and rows of trees. Population 2,430. Nazareth is another Moravian town, 10 miles from Bethlehem, and is the spot at which these people first settled in this country.

Easton, on the Delaware, at the mouth of the Lehigh, is a handsome town, regularly laid out around an open square. Three canals, which unite at this point, secure to the place a flourishing trade. The neighborhood is highly fertile and picturesque, and there are bridges across the Delaware and Lehigh; the latter is a chain bridge. Population 3,529.

Eighteen miles below Pittsburg, on the W. bank of the Ohio, is the village of Economy, inhabited by the sect of Harmonists, under the direction of the celebrated Rapp. This village is neatly built with broad rectangular streets. The inhabitants are Germans, and, in 1831 were about 900 in number, but many of them have recently seceded. They hold their property in common, and are not permitted to marry. They have a large cotton and woollen manufactory, breweries, &c., and they produce and manufacture some silks. Their agricultural productions are various and abundant, and they carry on an active trade with the neighborhood.

15. Agriculture. East of the mountains and especially in the neighborhood of Philadelphia the country is under excellent cultivation. The farms in the state are generally large and skilfully managed. Commodious farmhouses of stone or brick, and extensive barns and farm buildings, show the agricultural prosperity of the state. Wheat is the most important article of produce, but the other grains, with flax, hemp and potatoes are extensively cultivated. The fruits are abundant and excellent.

16. Commerce. Philadelphia enjoys nearly all the foreign commerce of the state. This chiefly consists in the export of the productions above mentioned. The coasting trade also of this port is considerable. A great internal trade is carried on between Philadelphia and the West, across the mountains, by means of the Pennsylvania railroad and canal. There is also a port at Presqu' Isle, on Lake Erie, which has some trade. The annual value of the imports is $12,000,000; of exports, five and a half millions, of which three and a half are of domestic produce.

17. Manufactures. Pennsylvania is the first state in the Union for manufactures. Those of iron are the most important, and are of great variety, from the heaviest machinery to the finest cutlery. Pittsburg and Philadelphia are the centres of the most extensive manufactures. At York are a bell foundery and manufactories of cutlery; wrapping paper is made from straw at Meadville; glass is manufactured at Bethany, cutlery at Chambersburg, woollen and cotton goods at Manayunk, &c. In the western part of the state, salt is made at various places from salt springs. The most important salt-works are at Conemaugh; the strongest brine is obtained by boring to the depth of from 400 to 500 feet.

18. Government. The legislature is called the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The senators are chosen for 4 years, and the representatives annually. The suffrage is universal. The Governor is chosen for 3 years by a popular vote.

19. Inhabitants. The inhabitants are chiefly of British and German descent, and though the English is the prevalent language, yet there are some counties where the German prevails to a considerable extent;

German newspapers and almanacs are published for their use, and, in some places, the public worship is conducted in the German language.

20. Religion. The Presbyterians are the most numerous sect, and there are many Baptists, Methodists, and German Reformed. Episcopalians, Dutch Reformed, Lutherans, and Friends are numerous; the United Brethren or Moravians have 15 congregations, and there are some Unitarians, Roman Catholics, Universalists, Seceders, Covenanters, and Jews.

21. Education. There are eight colleges in this state; the university of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia; the western university at Pittsburg; Dickinson college at Carlisle ; Jefferson college at Canonsburg; Washington college at Washington; Alleghany college at Meadville; Madison college at Union Town; and Mount Airy college at Germantown, and there are numerous academies. But elementary education has been very much neglected, except in the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster, not more than one third of the children, between the ages of 5 and 15, being at school. There are a law school, and two medical schools, one connected with Pennsylvania university, and the other with Jefferson college, in Philadelphia, and theological seminaries at Gettysburg (Lutheran), York (German Reformed), and at Alleghany Town (Presbyterian).

22. History. This country, in which some Swedes had settled, was annexed by the Dutch to their colony of New Netherlands and shared its fate. In 1682, the property of the soil and powers of government were granted to William Penn, and settlements were soon made under his direction. A number of Friends were the first colonists, and Penn came over the next year and laid out the city of Philadelphia. During the French war of 1755, the western part of Pennsylvania was the theatre of hostilities between the English and French, and Gen. Braddock, at the head of a body of English and colonial troops, was defeated, in an expedition against Fort Duquesne, a French fortress on the spot where Pittsburg now stands. During the revolutionary war eastern Pennsylvania became the scene of military operations. Philadelphia was occupied by the British in 1777, and the Americans made an unsuccessful attack on the British camp at Germantown. The proprietary government of the colony continued till the period of the revolution. The present constitution was formed in 1790.

XI. DELAWARE.

1. Boundaries and Extent. Delaware is bounded N. by Pennsylvania; E. by the river and bay of Delaware and the ocean, and S. and W. by Maryland. It is the smallest state in the Union, with the exception of Rhode Island, containing but 2,120 square miles. Its length from north to south is 92 miles : its width from 10 to 36 miles. It lies between 38° 27′ and 39° 50′ N. Lat., and between 75° and 75° 43′ W. Long.

2. Face of the Country. The general aspect of this state is that of an extended plain; the northern part is somewhat broken and rough, but the central and southern parts present very little diversity of level. The general slope is towards the Delaware, as will be seen by examin

ing the courses of the streams; the southwest corner, however, sends off the Choptank and Nanticoke toward Chesapeake Bay. A marshy table land divides these two sections.

3. Rivers. The rivers are all inconsiderable streams. The Brandywine, which rises in Pennsylvania, is a fine mill stream. At Wilmington it receives Christiana creek from the west, and their united waters form the harbor of Wilmington. Duck creek, Mispillion creek and Indian river flow east into Delaware Bay.

4. Bay and Cape. Delaware Bay forms the northeastern boundary, but affords no good harbors. Cape Henlopen is at the entrance of the bay, on the southwest side. A breakwater has been constructed here, within which vessels navigating the bay can take shelter and ride out storms in safety.

5. Climate and Soil. The climate is not essentially different from that of New Jersey. Along the Delaware, and about ten miles in breadth, is a tract of rich clayey soil, which produces large timber, and is well adapted to tillage. An elevated ridge in the interior is swampy land, between which and the tract before described, the soil is thin and of inferior quality. Most of the southern portion is sandy. Bog iron ore is found in the southwestern part of the state, but is not wrought to any extent.

6. Divisions. Delaware is divided into three counties, Newcastle in the north; Kent in the middle, and Sussex in the south. The counties are subdivided into Hundreds. Population 76,748, of which 3,292 are slaves.

7. Canal. The Delaware and Chesapeake canal, which leaves Delaware River 45 miles below Philadelphia, and communicates with Chesapeake Bay by the river Elk, is 14 miles in length. Being adapted to sloop navigation, it is 10 feet deep, and 66 feet wide. In this canal there is a deep cut of nearly four miles, 76 feet in depth.

8. Railroad. The Newcastle and Frenchtown railroad is nearly parallel with the Delaware and Chesapeake canal. It extends from Newcastle on the Delaware to Frenchtown in Maryland, 164 miles, and is crossed by locomotive steam-engines in about 50 minutes.

9. Towns. Wilmington, the principal town in the state, has lately been incorporated as a city. It is pleasantly situated near the junction of the Brandywine and Christiana, and is well laid out. It contains 13 churches, three banks, a United States arsenal, and a poor-house. The city is supplied with water by hydraulic works, from the Brandywine. The Brandywine flour mills are the most extensive in the United States except those of Rochester. Within ten miles of Wilmington, there are about 100 mills and manufactories, in which flour, cotton and woollen goods, iron castings, paper, and powder are produced. The trade of the place is extensive and flourishing. Population in 1830, 6,628, at present about 10,000.

The capital of the state, Dover, is a small, but regularly built town, containing the state house and county buildings. Population 1,300. Newcastle, at the termination of the railroad, and Delaware City, at the mouth of the Delaware and Chesapeake canal, are small villages. 10. Agriculture. The staple commodity is wheat, which is highly esteemed for the whiteness and softness of its flour. Maize, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat and potatoes are raised. The county of Sussex contains some excellent grazing land.

11. Commerce and Manufactures. The foreign commerce is inconsiderable; flour and timber from the swampy districts in the south, are the principal articles of export. The annual value of the imports is about $22,000; of exports $25,000. The manufactures are extensive 12. Government. A new constitution of government was adopted in 1831. The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. The former are chosen for four years, three from each county; the latter for two years, seven from each county; one session is held every two years. The Governor is elected by the people for the term of four years, and is ever after ineligible. The right of suffrage belongs to every white male citizen of the age of 22, who has resided one year within the state.

13. Religion. The Methodists in this state have 15 preachers; the Presbyterians nine; the Baptists, nine, and the Episcopalians six.

14. Education. The state has a school-fund, the proceeds of which are distributed among those school districts, which raise by taxation a sum equal to that which they receive from the fund. Little, however, has been done towards rendering the system efficient.

15. History. This part of the country was first settled by Swedes and Finns, in 1627, and was called New Swedeland. The Dutch, however, afterward annexed it to their colony of New Netherlands, and with that it passed into the hands of the English in 1664. In 1682 the the Duke of York granted it to Penn, and it continued to form a part of Pennsylvania till 1776, though from 1701 with a distinct legislative assembly. It was generally styled till the period of the revolution, the Three Lower Counties upon Delaware.

XII. MARYLAND.

1. Boundaries and Extent. Maryland is bounded N. by Pennsylvania* E. by Delaware and the Atlantic ocean, and S. and W. by Virginia. It lies between Lon. 75° 10′ and 79° 20′ W., and between Lat. 38° and 39° 43′ N. It comprises upwards of 12,000 square miles, of which about 9,350 are land. Chesapeake Bay divides it into two parts, locally known as the Eastern and Western Shores.

2 Mountains and Face of the Country. The western part of Maryland is traversed by several of the Appalachian chains, which extend but a short distance in this state, and are more particularly described - under the heads of Pennsylvania and Virginia. In the counties of the Eastern Shore the land is low and level, and in many places covered with stagnant waters. On the Western Shore the land is also level up ze the talls of the rivers. Above these it becomes hilly, and in the western part is mountainous.

3 Rivers. The Potomac forms the southern boundary, and the Susquehannah empties itself into the Chesapeake in this state. The Patapsco is a small river, navigable to Baltimore. The Patuxent has a course of 100 miles, and is navigable for large vessels to Nottingham, 50 miles. The Nanticoke and Choptank flow into the Chesapeake on the Eastern Shore.

*The boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, was fixed by actual survey in 1762 by two surveyors, of the names of Mason and Dixon, whence it is eften called Mason and Dixon's line.

4. Bay and Harbors. The northern half of Chesapeake Bay lies in this state, and contains many fine harbors. Its eastern shore is checkered with islands, among which Kent island, opposite Annapolis, is 12 miles long. Along the seacoast are narrow, low islands, and shal

low sounds.

5. Climate. The western part of Maryland rising to the height of 2,000 feet above the sea, forms part of the elevated table-land of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and has therefore the climate of the more northern states. The low country, on the other hand, has milder winters, and hot, moist and unhealthy summers.

6. Soil and Productions. There is much good soil in every part of the state. The limestone tracts in the western section are productive in fruits and grain. Bituminous coal is abundant in this region. The eastern part is of alluvial formation, composed of clay, gravel, sand, shells, and decayed vegetable substances. On the low, sandy plains cotton is raised. Iron ore is abundant in most of the counties west of the Chesapeake, and is extensively wrought.

7. Divisions. Maryland is divided into 19 counties,* with a population of 447,040, of which 52,942 are free blacks, and 102,994 slaves. The number of the latter is on the decrease.

8. Canals. Port Deposit canal, ten miles in length, extends from Port Deposit on the east bank of the Susquehannah, to the northern boundary of the state, along a line of rapids.

The Little Falls of the Potomac, three miles above Washington, are overcome by a canal 24 miles long, and at Great Falls, nine miles above, a descent of 76 feet is overcome by five locks.

The Chesapeake and Ohio canal is to extend from Georgetown, at the head of the tide in the Potomac, to the Ohio near Pittsburg, 341 miles, with branches to Alexandria, Washington and Baltimore. It is completed to above Williamsport, 100 miles. Breadth from 60 to 80 feet; depth six feet. The whole amount of lockage will be 3,215 feet. The summit level upon the Alleghany mountain, has an elevation of nearly 1,900 feet, and will pass the ridge by a tunnel of upwards of four miles in length.

9. Railroads. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad will extend from Baltimore to Pittsburg, 325 miles. Eighty miles to Harper's Ferry on the Potomac, with a branch of three miles to Frederick, have been completed. A summit of 1200 feet over the Alleghany Ridge, will be overcome by a series of inclined planes. The Oxford railroad will extend from Baltimore by Port Deposit to Philadelphia. A railroad is now constructing from Baltimore to Washington, 33 miles.

10. Towns. Baltimore, the third city in the United States in point of population, lies upon a bay which sets up from the Patapsco, and affords a spacious and convenient harbor. The strait between the bay and river is defended by Fort McHenry. Vessels of 600 tons can come up to Fell's Point, which is divided from the upper part of the city by a narrow stream. Baltimore possesses the trade of Maryland,