On the Capitoline hill was the capitol or citadel, with the temple of Jupiter.

The principal public edifices in Rome were the temples, which were numerous and often magnificent; the circuses, oblong buildings of great size, in which were exhibited the Circensian games, consisting of races, athletic contests, combats of wild beasts with each other or with men, naval engagements, &c.; amphitheatres, for the exhibition of gladiatorial fights and other spectacles; the baths, vast and magnificent piles, appropriated for bathing, &c. The Circus Maximus and the Colosseum, the principal amphitheatre, were remarkable for their immense magnitude. The acqueducts, which supplied the city with water, and the cloaca or sewers of gigantic size and indestructible solidity, also deserve mention.

In the vicinity of Rome were Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber; Tusculum, (Frascati), where Cicero had a villa; Alba Longa, destroyed by the Romans; Lavinium; and Laurentum.

Other towns of Latium were Ardea, capital of the Rutulians; Terracina, capital of the Volscians; Gaieta (Gaëta), near which Cicero was murdered; Minturnæ, near the mouth of the Liris; Aquinum, the birthplace of Juveual; Arpinum, the native town of Cicero and Marius; Anagnia, the capital of the Hernicans; Præneste, capital of the Æquans; and Corioli, a Volscian town.

7. Campania, famed for its fertility and fine climate, extended along the coast to the south of Latium, between the Liris on the north, and the Salarus (Salaro), on the south.

The Vulturnus (Volturno) was a small river, discharging itself into the Tyrrhenian Sea.

On the coast was Cape Misenum, where Augustus stationed a fleet, and near the cape were the little islands of Prochyta (Procida) and Pithecusa (Ischia). Further south lay the island of Capreæ (Capri), notorious as the retreat of Tiberius.

Campania was inhabited by Auruncans, Ausonians, and Oscans, and contained many Greek cities.

Here were Venafrum; Teanum, near which were the celebrated Falernian vineyards; Capua, where the soldiers of Hannibal became enervated by luxury; and Casilinum, Linternum, and Cumæ.

To the south lay Parthenope or Neapolis (Naples), a Greek city, on the gulf called Crater (Bay of Naples), not far from Mount Vesuvius. In the vicinity of Naples were Puteoli (Pozzuoli); Baix, a celebrated bathing-place; Nola, where Augustus died; and Herculanum and Pompeii, which were both buried by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Surrentum and Salernum were likewise in this neighborhood.

8. Samnium was situated on the eastern coast between Picenum and Apulia. It was inhabited by several Sabellian tribes, among which were the Sabines, Samnites, Marsians, Pelignians, Hirpinians, &c.

Among the towns were Cures; Fidenæ ; Črustumerium ; Amiternum the birth-place of Sallust; Sulmo, of which Ovid was a native; Alba, near the lake Fucinus; further south were Beneventum and Caudium, near which was the celebrated defile called the Caudine Forks.

9. Apulia comprised the eastern part of Italy, from the river Frento (Fortore) to Calabria. The principal river was the Aufidus (Ofanto). It was divided into Daunian Apulia on the north, and Peucetian Apulia on the south, of the Aufidus. By the Greeks this district was called Iapygia.

The inhabitants were Peucetians and Daunians.

Cannæ, celebrated for the defeat of the Romans by Hannibal in its neighborhood; Venusia, the birth-place of Horace; and Barium (Bari), on the Adriatic Sea, were the chief towns of Peucetian Apulia.

In Daunian Apulia were Mount Garganus; Sipontum, destroyed; Luceria (Lucera); and Canusium.

10. Calabria or Messapia, called also by the Greeks Iapygia, was the southeastern peninsula of Italy. On the south was the Tarentine Gulf.

The inhabitants were Messapians, divided into the two tribes of the Salentines and Calabrians, and the Tarentines, Greek colonists.

The principal towns were Brundusium (Brindisi), with a good harbor; Callipolis, (Gallipoli), on the Tarentine Gulf; Lupia (Lecce), the birth-place of Ennius; Tarentum, a Lacedæmonian colony, and one of the most powerful Greek colonies in Italy; and Hydruntum (Otranto).

11. Lucania, extending from Campania to Bruttium, took its name from the Lucanians an Ausonian tribe. Here were Poseidonia or Pæstum, a Greek city on the Gulf of Pæstum (Gulf of Salerno), of which the ruins are famous; Velia or Elea, the birth-place of the philosopher Zeno; Metapontum ; Heraclea, the birth-place of the celebrated painter, Zeuxis; and Sybaris or Thurium, proverbial for its luxury.

12. Bruttium comprised the southwestern peninsula of Italy. The coasts were occupied by Greek colonies, but the interior was inhabited by the Bruttians, a wild tribe of Ausonians.

Among the towns were Consentia (Cosenza); Pandosia; Mamertum (Oppido); Crotona, an Achæan colony; Scyllacium (Squillace); Locri Epizephyrii, an Æolian colony, celebrated for its lawgiver Zaleucus, and Regium (Roggio), an Ionian colony.

SICILY.

Sicilia, called also Trinacria and Sicania, was separated from Italia by the narrow arm of the sea called the Strait of Sicily, (the Strait of Messina or the Faro). The island was at an early period inhabited by the Sicelians and Sicanians; but the Greek colonies were so numerous and powerful, that the Grecian language and manners became predominant, and the whole island grew in fact into a Greek community.

On the northern coast were the Vulcanian or Eolian isles (Lipari), the fabled seat of Æolus, god of the winds, and of Vulcan's smithery. On the western coast were the gades; and to the south lay Melita (Malta) and Gaulos (Gozo), occupied by Phoenician colonists.

The island was traversed by the Nebrodes and Heræi Mountains ; in the east was Mount Etna, and in the west Mount Eryx.

The northeastern point of the island was Cape Pelorum (Cape Faro); the southeastern, Cape Pachynum (Passaro); and the western, Lilyboum (Cape Boëoj.

On the opposite sides of the Sicilian Strait were two famous rocks, Scylla and Charybdis, which the narrowness of the passage and the violent motion of the waters rendered dangerous to seamen.

Among the towns were Messana (Messina), a Messenian colony; Tauromenium, Leontium, and Catana, Ionian colonies; and Syracuse (Syracuse), one of the most powerful Greek cities in this region, and the birth-place of Archimedes and Theocritus, on the eastern coast; Gela and Agrigentum (Girgenti), Dorian colonies, and Selinus, on the southern coast; Lilyboum (Marsala) and Drepanum (Trapani), on the western coast; and Himera and Panormus (Palermo), on the northern coast. In the interior were Hybla, famous for its honey, and Enna.

SARDINIA OR ICHNUSA.

Sardinia, called Ichnusa by the Greeks, was inhabited by Iberian tribes; the Phoenician colonies were numerous on the island and there were some Greek towns.

Caralis (Cagliari) and Olbia (Terra Nuova) were founded by Greeks.

CORSICA OR CYRNOS.

This island was also peopled by Iberians and Ligurians, and contained several Greek and Phoenician colonies. It was separated from Sardinia by the Strait of Taphros (Straits of Bonifacio).

Mantini (Bastia), Nicæa or Mariana, and Aleria, were among the principal towns.

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APPENDIX.

1. Terrestrial Globes. Though the earth be not exactly a sphere, it deviates very little from the spherical form. The polar diameter is less than the equatorial by about 4th of the latter, while the height of the highest mountain is not equal to the 4000th part of it. Upon the largest globe that is ever constructed, these differences of the earth from an exact sphere could not be perceived; and the artificial globe, therefore, is always exactly spherical.

Through the centre of the globe let a straight wire pass, this will represent the axis, and the points where it cuts the surface, the north and south poles. A circle drawn at the distance of 90 degrees from either pole is the equator, and another circle drawn from any point of the equator, and at right angles to it, will be the first meridian.

The equator and the first meridian are divided into degrees and minutes, which are numbered, beginning at the point where the circles intersect each other. The degrees upon the first meridian are numbered on both sides of the equator, and do not exceed 90. They point out the latitude. The degrees upon the equator are numbered completely round the circle, and extend therefore to 360. They enable us to find out the longitude.

The equator and first meridian are distinguished from parallels of latitude and other meridian lines, by their being graduated. They are also sometimes denoted by double lines.

We shall now suppose that the artificial globe exactly represents the surface of the earth, and proceed to explain the lines which are commonly drawn upon the globe, besides the equator and first meridian, and to describe the apparatus usually attached to it.

In order that we might be able to find out from the globe itself, the latitude and longitude of any place, a parallel to the equator and a meridian line would require to be drawn through that place. It is impossible that such lines could be drawn through every point on the globe, and it is unnecessary, for the brass circle placed around it, enables us to find out the latitude and longitude. In this circle, which is placed at right angles to the equator, and is therefore a meridian, the globe is suspended by the axis. One of the sides of the meridian is graduated, or divided into degrees, minutes, and seconds. The globe can be turned round its axis, while the general meridian remains stationary, so that every point of the surface of the globe must pass under some point of the meridian. To find out the latitude and longitude of any place, therefore, we have only to turn the globe round till the given place be brought to the meridian. The number of degrees, minutes, &c. under which the place lies will be its latitude, and the number intercepted upon the equator its longitude.

In addition to the general meridian, meridians and parallels of latitude are usually drawn upon the globe, through every 5th or 10th degree of

latitude and longitude, according to the size of the globe. These lines point out accurately the latitude or longitude of those places which are situated upon them, and give us a general idea of the situation of other places.

Besides meridians and parallels of latitude, the ecliptic is usually drawn upon globes, and also the tropics and polar circles. All these last are commonly drawn with double lines to distinguish them from other meridians and parallels of latitude.

The globe suspended in the general meridian, is placed upon a wooden frame. The upper surface of this frame divides the globe into two hemispheres, one superior, and the other inferior, and represents, therefore, the rational horizon of any place which is brought to the zenith point of the meridian. There are two notches for the meridian to slide in, by which different elevations of the pole may be exhibited. The horizon has commonly drawn upon it the points of the compass, the twelve signs of the zodiac, the months of the year, &c.

There is attached to the general meridian a quadrant, composed of a thin pliable_plate of brass, answering exactly to a quadrant of the meridian. It is graduated, and has a notch, nut, and screw, by which it may be fixed to the brazen meridian in the zenith of any place. When so fixed, it turns round a pivot, and supplies the place of vertical circles. It is hence denominated a quadrant of altitude.

A small circle of brass is placed on the north pole. It is divided into 24 equal parts, and is termed an hour-circle. On the pole of the globe is fixed an index, which turns round the axis, and points out the hours upon the hour-circle.

There is also often attached to the globe a compass, which is placed upon the pediment of the frame, parallel to the horizon.

2. Problems solved by the Globe. Having thus described the globe and its apparatus, we shall now explain some of the problems that may be resolved by it.

I. To find the latitude and longitude of any place. We have already seen that this is done by bringing the place to the graduated side of the general meridian; the degree of the meridian cut by the place being equal to the latitude, and the degree of the equator then under the meridian being the longitude.

II. To find a place upon the Globe, its latitude and longitude being given.—Find the degree of longitude on the equator, and bring it to the brass meridian; then find the degree of latitude on the meridian, either north or south, and the point of the globe under that degree of latitude is the place required.

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III. To find all the places on the Globe that have the same latitude as a given place, suppose New York.-Turn the globe round, and all the places that pass under the same point of the meridian as the given place does, have the same latitude with it.

IV. To find all the places that have the same longitude or hour with a given place, as New York.-Bring the given place, New York, to the meridian, and all places then under the meridian have the same longitude.