a

of the Orinoco, that about seventy years ago, spot of land on the west coast of this island, near half way between the capital and an Indian village, sank suddenly, and was replaced by a small lake of pitch, to the great terror of the inhabitants."

In confirmation of the truth of these statements, it may be added, that in many parts of the lake, the pitch seems actually to have overflowed like lava, and leaving the wrinkled appearance which a sluggish substance would exhibit in motion.

On first viewing the pitch lake of Trinidad, Dr. Nugent remarks, that the singularity of the scene was altogether so great, that it was some time before he could recover from his surprise so as to investigate it minutely.

The Mud volcanoes of Trinidad resemble those observed by Humboldt in South America. The following interesting description of them has been given by Dr. W. Ferguson in the Edinburgh Transactions:

"They are situated near Point Icaque, the south ern extremity of the island, on an alluvial tongue of land, that has been appended to the primitive rocks, where no doubt the land originally terminated. This appendage is several miles in length, and points directly into one of the mouths of the Orinoco, on the mainland, about twelve or fifteen miles off.

"We landed nearly opposite to where we were told we should find the mud volcanoes, and after making our way about five miles through the woods, across the sandy isthmus, we came upon two plantations very pleasantly situated amidst a group of remarkable round little hills, each from eighty to a hundred feet in height. Our path on leaving these, led us through some very thick wood of tall trees, till we found ourselves again upon a pretty steep regular ascent, which had nothing remarkable in it, except the diminishing height of the trees as we went up. Only the tops of these trees, which were of the kind that usually grow near lagoons and salt marshes, at last appeared above the ground, as we opened a perfectly uniform round bare platform, of several acres, with different chimneys in the shape of truncated cones, the highest of them not exceed ing three feet, some of which were throwing out,with a strong bubbling noise, salt water, about as salt as that of the Gulf of Paria, loaded as much as it could be, to preserve its fluidity, with argillaceous earth. In some of the chimneys this went on slowly, or not at all; in others it might be called a pretty active cold ebullition. The surface of the platform round the chimneys was perfectly firm, and one of our party picked up a white sea shell, of the turbinated kind, in the act of being thrown out along with the mud.

"We afterwards procured various pyritic fragments that had been picked up in a similar manner; but the inhabitants in the quarter assured us, that the ebullition, even during its greatest activity, was quite cold. The smooth circular platform was bounded by a perfect regular parapet of clay, about three feet in height, propped up, as it were, by the tops of the trees, that, like shrubs, were shooting out of the ground immediately behind it. This ap

pearance was most likely to be referred to the bu ried trees around, having had time to shoot out in the interval between the two last great eruptions, which takes place only during the hottest months of dry seasons, and then the noise is described to be like the loudest cannon, the mud being thrown up to the height of at least thirty feet in the air, and the theatre of the eruption being unapproachable within fifty paces.

"Close to the first volcano, but in a much more low and sunk situation, is another of precisely the same appearance and character, with only a narrow ravine between the two.

"Such an extraordinary phenomenon induced us to examine the neighbouring mounts of the cleared country, close to the nearest of which stands the residence of Monsieure Chancelier, a French planter, and we found them all, (bating only the eruption) to possess the same form and composition in all respects as those we had just quitted. The platform and parapet were easily distinguishable, the chimneys only were gone, but just small pits were left in their places, filled with mud, from which air-bells rose even under our own observation, and our conductor, the intelligent manager of the estate, told us, that when these rose in salt water, a fresh eruption was to be apprehended. He pointed out the former site of his master's residence, half up the mount, which had been destroyed by one of these eruptions, after a period of cessation so long, that no record remained of the one that had preceded it, and he assured us, that during the period he had lived there (fourteen years) the largest mount now in activity had gained a very considerable increase of height.

"The magnificent isolated mountain of Tamanaa, in the centre of the great eastern marsh, unconnected with any chain of hills, and at an immense distance, on every side, from what may be called terra firma, may be supposed, till examined, to have arisen from the plain, through the means of some similar elaboratory in the works of nature. I have said, till examined, for its approaches are so barred by the thickest wood and deepest swamps, where the boa, the alligator, and all the venemous reptiles of the parent continent still retain the sovereignty of the soil, that the most determined and enterprising have never yet been able to penetrate to its base."

All the rocks of Trinidad are either decidedly of primitive or alluvial origin.

Port Spain, the seat of the government, is built on a bed of gravel 30 or 40 feet deep, resting on a substratum of clay. It is one of the handsomest towns in the British colonies. The new and beautiful protestant church, designed by Mr. Reinagle, is much admired.

Trinidad was discovered by Columbus on 31st July 1498, but the Spaniards did not occupy it till 1588, after which they had almost destroyed the Indian inhabitants. The island now belongs to Great Britain. Its population in 1807 consisted of 71,000, of which 21,000 were slaves. The Lon. of the protestant church in Port Spain is 61° 35' 00" W. and the Lat. 10° 38′ 56" N. For farther informa

ranged on each side, and are very small. Slaves and goods are carried about before the traders by auctioneers, who keep up a constant noise, calling out the last bidder's price. The Jews have a quarter of the town expressly to themselves, where they have their shops, and in which they are shut up every evening at sunset. This place is named Zunga t'el Yahood. The Jews suffer great persecution, and are forced to do the duty of execution ers, yet they continue to engross all the trade and places of profit. They are precluded from wearing gaudy clothes, and are allowed only blue turbans. A number of houses called Findook, resembling the caravanserahs of the east, are set apart for the reception of merchants and their goods. There are a few schools at Tripoli, where reading and writing, to a small extent, are taught in a very noisy manner.

Drunkenness is a common vice here. There are public winehouses, at the doors of which the Moors sit and drink without scruple. The better sort of people all drink hard. Their favourite beverage is rosolia, an Italian cordial. Prostitutes, who are very numerous, are confined under a superintendent to a particular part of the town. These women are obliged daily to supply food for the bashaw's dogs which guard the arsenal.

The principal monument of antiquity at Tripoli is a superb triumphal arch, built of fine marble, and adorned with several bas reliefs and inscriptions. A great part of it is buried in the ground, and the upper part of it is much mutilated. It is now used as a warehouse, and stands near the sea gate. The inscription over the northern face is in a perfect state, and indicates that it was erected in the reign of M. Aurelius Antoninus. Captain Lyon has copied the inscription, and given a fine representation of the building.

The harbour of Tripoli is formed by a reef of rocks, projecting from the west end of the town into the sea; and as it extends in an easterly direction, it affords great shelter to shipping during the north-easterly gales, which are the most dangerous. It admits small frigates not drawing above 18 feet of water. The naval force does not exceed six armed vessels mounting from 6 to 16 guns. The admiral of the fleet, now called Murad Rais, was originally a Scotsman of the name of Peter Lysle. He was in banishment when captain Lyon was at Tripoli, but he learned from the consul and the chief people that he was an excellent character. The bashaw has no regular army. A force of 4000 or 5000 men is generally on foot, though he can upon an emergency raise 15,000.

There are two good markets held every week, one every Tuesday on the sands behind the town, and the other on Friday about four miles distant among the gardens of the Meshea, which form a stripe about three or four miles broad between the beech and the desert.

The trade of Tripoli is chiefly carried on by Turkish and Maltese vessels, with Malta, Tunis, and the Levant. The exports are excellent wool, senna, and other drugs, madder root, hides, barilla, dried skins, salt, native ostrich feathers, gold dust,

gums, ivory, dried fruits, saffron, poultry, sheep and bullocks. The articles of import are cloths of all kinds, tea, sugar, coffee, woollen goods, silks, damasks, gold and silver lace, dyes, iron, cutlery, gunpowder, arms, naval stores, toys, &c. The annual caravan from Morocco to Mecca passes through Tripoli.

The following has been given as the bashaw's revenue in Spanish dollars.

Custom duties, with the farm of spices and tobacco

The governors of Derne and Bengazi remit about

Farming of wine and spirits
Produced on the sale of barilla
Gold dust from Ghadamis

Annual tribute of the slaves from Fezzan

Farming of soap

Tribute from the Jews

22,000 20,000

20,000

20,000

4,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

Total 95,000

Besides these sources of revenue, there is an impost on every well and date tree, a tithe of the produce of lands, &c. and the profits of piracy. Population about 25,000. East Lon. 13° 18', and North Lat. 32° 59'. See Tully's Narrative of a Ten Years Residence in Tripoli, Captain Lyon's Narrative of Travels in North Africa, chap. i. and our article BARBARY, Vol. III. p. 250.

TRIPOLI, a seaport town of Syria, and chief place of a pachalic of the same name. It stands at the foot of Mount Lebanon, which overlooks and surrounds it with its branches to the east and the south. The town, which is three quarters of a mile long, by three hundred yards broad, is separated from the sea by a small triangular plain half a league broad, at the point of which is the small town of La Marina, which forms the port of Tripoli. The small river Kadisha runs through the town, but its shallows and rapids prevent it from being navigable even by boats. The town is defended by an old Saracen fort situated on the banks of the Kadisha, on the south side of the town, which is commanded by a height only 150 yards distant. The plain above mentioned is wholly covered with trees, chiefly mulberry, for the food of silk worms, which are reared to a considerable extent. Silk is, indeed, the staple commodity of the place, and is exported both raw and in the form of handkerchiefs. Soap and oranges are among the other articles of export. The imports are cloths, cochineal, sugar, and West India coffee. East Lon. 35° 44'. North Lat. 34° 26'. See Volney's Travels in Syria, &c.

TRIPOLIZZA, a town of Greece in the Morea, situated in a narrow valley at the foot of Mount Mænalus. The streets, with the exception of the principal one, are dirty and paved only in the middle. The houses, which have a poor appearance, are built of unburned brick. The chief buildings are the residence of the pacha, a square structure of wood, with walls and gates, the khan for travellers, and the bazaar. The population is about 12,000.

TRISTAN, D'ACUNHA, the name of the largest of three islands in the South Atlantic ocean, situated nearly 1500 miles from any land. The island is about 15 miles in circuit. On the north is rises

perpendicularly from the sea to the height of 1000 feet, and from the table land thus formed, a conical mountain, like the Peak of Teneriffe, rises in the centre of the island. South Lat. 37°. Lon. 15° 40' West.

TRIUMPHAL ARCH. See CIVIL ARCHITECTURE, passim, and Vol. VI. pp. 439, 458, 463. See also ROME.

TROAD, or PLAIN OF TROy, a name given to the site of the Trojan War. See our article HOMER, Vol. X. p. 461, for a notice on this subject. Those who wish for ample information may consult M. Chevalier's learned Memoir in the Edinburgh Transactions, vol. iii. part ii. sect. 2.; a Memoir by Mr. Dalzel, in the same work, vol. iv. p. 29; Jacob Bryant's Observations on M. Chevalier's Memoir, 1776; Bryant's Dissertation on the Trojan War; Gilbert Wakefield's Letter to Mr. Bryant, on his Dissertation on the War of Troy. Lond. 1797. Heyne's Topography of the Iliad; Dallaway's Constantinople, &c. with an Excursion to the Troad, &c.; Chandler's History of Ilium, Lond. 1802; Wood's Essay on Homer; Gell's Topography of Troy, and an admirable Dissertation by Dr. Clarke, forming chap. iv. of the second volume of his Travels. TROSACHS. See PERTHSHIRE.

TROUP, county of Georgia, bounded N. by Carroll county in the same state, E. by Merriwether, S. by Harris, and W. by the territory of the Creek Indians in Alabama. As laid down by Tanner in his United States, this county is 25 miles long from south to north, with a mean width of 19, and with an area of 475 square miles. Extending in Lat. from 52° 54' to 33° 15′ N., and in Lon. from 8° 2' to 8° 22' W. from W. C. This county is traversed in a S.S. W. direction by Chattahooche river, dividing it into two unequal sections, the much larger being eastward from the river. General declivity

S.W.

TROWBRIDGE, a manufacturing town of England, in Wiltshire, is situated on an eminence near the Were, a little above its junction with the Avon. The streets, which run nearly north and south, are very irregular, and the houses are in general ill built. The church is a spacious fabric, with a lofty tower and tapering spire. There are several meeting houses for dissenters. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the woollen manufacture, and some of the manufactories are handsome and substantial buildings. The cloths which are made here are fine broad cloths and kerseymeres, 90 pieces of the former and 490 of the latter having at one time been made weekly. The trade of the place is greatly facilitated by the Kennet and Avon canal. The population of the parish, in 1821, was-houses 1786, families 2169, inhabitants 9545.

TROY, city, is the shire town of the county of Rensselaer, in the state of New-York. It is situate

on the east side of the Hudson river, at the termination of its tide and navigable waters, one hundred and sixty miles north of the city of New York, and six miles north of the city of Albany. Its chartered limits are bounded north by the village of Lansingburgh, on the east and south by the townships of Brunswick and Greenbush, and on the west by the middle of the Hudson river, which, opposite to the city, varies from 700 to 1400 feet in breadth. These limits extend from south to north about three and a half miles, and from the bank of the river easterly one mile, to which a small additional territory has been added on the south-east.

That part of the city limits which is most populous, and now nearly covered with buildings, is situate on a nearly level plane, which rises abruptly from the river to the height of about 25 feet, extending about one and a half miles in length along the river and about half a mile back. Dock and River streets meander with the river; the other seven north and south streets are straight, and 60 feet broad, with a like number of narrow streets called alleys passing through the middle of each block. These are crossed with other streets at right angles, extending from the river easterly.

River street is the great street of business. The large stores or warehouses, built on its west side, are mostly of brick or stone, and, being built on the bank or rise from the river, are from four and a half to six and a half stories high on the side adjoining the wharves, and two and a half to three and a half stories on the east or River street side. On the east side of River street, as also in first, second, third, and fourth streets, the houses and stores are mostly handsome modern brick buildings. Among the public buildings entitled to particular notice are St. Paul's church and the city hall or county court house; the latter built in imitation of the ancient temple of Theseus in Greece, and, like its prototype, entirely of marble, excepting the covering of the roof which is of copper, and excepting also that this has pillars only in front. It is 103 feet long and 60 broad, with side walls 50 feet in height, and for elegance, simplicity, and durability, is strikingly appropriate.

St. Paul's church is built in gothic style, of bushhammered, dark coloured, secondary lime-stone, 113 feet long, 70 broad, with side walls 42 feet high, presenting the appearance of great strength, durability, and fine finish.

Troy was divided into six wards, and incorporated as a city in 1816. It is governed by a common council, consisting of a mayor, recorder, six aldermen and four assistant aldermen, who have power to enact laws for regulating the concerns of the city, to raise moneys by tax, and appoint subordinate officers. The aldermen and assistants are elected annually by persons qualified to vote; the mayor is elected by the common council, and the recorder is appointed by the governor of the state, with the consent of the senate.

The religious establishments are two Episcopalian churches; two Presbyterian; one Baptist; one Universalist; one Friends' meeting house; one Methodist; and one Roman Catholic chapel.

Literature. The literary institutions are, first, a

Lancasterian school for the education of children of all denominations and descriptions of persons. Second, a high school, for the higher branches of English education, intended to afford to young men the means of cheap and efficient preparation for college, or such as to enable them to dispense with a collegiate education. Thirdly, an infant school for children under the age of six years. Fourthly, a female seminary, intended exclusively for young ladies in all the higher branches of education. Mrs. Emma Willard, a lady possessing pre-eminent characteristics and qualifications for the station, is the principal preceptress of this school, to whose labours the city is much indebted for its introduction and high standing; for the three years last past the number of pupils have exceeded two hundred. The buildings for the accommodation of these schools are large and comfortable. They were erected at the expense of the city, and their general supervision confided to boards of trustees annually appointed for each respectively by the common council, except the infant school, which is under the control of a society of ladies, who, in addition to appropriations by the city, contribute liberally to its support. Fifthly, the Rensselaer school. This school was established and endowed by the Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer, for the instruction of young men in all the modern arts and sciences, and more especially chemistry and geology, as bearing upon the arts and agriculture. These several schools are in addition to the common schools established under the general school law of the state, of which there are many, and altogether giving to the rising generation the most ample means of acquiring useful knowledge.

Manufactories. There are two manufactories of cottons and one of woollens on a large scale; seven merchant mills for flowering; and several rolling, slitting, and nail and spike manufactories, which are also carried on extensively. These, with 2 paper mill, oil mill, and several minor concerns, are driven by the waters of the Poestien and Wynants Kills, which fall into the Hudson within the citywhich, with several extensive tanneries, three large brewing and malting establishments, two extensive coach and carriage manufactories, coopering shops, hat manufactories, and air furnaces, constitute, severally, large branches of business, giving employment to many hands and much capital.

Commerce. The commerce of Troy, in the aggregate, has always been on the advance, but more especially so, since the opening of the canals. It has now many importing wholesale merchants, and numerous retail stores. Its commercial connexions extending not only to the countries intermediate, but to the furthermost lakes west and north; from these it receives wheat and grain of all kinds, flour, pot and pearl ashes, furs, beef, pork, butter, lard, cheese, wool, salt, manufactures of cotton and woollens, flaxseed, whisky, and large quantities of lumber, boards, planks, timber, shingles, &c. &c., and sends them in exchange the manufactures and commodities of this and foreign countries. The transportation of these commodities to and from the port of New York, where most of this trade centers, and to other parts and places, gives em

TROYES, a town of France in Champagne, and capital of the department of the Aube. It is situated on the Seine, and surrounded with a wall. The houses, which are chiefly of wood, have a very poor appearance. The chief public buildings and institutions are the cathedral, the churches of St. Etienne and St. Urban, the Hotel de Ville, the Lyceum, a public library, and the Society of Arts. There is a fine promenade along the ramparts. The articles of manufacture are cotton stockings, woollen and linen goods, leather, and thread. The trade consists in corn, wine, and fruits. Population 27,000. East Lon. 4° 4' 49". North Lat. 48° 18' 5". TRUMPET. See ACOUSTICs, Vol. I. pp. 113, 117, 118.

TRUMBULL, county of Ohio, bounded by Columbiana county in the same state S., Portage W., Geauga N.W., Astabula N., Crawford county of Pennsylvania N. E., Mercer of Pennsylvania E., and Butler of Pennsylvania S.E. It lies in form of a parallelogram, 36 miles from south to north, and 24 from east to west, area 864 square miles. Lying between 41° and 41° 32' N., and between 3° 30' and 3° 58' Lon. W. from W. C. Declivity to the S.E., and drained by the Shenango and Mahoning branches of Big Beaver. A small section in the northwestern angle is, however, an exception; from that part flows the southern source of Grand river, and of course the surface declines towards lake Erie.

The soil of Trumbull is generally fertile. Surface moderately hilly.

Though not much above thirty years wrested from a wilderness, the advance of this county has been very rapid. In 1810, the population was 8671, in 1820 it had risen to 15,546.

By the post office list of 1831, there were offices at 30 places beside Warren, the county seat.

Warren, the seat of justice, is situated on the left bank of Mahoning river, very near the actual centre of the county, about 80 miles N.W. from Pittsburgh, 60 S. E. by E. from Cleaveland, and by post road, 297 miles N. W. by W. from W. C., and 157 N.E. from Columbus. N. Lat. 41° 15'. Lon. 3° 45′ W. from the meridian of the capitol at Washington. DARBY.

TRURO, a town of Cornwall, situated in a valley in the parishes of St. Mary, Kenwyn, and St. Clements; it is bounded on the south-west and north by Kenwyn and on the east by St. Clements; its site is between the Kenwyn and Allen, which uniting form a branch of the Fal, navigable to the