dance. All the grains and fruits of the temperate climates are cultivated with success. Considerable wine is made; much flax and some cotton are produced.

15. Commerce. An, extensive trade is carried on by the Ohio in steamboats and river craft; partly up the river through the Ohio canal and to Pittsburg, but chiefly with New Orleans. There is also an active overland trade with the Atlantic States. Flour, butter, cheese, beef, pork, maize, whiskey, cider, hemp and tobacco, are the principal articles of export. Cattle, horses and swine are also sent out of the state in great numbers, down the river or across the mountains. The annual value of the exports exceeds three million dollars.

16. Government. The legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Senators are chosen for the term of four years; the Representatives for one; the Governor is chosen for four years. All the elections are popular and suffrage is universal.

17. Religion. The Baptists in this state have 289 ministers; the Methodists 77 preachers; the Presbyterians 90; the Roman Catholics 30 priests, and the Episcopalians 5 ministers.

18. Education. Transylvania university at Lexington, is one of the most important seminaries in the Western States; medical and law schools are connected with it. Cumberland college at Princeton, is patronised by the Cumberland Presbyterians: Centre college at Danville, by the Presbyterians; St. Joseph's at Bardstown by the Roman Catholics; Augusta college at Augusta, by the Methodists; and Georgetown college at Georgetown, by the Baptists. The state has a literary fund, but the system of free schools has not been introduced. Elementary schools are, however, numerous.

19. History. This state was originally a part of Virginia, and was first settled by the celebrated Daniel Boone and others in 1769. In 1790 it was separated from Virginia, and admitted into the union in 1792. The present constitution was adopted in 1799.

XXVI. OHIO.

1. Boundaries and Extent. Ohio is bounded N. by Michigan Territory and Lake Erie; E. by Pennsylvania; S. E. and S. by the river Ohio, which separates it from Virginia and Kentucky, and W. by Indi

ana.

It lies between 38° 30 and 42° N. Lat., and extends from 80° 40 to 84° 48 W. Lon.; superficial area 44,000 square miles.

2. Face of the Country. The central portion of the state is a tableland of considerable elevation, from which the surface slopes to the Erie basin on the north, and the Ohio on the south. The northern or Erie plain has a more rapid declivity than the southern slope, and the rivers which flow down its surface are much broken by falls, which are more rare on the Ohio side. The surface in general is undulating and agreeably diversified, often spreading out into extensive plains, but nowhere rising into mountains.

3. Rivers. The Ohio washes the southern border of the state, affording great advantages for navigation. The principal rivers flowing into the Ohio basin are the Muskingum, the Scioto, and the Miami, the general character of which has already been described.

F

The Muskingum rises in the northeastern part of the state, and flows southerly into the Ohio. It is 200 miles in length, and is navigable for boats 100 miles. It is connected by a canal with Lake Erie. The Scioto rises in the central part, and flows southerly into the Ohio. It is about 200 miles in length, and is navigable 130. There are rich and beautiful prairies on this river, and its valley is wide and fertile. The Ohio canal passes along this valley, and extends northeasterly to the Muskingum. The Great Miami rises in the western part, and flows southerly to the Ohio; it is about 100 miles in length, and has a strong, but smooth and unbroken current. The Little Miami flows nearly parallel to the former, into the Ohio. Both these streams water a pleasant, healthy, and fertile country. The rivers of the Erie basin have a shorter course, and are obstructed by falls and rapids. The Maumee rises in the northeastern part of Indiana, and flows through the northwestern part of this state into Lake Erie, after a course of 220 miles; it is broad and deep, but has an obstruction, from shoals and rapids, 33 miles above its mouth. The Sandusky rises in the northern part, and flows northerly into Lake Erie: it is 100 miles in length, and is navigable for some distance. The Cuyahoga is a small stream in the northeast, falling into Lake Erie. The Ohio canal passes along its valley to the lake.

4. Bays and Harbors. This state has above 150 miles of coast upon Lake Erie. This extent embraces several harbors. Sandusky Bay, in the west, is 20 miles in length, and from three to four wide; it communicates with the lake by a narrow strait, and affords an excellent harbor. The harbor of Cleveland, at the outlet of the Ohio canal, and that of Ashtabula, farther east, are frequented by steamboats and other lake craft.

5. Soil. Nine tenths of the surface of this state are susceptible of cultivation. The intervals of the rivers are highly fertile. In the interior, are the largest tracts of rich level plain, in any settled portion of the United States. The prairies produce no timber except a few scattered trees, and now and then a small grove. Some of them are marshy, and the more elevated are called barrens, yet they have often a tolerably fertile soil. The eastern and the southeastern parts are the most hilly; but hardly any portion of the surface is sufficiently broken to be unfavorable to tillage. The marshy tracts in the north, have an excellent soil, and may be easily drained when all the other good land in the state is occupied. On the whole, Ohio may be regarded as one of the most fertile countries in the world.

6. Climate. On account of the general elevation of the surface, which is from 700 or 800 to upwards of 1000 feet above the level of the sea, the general temperature is several degrees lower than in the Atlantic regions, in the same parallel. The winters are often severe, and the Ohio has been frozen at Cincinnati, for two months. The summer is subject to tornadoes, but the autumn is always temperate, serene, and pleasant. Along the valley of the Ohio, the weather is more equable and mild than in the interior. In the southern part there is little snow; in the north, the snows are deep, and there is much sleighing in winter. Near marshy spots and stagnant waters, fevers and agues prevail, especially among the new settlers; but in general, the state may be pronounced healthy.

7. Minerals. The four most important of all mineral productions,

coal, salt, limestone and iron abound. Iron and coal are found chiefly in the northeastern part of the state. Marble and freestone, well adapted for architectural purposes, and gypsum occur. The salt springs are numerous, and the brine is strong. The Yellow Springs in Green county, 64 miles north of Cincinnati, have been used with advantage in cases of chronic diseases. The waters are chalybeate, and have a temperature of 52°.

8. Natural Vegetable Productions. The forests produce black walnut, various species of oaks, hickory, sugar maple, and several other sorts of maple, beech, birch, poplar, ash, sycamore, pawpaw, buckeye, cherry, dogwood, elm, hornbeam, &c. With the exception of a few cypress trees, this state produces hardly any evergreens. Many sorts of medicinal roots are to be found here, as ginseng, valerian, columbo, snakeroot, and bloodroot.

9. Divisions. Ohio is divided into seventy three counties, which are subdivided into townships, and has a population of 937,903, including, 9,568 free blacks.

10. Canals. The Ohio and Erie, and the Miami canals have been constructed by the state. The former begins at Cleveland, passes up the valley of the Cuyahoga, thence crosses the Portage summit to the Muskingum, whose valley it follows to Dresden, above Zanesville; then passing into the valley of the Scioto, below Columbus, it terminates at Portsmouth on the Ohio; length, including several navigable feeders, 334 miles. The Miami canal, beginning at Cincinnati, runs north into the valley of the Miami, which it follows, to its termination at Dayton, 67 miles. It is intended to continue the Miami canal to the Maumee at fort Defiance, and down its valley to the lake. The Wabash and Erie canal passes into this state from Indiana.

11. Railroads. A number of companies have been incorporated, with powers to construct railroads in different directions. Among the most prominent projects are the Mad River and Erie railroad, to extend from Dayton to Sandusky, 140 miles, and the Pennsylvania and Ohio railroad, from Pittsburg to Massillon on the canal, 110 miles.

12. Towns. The city of Cincinnati is the principal town in the state, and in point of population and business, second only to New Orleans, among the western cities. It is situated on the north bank of the Ohio,

497 miles west of Washington, in Lat. 39° 6' N. and Lon. 84° 22′ W. It is regularly laid out with broad, strait streets intersecting each other at right angles, and in general is well built. It stands on two plains, of which the upper is about 60 feet above the lower, which is exposed to occasional inundations. There are 26 churches, a theatre, two hospitals, county buildings, banks, &c. A water company supplies the city with water, which is raised from the Ohio by steam engines, into reservoirs 158 feet above low watermark, and thence distributed among the houses. The growth of this city has, perhaps, never been surpassed in rapidity. In 1810 it contained a population of 2,540 souls; by the census of 1830, the number of inhabitants had increased to 24,831, and it is now (1833) estimated to exceed 30,000. Its commerce and manufactures are extensive and increasing. There are about 40 manufactories propelled by steam; ten or twelve iron works are in activity, and much cabinet work is done here; 150 steamboats have been built at Cincinnati, and river and canal craft crowd its waters. Its transit trade is considerable; the annual value of imports is upwards of five million dollars, and that of the exports is greater. The latter are flour, provisions, whiskey, manufactured articles, &c. The schools are numerous and respectable, and considerable printing is done here.

Columbus, the seat of government, is in the centre of the state, on the eastern bank of the Scioto. It contains a state house, state prison, the county buildings, three churches, an asylum for deaf mutes, &c. A canal eleven miles long, connects this town with the Ohio and Erie canal. It is a flourishing place. Population 2,435. There are no large towns beside Cincinnati, but many thriving villages are springing up in various quarters. Steubenville is prettily situated in the eastern part of the state, and has three churches, cotton and woollen manufactories, flour mills, &c. Population 2,937. Lower down the river is Marietta, situated in a delightful country, with a population of 1207; it is one of the oldest settlements in the state, having been founded in 1787. Portsmouth stands above the junction of the Ohio and Scioto, and has acquired importance from its position at the termination of the Ohio canal. It is rapidly increasing. Population 1,063.

In the north on Lake Erie, Cleveland and Sandusky are growing places. Sandusky has a pleasant situation, on the bay of the same name, and a flourishing transit trade. In 1830 there were upwards of 500 arrivals here, and 2,000 wagons entered and left the town. Cleveland, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, and the termination of the Ohio canal, is a small village but with great commercial advantages, which are rendering it very thriving. It has a good harbor, which admits vessels drawing seven feet of water.

Chillicothe on the Scioto is beautifully situated in a pleasant -plain, and contains a number of flourishing manufactories, and oil, flour, and saw mills. Population 2,847. Circleville, between Columbus and Chillicothe, derives its name from the numerous remains of ancient works in a circular form, which occupied its site. Population 1,136. The Ohio and Erie canal passes through these towns.

Dayton, at the junction of the Mad river with the Miami, and at the termination of the Miami canal, has great natural advantages in its extensive water-power, afforded by the Mad river. It contains numerous mills and manufactories, and has received a new impulse from the construction of the canal. Population 2,950.

13. Agriculture. The soil and climate are in a high degree suitable to the growth of tobacco, hemp, and flax; maize is raised in great quantities, and grows abundantly in all parts of the state.

The other

bread grains are produced of excellent quality, and fruits of all kinds are raised in profusion. The bread grains, live stock, and salted provisions are the staples of the state.

14. Commerce. The advantages for trade which are secured by the local position of this state may be perceived by glancing at the map. The Ohio affords it a direct intercourse with all the country in the valley of the Mississippi; while by means of Lake Erie on the N. it communicates with Canada and New York. The Ohio canal completes a line of internal navigation from New York to New Orleans through this state. Ohio enjoys the most active commerce of all the Western States. The northern and eastern counties export to Montreal and New York by the lake, great quantities of agricultural produce. But the chief of the exports are to New Orleans. The articles are flour, grain, pork, bacon, lard, whiskey, horses, and cattle.

15. Manufactures. The domestic fabrics are considerable, and there are some large manufactories of woollen, cotton, paper, glass, &c. at places already indicated. The manufacture of steam machinery, and other articles from iron, is considerable. To these may be added linseed and castor oil, whiskey, cabinet furniture, and salt.

16. Government. The legislature is called the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The senators are chosen for two years, and the representatives for one. The Governor is chosen for two years. Suffrage is universal, and elections are popular.

17. Education. There are five collegiate institutions in Ohio; Miami university at Oxford; Ohio university at Athens; Franklin college at New Athens; Kenyon college at Gambier, and western Reserve college lately founded by the Christians at Hudson. There are also a Baptist theological seminary, at Granville, the Lane theological and literary seminary at Cincinnati, and a medical college at the same place. There are some incorporated academies, and in 1831, the system of free schools was established by law, the schools to be supported by a tax on property.

18. Religion. The Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists are the most numerous sects, and there are many Lutherans, German Reformed, and Episcopalians. Swedenborgians, Roman Catholics, Unitarians, Universalists, Friends, and Shakers are also found.

19. History. The territory lying north of the Ohio was organised with a territorial government in 1789, under the title of the Western Territory. Settlements had been formed here the year previous, chiefly by emigrants from New England, and in forty years from that date, Ohio was the fourth state of the Union in point of population. In 1802 the eastern part of the Territory, then called the Territory Northwest of the Ohio, was erected into an independent state under the name of Ohio.