185; Me., 230; Min., 319; Mo., 347; Miss., 335; N.J.,
412; N. C., 422; Or., 447; Pa., 467; R. I., 473;
Tenn., 491; Tex., 506; Va., 532.

-All courts shall be open, and every person, for an
injury done him in his person, property or reputa-
tion, shall have remedy by due course of law, and
right and justice administered without sale, denial or
delay. Ct., 108; Fl., 129; Ind., 170; La., 234; Miss.,
315; Mo., 347; Neb., 370; Ohio, 433; Or., 447; Pa.,
467; Tenn., 491.

--Justice shall be administered freely and without
purchase; completely, and without denial; speedily,
and without delay. Ind., 170.

---That in all criminal prosecutions every man hath
a right to be informed of the accusation against him;
to have a copy of the indictment or charge in due
time (if required) to prepare for his defense; to be
allowed counsel; to be confronted with the wit-
nesses against him; to have process for his witnesses;
to examine the witnesses for and against him on oath;
and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury, without
whose unanimous consent he ought not to be found
guilty. Md., 254.

--Every person charged with an offense against the
State, shall have the privilege and benefit of counsel,
shall be furnished on demand with a copy of the
accusation, and list of the witnesses on whose testi-
mony the charge against him is founded; shall have
compulsory process to obtain the attendance of his
own witnesses; shall be confronted with the wit-
nesses testifying against him, and shall have a public
and speedy trial by an impartial jury, as heretofore
practiced. Ga., 142.

-The powers of the courts to punish for contempt
shall be limited by legislative acts. Ga., 142,
-Every person within this State ought to find a
certain remedy in the laws for all injuries or wrongs
which he may receive in his person, property, or
character; he ought to obtain right and justice freely,
and without being obliged to purchase it; completely
and without denial, promptly and without delay,
conformably to the laws. Ill., 166.

-No subject shall be held to answer for any crimes
or no offense until the same is fully and plainly, sub-
stantially and formally, described to him; or be com-
pelled to accuse, or furnish evidence against himself;
and every subject shall have a right to produce all
proofs that may be favorable to him; to meet the
witnesses against him face to face, and to be fully
heard in his defense by himself or his counsel, at his
election. And no subject shall be arrested, impris-
oned, despoiled or deprived of his property, immuni-
ties or privileges, put out of the protection of the
law, exiled or deprived of his life, liberty or estate,
but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the
land. Mass., 281.

-And the Legislature shall not make any law that
shall subject any person to a capital or infamous pun-
ishment, excepting for the government of the army
and navy, without trial by jury. Mass., 281.
-In the trial of all criminal cases the jury shall be
the judges of law as well as fact. Md., 277.
5

-That no person sh proceeded against cr in cases arising in th militia when in actua lic danger, or by lea misdemeanor in office -In the trial of all o Courts, the plaintiff tion made in open co jury, to be governe prescribed in trials at

The General Asse pensation of jurors purpose shall not be except in prosecution Va., 543.

-The General Asse grand jury system.

-Any person who s Constitution, fight a lenge for that purpose a duel, shall be depri office of honor or p punished otherwise, prescribed by law.

[A stringent oath, Ill., 166; Miss.. 343. [Disqualification fr alties.] Cal., 104; F Mo., 362; Ohio, 44 515; Va., 537; W.

(1). Ct., 107; Fl., COMPENSATION

OR SERVIC

-Each individual o protected by it in t and property, accor obliged, consequentl expense of this prot vice, or an equivale of the property of be taken from him, his own consent, or of the people. In f wealth are not con those to which the body have given th public exigencies re individual should b shall receive a rea Mass., 281.

--No person's prop public use, withou made, unless by th 506.

claiming damages against the State, shall ever be
passed. Ind., 174; Or., 451.

-It shall be the duty of the Clerk of the Court of
Appeals and the Commissioner of the Land Office
respectively, whenever a case shall be brought into
said court or office, in which the State is a party or
has an interest, immediately to notify the Attorney-
General thereof. Md., 271.

-No State officer or member of the Legislative
Assembly shall, directly or indirectly, receive a fee,
or be engaged as counsel, agent, or attorney in the
prosecution of any claim against this State. Or., 458.

(1). N. Y. (1821), 42; Cal., 96; (nearly similar), Ct., 107; Fl, 129; Neb., 370; Miss., 334; Tex., 506; Wis., 559.

inviolably preserved. -The press shall be fre takes to examine the of in a public capacity; an any such subject, being that liberty. In prosecu tigating the proceeding matter published is prop truth thereof may be g indictments for libels, facts and the law, as in -No law abridging free shall be passed; but the the restraint and punis vending of obscene bool libel and defamation of ery, in civil actions, by t damages for such libel justify and uphold an ar an organized insurrectio uance of such invasion speaking, writing, or p

FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND OF THE PRESS. circulating such writing

-That the free communication of thought and opin-
ions is one of the invaluable rights of man, and that
every person may freely speak, write, and print, on
any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that
liberty and in all prosecutions for libel, the truth
thereof may be given in evidence, and the jury may
determine the law and the facts, under the direction
of the court. Mo., 348.

-That every citizen may freely speak, write and
publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsi-
ble for the abuse of that liberty. Ala., 72; FƖ, 129.
-The press shall be free; every citizen may freely
speak, write and publish his sentiments on all sub-
jects, being responsible for an abuse of this liberty.
La., 234.

-That printing presses shall be free to every person;
and no law shall ever be made to restrain the rights
thereof. The free communication of thoughts and
opinions is one of the invaluable rights of man; and
every citizen may freely speak, write and print, on
any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that
liberty. Ark., 84; Pa., 467.

-That the liberty of the press ought to be inviolably
preserved; that every citizen of the State ought to
be allowed to speak, write and publish his sentiments
on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that
liberty. Md., 256.

-In prosecutions for the publication of papers inves-
tigating the official conduct of officers or men in
public capacity, or where the matter published is
proper for public information, the truth thereof may
be given in evidence, and in all indictments for libels
the jury shall have the right to determine the law
and the facts. Ala., 73; Ark., 84; Ill., 166; Ky., 223;
Pa., 467; Tex., 506.

---In all indictments for libels, the jury, after having
received the direction of the court, shall have a right
to determine, at their discretion, the law and the fact.
Me., 239.

declared a misdemeano
W. Va., 547.

-The liberty of the pre
of freedom in a State; i
restrained in this Comm
-That the freedom of t
bulwarks of liberty, and
by despotic governments
-No law shall ever be p
liberty of speech of the
-The liberty of the pre
persons may freely speal
timents on all subjects, b
of such right; and in all
libel, the truth may
be
and if it shall appear tha
was published for justifi
shall be acquitted. Kan
-Freedom of speech, a
inherent elements of p
every citizen may freely
any subject, he shall be
the liberty. Min., 319.
-That the people have
and of writing and publ
cerning the transactions
freedom of the press
Vt., 522.

-The liberty of the p
security of freedom in a
lish his sentiments on a
for the abuse of that libe
both civil and criminal,
from malicious motives,
the person charged. R.
-The printing presses s
who undertakes to exar
General Assembly, or of
and no law shall ever b
thereof. The free com

statement and account of the receipts and expen-
ditures of all public money shall be published from
time to time. U. S., 13; (similar provision), Va., 538.
-No subsidy, charge, tax, impost or duties, ought to
be established, fixed, laid or levied, under any pretext
whatsoever, without the consent of the people, or
their Representatives in the Legislature. Mass., 282;
N. H., 400; Md., 254; Or., 448,

-That the people of this State ought not to be taxed
or made subject to the payment of any impost or
duty, without the consent of themselves, or their
Representatives in General Assembly freely given.
N. C., 422.

-An accurate statement of the receipts and expen-
ditures of the public moneys shall be attached to and
published with the laws, at every regular session of
the Legislature. Mich., 314; (nearly similar), Ala.,
78; Ark., 93; Cal., 99; Ct., 111; F., 137; Ga.,
146; Ind., 179; Iowa, 186; Kan., 201; Me., 246;
Mo., 362; Nev., 382; Ohio, 443; Or., 456.

-And previous to any law being made to raise a tax,
the purpose for which it is to be raised ought to appear
evident to the Legislature to be of more service to
the community than the money would be if not col-
lected. Vt., 522.

EXTRA COMPENSATION FOR SERVICES AND
CONTRACTS.

-No extra compensation shall be made to any officer,
public agent, or contractor, after the service shall
have been rendered, or the contract entered into;
nor shall any money be paid on any claim, the sub-
ject-matter of which shall not have been provided
for by pre-existing laws, and no public money or
property shall be appropriated for local or private
purposes, unless such appropriation, compensation, or
claim be allowed by two-thirds of the members
elected to each branch of the General Assembly.
Iowa, 187.

-No extra compensation shall be granted or allowed
by the General Assembly to any public officer, agent,
servant, or contractor, after the services shall have
been rendered or the contract entered into; nor shall
the salary or compensation of any public officer be
increased or diminished during his term of office.
MI., 263.

-The Legislature shall not grant nor authorize
extra compensation to any public officer, agent, or
contractor, after the service has been rendered or the
contract entered into. Mich., 303; Ill., 154.
-The Legislature shall never grant any extra com-
pensation to any public officer, agent, servant, or
contractor, after the services shall have been rendered
or the contract entered into. Nor shall the compen-
sation of any public officer be increased or diminished
during his term of office. Neb., 373; Wis., 563.
-No extra compensation shall be made to any officer,
public agent, or contractor, after the service shall
have been rendered, or the contract entered into;
nor shall any money be paid, on any claim, the sub-

6

as salary or compensati of the Legislature, or e such cases where such been fixed by a law in appointment of such off lature, or either branch Legislature. Nev., 383 -No extra compensati to any public officer, a services shall have be entered into. Nor shal of any public officer be i his term of office. W.

-No money shall be in consequence of appr

an accurate statement

tures of the public mo published with the laws of the General Assemb been or may be a collec eligible to a seat in Assembly, nor be eligi trust in this state, u accounted for and paid which he may be accou -The officers mentione times, receive for their established by law, wh nor diminished during t have been elected. ΟΙ -As every freeman, t (if without a sufficient profession, calling, trad honestly subsist, there use in establishing offic of which are dependen freemen, in the possess contention and discord any man is called into of his private affairs, I compensation; and w increase of fees, or oth as to occasion many to to be lessened by the L shall wittingly and will law allows him, it shall holding any office in restored by act of legis

DEDUCTION

-All salaries and fee moderate; and no offic ever without giving to for them, if required, t ular and the charge for --It shall be the duty regulate by law in wh from the salaries of pu any neglect of duty i 136; Ky., 220.