, and the Avon springs in Livingston county. The waters at Ballston and Saratoga have been long known. In 1793, an imperfect account of them was published. The Sans Souci Spring, at Ballston, contains a sparkling and acidulous water, of a highly chalybeate taste, and somewhat saline. According to Steel's Analysis, one gallon, or 231 cubic inches of the water from this spring, contains chloride of sodium 143.733.-Bicarbonate of soda 12.66.— Bicarbonate of magnesia 39.1.-Carbonate of lime 43. 407.-Carbonate of iron 5.95.-Hydriodate of soda 1.3.-Silex 1.-Solid contents in a gallon 247.15 grs. The famous Congress Spring at Saratoga contains cholide of sodium 385.0-Hydriodate of soda 3.5.—Bicarbonate of soda 8.982. -Bicarbonate of magnesia 95.788.-Carbonate of lime 98.098.--Carbonate of iron 5.075.--Silex 1.5. Hydro-bromate of potash, a trace-total 597.943 grains: carbonic acid gas 311.-Atmospheric air 7.-Gaseous contents 318 cubic inches. The medical qualities of these waters strongly recommend themselves as serviceable in a considerable variety of disorders; and several American writers have written expressly on the subject of their great importance in different affections of the digestive organs, cutaneous diseases, constitutional vitiations, &c. &c. (See Hosack, on the Mineral Waters of Ballston. Steele's Analysis, &c.) Inasmuch, however, as these waters are so universally known and appreciated, it will be unnecessary in this place to say more respecting them. The Avon Springs are conspicuous among the mineral waters of the State of New York. They are situate in Livingston county, within less than a mile of the village of Avon. They at present comprise two springs within about 42 rods of each other, and somewhat less than one-third of a mile from the Genessee river; they issue from the foot or base of the high lands that border its flats or low grounds. They are denominated the lower and the upper springs; the former has been for severa! years known: the latter is but recently discovered, and is preferred by some. Dr. Hadley has lately published an analysis of this spring, which seems to have been made with much accuracy. According to his analysis, one gallon of the water contains, carbonic acid 5.6 cubic inches, sulphurated hydrogen gas, 12 cubic inches, carbonate of lime, 8 grs, sulphate of lime 84 grs, sulphate of magnesia 20 grs, muriate of soda, 16 grs, sulphate of soda 18.4 grs, and a small quantity of the |