185; Me., 230; Min., 319; Mo., 347; Miss., 335; N.J., -All courts shall be open, and every person, for an --Justice shall be administered freely and without ---That in all criminal prosecutions every man hath --Every person charged with an offense against the -The powers of the courts to punish for contempt -No subject shall be held to answer for any crimes -And the Legislature shall not make any law that -That no person sh proceeded against cr in cases arising in th militia when in actua lic danger, or by lea misdemeanor in office -In the trial of all o Courts, the plaintiff tion made in open co jury, to be governe prescribed in trials at The General Asse pensation of jurors purpose shall not be except in prosecution Va., 543. -The General Asse grand jury system. -Any person who s Constitution, fight a lenge for that purpose a duel, shall be depri office of honor or p punished otherwise, prescribed by law. [A stringent oath, Ill., 166; Miss.. 343. [Disqualification fr alties.] Cal., 104; F Mo., 362; Ohio, 44 515; Va., 537; W. (1). Ct., 107; Fl., COMPENSATION OR SERVIC -Each individual o protected by it in t and property, accor obliged, consequentl expense of this prot vice, or an equivale of the property of be taken from him, his own consent, or of the people. In f wealth are not con those to which the body have given th public exigencies re individual should b shall receive a rea Mass., 281. --No person's prop public use, withou made, unless by th 506. cases ΟΙ war, riot, fire or great public peril, in which cases compensation shall be afterwards made. Nev., 380. --Private property shall not be taken for public use, nor the particular services of any man be demanded, without just compensation; nor except in the case of the State, without such compensation first assessed and tendered. Or., 448. -That private property ought to be subservient to public uses, when necessity requires it; nevertheless, whenever any person's property is taken for the use of the public, the owner ought to receive an equivalent in money. Vt., 521. But land may be taken for public highways, as heretofore, until the Legislature shall direct compensation to be made. N. J., 412. -Private property shall ever be held inviolate, but subservient to the public welfare. When taken in time of war or other public exigency, imperatively requiring its immediate seizure, or for the purpose of making or repairing roads, which shall be open to the public, without charge, a compensation shall be made to the owner, in money, and in all other cases where private property shall be taken for public use, a compensation therefor shall be first made in money, or first secured by a deposit of money; and such compensation shall be assessed by a jury, without deduction for the benefits to any property of the owner. Ohio, 433. -No part of a man's property shall be taken from him cr applied to public uses, without his own consent, or that of the Representative body of the people. Nor are the inhabitants of this State controllable by any other laws than those to which they, or their representative body have given their consent. N. H., 399; Vt., 522. -Laws should have a general operation, and no general law affecting private rights shall be varied in any particular case by special legislation, except with the free consent, in writing, of all persons to be affected thereby; and no person being under a legal disability to contract, is capable of such free consent. Ga., 142. --No man's particular service shall be demanded without just compensation. Or., 448; Ind., 170. -That no man's particular services shall be demanded, or property taken, or applied to public use, without the consent of his Representatives, or without just compensation being made therefor. Tenn., 491. SUITS AGAINST THE STATE. -Suits may be brought against the State, according to such regulations as shall be made by law. Ala., 73; Cal., 104; Del., 117. -The General Assembly may direct, by law, in what manner, and in what courts, suits may be brought against the State. Ark., 87; Ill., 154; Ind, 174; Ky., 220; Mis., 343; Nev., 383; Wis., 563. -It shall be the dut "-, 114; ( Appeals and the Co respectively, whenev said court or office, in has an interest, immed General thereof. Md.. -No State officer or Assembly shall, directly or be engaged as couns prosecution of any claim a (1). N. Y. (1821), 42; Ct., 107; Fl, 129; Neb., 31 Wis., 559. FREEDOM OF SPEECH -That the free communicat -That every citizen may f -That printing presses shall b р -In prosecutions for the publicat -In all indictments for libels, the claiming damages against the State, shall ever be -It shall be the duty of the Clerk of the Court of -No State officer or member of the Legislative (1). N. Y. (1821), 42; Cal., 96; (nearly similar), Ct., 107; Fl, 129; Neb., 370; Miss., 334; Tex., 506; Wis., 559. inviolably preserved. -The press shall be fre takes to examine the of in a public capacity; an any such subject, being that liberty. In prosecu tigating the proceeding matter published is prop truth thereof may be g indictments for libels, facts and the law, as in -No law abridging free shall be passed; but the the restraint and punis vending of obscene bool libel and defamation of ery, in civil actions, by t damages for such libel justify and uphold an ar an organized insurrectio uance of such invasion speaking, writing, or p FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND OF THE PRESS. circulating such writing -That the free communication of thought and opin- -That every citizen may freely speak, write and -That printing presses shall be free to every person; -That the liberty of the press ought to be inviolably -In prosecutions for the publication of papers inves- ---In all indictments for libels, the jury, after having declared a misdemeano -The liberty of the pre -The liberty of the p -No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of an appropriation made by law, nor shall any appropriation of money for the support of an army be made for a longer time than one year. Miss., 342. -No money shall be drawn from the treasury except in pursuance of a specific appropriation made by law, and no appropriation shall be for a longer term than one year. Kan., 200. -No vote, resolution, law or order shall pass granting a donation or gratuity in favor of any person, except by the concurrence of two-thirds of the General Assembly. Ga., 146. -No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published at least once in every two years. Del., 119. -No money shall be appropriated except by bill Miss. 322. -No moneys shall be issued out of the treasury of this State, and disposed of (except such sums as may be appropriated for the redemption of bills of credit or treasurer's notes, or for the payment of interest arising thereon) but by warrant under the hand of the Governor for the time being, by and with the advice and consent of Council, for the necessary support and defense of this State, and for the necessary protection and preservation of the inhabitants thereof, agreeably to the acts and resolves of the General Court. N. H., 406. A -No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in pursuance of specific appropriations made by law; nor shall any appropriation of money be made for a longer term than two years, except for purposes of education; and no appropriation for private or individual purposes, or for purposes of internal improvement. shall be made, without the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses of the Legislature. regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published annually in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. And in no case shall the Legislature have the power to issue "treasury warrants." "treasury notes," or paper of any description, intended to circulate as money. Tex., 515. Or., -Laws making appropriations for the salaries of public officers, and other current expenses of the State, shall contain provisions upon no other subject. 456. -In all cases where sums of money are mentioned in this Constitution, the value thereof shall be computed in silver, at six shillings and eight pence per ounce; and it shall be in the power of the Legislature, from time to time, to increase such qualifications, as to property, of the persons to be elected to offices, as the circumstances of the Commonwealth shall require. Mass., 293. time to time. -An accurate statement EXTRA COMPENSATION CONTR -No extra compensation sha -No extra compensation shal -The Legislature shall not statement and account of the receipts and expen- -That the people of this State ought not to be taxed -An accurate statement of the receipts and expen- -And previous to any law being made to raise a tax, EXTRA COMPENSATION FOR SERVICES AND -No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, -No extra compensation shall be granted or allowed -The Legislature shall not grant nor authorize 6 as salary or compensati of the Legislature, or e such cases where such been fixed by a law in appointment of such off lature, or either branch Legislature. Nev., 383 -No extra compensati to any public officer, a services shall have be entered into. Nor shal of any public officer be i his term of office. W. -No money shall be in consequence of appr an accurate statement tures of the public mo published with the laws of the General Assemb been or may be a collec eligible to a seat in Assembly, nor be eligi trust in this state, u accounted for and paid which he may be accou -The officers mentione times, receive for their established by law, wh nor diminished during t have been elected. ΟΙ -As every freeman, t (if without a sufficient profession, calling, trad honestly subsist, there use in establishing offic of which are dependen freemen, in the possess contention and discord any man is called into of his private affairs, I compensation; and w increase of fees, or oth as to occasion many to to be lessened by the L shall wittingly and will law allows him, it shall holding any office in restored by act of legis DEDUCTION -All salaries and fee moderate; and no offic ever without giving to for them, if required, t ular and the charge for --It shall be the duty regulate by law in wh from the salaries of pu any neglect of duty i 136; Ky., 220. |