On the eastern coast south of the Brigantes dwelt the Coritani, occupying Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, &c. Among their towns were Lindum Colonia (Lincoln), and Rate (Leicester).

The Cornavii occupied the country to the west of the latter (Cheshire, Shropshire, Derbyshire, &c). The principal town of this section was Deva (Chester).

The country west of the Sabrina, comprising Wales and several western counties of England, was inhabited by the Silures, Ordovices, and Demetæ. Maridunum (Carmarthen), Venta Silurum (Chepstow), and Segontium (Carnarvon) were some of the principal towns.

The Dobuni dwelt on the eastern side of the Severn, and to the east, occupying Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire, &c., were the Catieuchlani. Here were Verulamium (St. Albans), Magiovintum, and Lactodoro.

Between the Tamesis and Metaris in the modern Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk were the Iceni and Trinobantes. In the country of the latter were Londinium (London) and Camalodunum.

On the south of the Tamesis was Cantium, corresponding with the county of Kent, and containing Dubris (Dover).

To the west between the Tamesis and the British Sea were the Regni, Atrebates, Durotriges, and Belgæ, in the modern Sussex, Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, &c. Here were Venta Belgarum (Winchester), Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum), Durnovaria (Dorchester), and Aqua Solis or Waters of the Sun (Bath). On the coast was the island of Vectis (Wight).

The Dumnonii inhabited Cornwall; their capital was Isca.

At a later period of the Roman empire Britannia was divided into five subdivisions; Britannia Prima in the south; Flavia Cæsariensis between the Tamesis and Abus; Britannia Secunda to the west of the Sabrina; Maxima Cæsariensis, between the Abus and Adrian's Wall, and Valentia on the north of the wall.

GERMANIA.

Germany is sometimes used by the ancients in a wide sense comprising all the northern and northeastern parts of Europe. In a narrower sense it signified the country bounded by the Codanic Gulf and the German Sea on the north, the Vistula on the east, the Ister or Danube on the south, and the Rhenus (Rhine) on the west.

This extensive region was inhabited by numerous independent tribes, each under its own chiefs, often united together by mutual leagues forming powerful confederacies. It is described by the Roman writers as in great part covered by woods and morasses, and exposed to all the horrors of a rigorous climate; but we must remember that the authors of this description were inhabitants of the sunny plains and valleys of Italy.

The Hercynian forest stretched from the Rhine east and north over extensive tracts, and its remains have been known in modern times under different names, as the Black Forest, the Hartz, &c. A northern branch of this great forest, called the Teutoburg Forest, to the west of the Visurgis (Weser), is famous as the scene of the defeat of the Romans by the Germans under the celebrated Arminius or Hermann

The principal rivers of Germany were the Vistula, the Suevus or Viader (Oder), the Albis (Elbe), the Sala (Saale), the Visurgis (Weser), the Amisia (Ems), Rhenus (Rhine), Mœnus (Maine), &c.

On the north the Cimbric Chersonese, answering to the modern Denmark, was imperfectly known to the ancients.

The various German tribes belonged to three great stocks or nations; the Hermiones, to whom belonged the tribes dwelling between the Visurgis and the Vistula, with some emigrant tribes in other districts; the Istævones, dwelling along the Rhine, and the Ingævones, occupying the northern section of the country.

Among the Hermionic tribes were the Herulians, Vandals or Vindili, Burgundians, Rugians, Turcilingians, Longobards or Lombards, Angli, Quadi, Marcomanni, Hermunduri, &c.

The principal tribes of the Istævones were the Catti, Cheruscans, Ingrionians, Bructeri, Sigambrians, Marsians, &c. The Franks were not a separate tribe, but a powerful confederacy of tribes, comprising the Frisians, Marsians, Sigambrians, &c., who conquered Gaul, and gave their name to the country.

To the Ingævones belonged the Chauci, Saxons, Angrivarians, &c. The Romans were never able to conquer this extensive region, which contained few towns.

PANNONIA.

This province lay to the south and west of the Danube, which separated it from Germany and Dacia. It was inhabited by several German and Gallic tribes, with many of Sarmatian or Sclavonic origin. The Dravus (Drave) and Savus (Save) traversed the country.

Here were Sirmium, once one of the principal cities of the Roman empire; Mursa (Eszeck), on the Dravus; Acincum (Buda); Bregetio ; and Vindobona (Vienna).

ILLYRICUM OR ILLYRIA.

Illyricum lay between Pannonia and the Adriatic Sea, and between Noricum on the north and Macedonia. It comprised Dalmatia, Liburnia, and Japydia. Among the towns were Scodra (Scutari); Epidaurus (Ragusa); Salona, in ruins; Narona, and Scardona.

Noricum was a mountainous region, lying to the south of the Danube, and traversed by several chains of the Alps. It was inhabited by several nations, among whom were the Boii, the Noricans or Tauriscans, and the Alaunians.

Boiodurum founded by the Boii, at the mouth of the Enus (Inn); Lentia (Lintz), on the Danube, and Lauriacum, on the same river, the station of the Roman flotilla, were the most important towns.

VINDELICIA.

Vindelicia was situated between the Enus and the Danube, and was inhabited by several tribes of Gauls and Germans.

Here were Regina (Ratisbon), and Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg).

RHÆTIA.

Rhætia lay to the south of Vindelicia, and to the west of Noricum, and was traversed by the Rhætian Alps.

On the northern border was the lake of Brigantium (Lake Constance), and the Rhenus (Rhine), Enus (Inn), and Athesis (Adige) had their sources here.

Among the towns of Rhætia were Brigantium (Bregentz); Curia (Coire); and Tridentum (Trent).

GALLIA OR GAUL.

The country lying between the Rhenus and the ocean, and to the west of Italy, was called by the Greeks Celtica, and by the Romans Gallia or Gaul. It was also called Transalpine Gaul or Gaul beyond the Alps, to distinguish it from the northern part of Italy, which bore the name of Cisalpine Gaul.

It was inhabited by numerous kindred tribes of Celts, and several German tribes, which had passed the Rhine and settled along the western bank of that river. There were likewise Greek colonies on the Mediterranean coast, and after the conquest of the country by the Romans, the language, arts, religion, and manners of that people almost entirely supplanted the Gallic usages and dialect.

By Julius Cæsar, who reduced this country to the Roman dominion, Gaul is described as divided into three parts, Belgica, Celtica, and Aquitanica; at a later period it was divided into four districts, which were subdivided into 17 smaller provinces; the great divisions were Belgica; Lugdunensis; Aquitania; and Narbonensis.

Gallia was separated from Italia by the Maritime, Graian, and Pennine Alps, and its eastern part was traversed by the ranges of the Jura, and the Vogesus (Vosges).

The principal rivers were the Mosa (Meuse) and Scaldis (Scheldt), flowing into the German Ocean; the Sequana (Seine) running into the British Sea; the Liger (Loire), Carantonus (Charente), and Garumna (Garonne), emptying themselves into the Atlantic Ocean; the Rhodanus (Rhone), flowing into the Gallic Gulf (Gulf of Lyons); the Mosella (Moselle), flowing into the Rhenus (Rhine); and the Matrona (Marne), flowing into the Sequana.

1. Belgica included five provinces, called respectively the First and the Second Belgica, the First and the Second Germany, and Maxima Sequanorum.

In the First or Lower Germany the most remarkable nation was the Batavians; from them an island between the Rhenus and Mosa was

called Insula Batavorum; here also was a city called Lugdunum Batavorum (Leyden), to distinguish it from another Lugdunum (Lyons) in Lugdunensis.

The other principal towns of Lower Germany were Noviomagus (Nimeguen), Trajectum (Maestricht), and Colonia Agrippina (Cologne). In Upper Germany were Confluentes (Coblentz), Mogontiacum (Mayence), Noviomagus (Spire), and Argentoratum (Strasburg).

Maxima Sequanorum comprised the country to the east of the Arar (Saône). Here dwelt the Sequani, Helvetii, and other tribes. The province was traversed by the Dubis (Doubs), and on the southern frontier was Lake Lemanus (Leman or Lake of Geneva).

The chief towns were Vesontio (Besançon,) Augusta (Augst), Aventicum (Avenche), Basilia (Bâle), and Turicum (Zurich).

Belgica Prima, First or Upper Belgica, lay to the west of Upper Germany. The Treviri, Verduni, and Mediomatrici were the principal tribes. The province was traversed by the Savarus (Sarre), which emptied itself into the Mosella.

The chief places in this province were Augusta Trevirorum (Treves); Verodunum (Verdun); and Divodurum (Metz).

The western part of Belgica was called Belgica Secunda or the Second Belgium. There were the Matrona (Marne), Samara (Somme), and Sabis (Sambre).

Among the tribes of this province were the Nervii, Atrebates, Veromandui, Bellovaci, Suessiones, and Catalauni.

The principal towns were Durocatalaunum (Châlons), near which in the Catalaunian plains was fought a celebrated battle between Attila and the Romans; Durocortorum (Rheims); Augusta Suessionum (Soissons); Cæsaromagus (Beauvais); Samarobriva (Amiens); Augusta Veromanduorum (St. Quentin); Nemetacum (Arras); Itius Portus, from which Cæsar embarked for Britain, now filled up; Ulterius Portus (Calais), on the Gallic Strait (Straits of Dover); Gesoriacum or Bononia (Boulogne); and Bagacum (Bavay).

2. Lugdunensis included four provinces, viz.: the First, Second, and Third Lugdunensis, and Senonia.

Lugdunensis Prima or the First Lugdunensis lay to the west of the Arar, along the Upper Liger. The chief tribes were the Segusiani, Edui, and Lingones.

The principal towns were Lugdunum (Lyons), from which the whole province received its name; Forum (Feurs), capital of the Segusiani; Bibracte or Augustodunum (Autun), celebrated for its schools of learning, in which all the Gallic nobles were educated; Noviodunum (Nevers); and Alesia (Alise), celebrated for its siege by Cæsar.

To the north of this province was Senonia, inhabited by the Senones, Meldi, Parisii, Tricasses, and other tribes.

Here were Lutetia (Paris), capital of the Parisii, in the time of Julius Cæsar a little village of thatched huts on an island in the Sequana (the Cité of modern Paris); Genabum or Aureliani (Orleans), on the Liger (Loire); Iatinum (Meaux), capital of the Meldi, whence its modern name; Agedincum or Senones (Sens), a large and opulent city; Autricum (Chartres); and Augustobona (Troyes), capital of the Tricasses.

Along the lower part of the Sequana, and on the British Sea was Lugdunensis Secunda or the Second. On the coast were Cæsarea (Jersey), Sarnia (Guernsey), and Riduna (Alderney).

The Eburovices, Lexovii, Unelli, Caleti, &c., were among the inhabitants.

The towns were Rotomagus (Rouen), and Juliobona (Lillebonne), on the Sequana; Mediolanum (Evreux); Noviomagus (Lisieux); and Ingena (Avranches).

The western part of Gallia to the north of the Liger, formed the province of Lugdunensis Tertia or the Third. The whole coast from the mouth of the Liger to that of the Sequana was called Armorica; in the ocean were the islands of Uxantis (Ushant), and Vindilis (Belleisle).

The Cenomani, Turones, Nannetes, Veneti, &c., inhabited this province.

Among the towns were Cæsarodunum or Turones (Tours), Juliomagus (Angers), capital of the Andecavi; Condivicnum (Nantes), in the country of the Nannetes; Condate (Rennes), capital of the Rhedones; and Dariorigum (Vannes).

3. Aquitania comprised the western part of Gallia between the Liger and the Pyrenees. It included three provinces, First and Second Aquitania, and Novempopulana.

In the southeastern part were the Cebenna Mountains; (Cevennes) the Carantonus (Charente), Garumna (Garonne), Duranius (Dordogne), Oltis (Lot), and Aturus (Adour), were the principal rivers.

Aquitania Prima or the First was in the eastern part of this division. It was inhabited by the Bituriges, Lemovices, Arverni, Cadurci, and other tribes.

Among the towns were Avaricum (Bourges); Aquæ Bormonis (Bourbon-l'Archambaud), and Aqua Calidæ (Vichy), noted for their mineral springs; Augustoritum (Limoges); Augustonemetum (Clermont); Uxellodunum; Divona (Cahors); Segodunum (Rhodez), &c. Aquitania Secunda, or the Second, lay to the west of the preceding. The principal tribes were the Pictones, Santones, and a branch of the Bituriges.

Burdigala (Bordeaux), the birth-place of the poet Ausonius; Mediolanum (Saintes); Limonum (Poitiers); Vesuna or Petrocori (Perigueux), &c., were the towns of this province.

Novempopulana formed the southwestern corner of Gallia; its principal towns were Beneharnum, destroyed; Lapurdam (Bayonne); Cocosa, on the coast, destroyed; Turba (Tarbes); Climberus (Auch), &c.

4. Narbonensis, including that part of Gaul to the east of Aquitania, and to the south of Lugdunensis, was divided into five provinces, viz.: Narbonensis Prima and Secunda. Viennensis, Alpes Maritimæ, and Alpes Graiæ.*

The principal rivers of Narbonensis were the Rhodanus (Rhone), Isara (Isere), and Druentia (Durance). Narbonensis Prima or the First was in the western part of this division. The principal tribes were the Tectosages, Arecomici, Sardones, &c.

The chief towns were Narbo (Narbonne); Nemausus (Nimes); Tolosa (Toulouse); Fines (Montauban), and Carcaso (Carcassonne).

* This part of Gaul was also called Gallia Braccata, i. e. the Breeched Gaul, because the inhabitants wore leggins; and the rest of Celtic Gaul was called Gallia Comata (the Longhaired), from the prevalent custom of letting the hair grow long.