cessary that they should remain in actual possession, in order to maintain their rights or preserve their qualified property; nor should they do so, to the detriment of the property or the inconvenience of the master and crew.Military salvage is that which is earned by rescuing vessels or cargoes from pirates or the public enemy. In cases of recapture, it follows as an incident of prize, and is awarded of course by the court of restitution. The amount of salvage is fixed by statute for most of these cases, and when not so determined must be governed by the general principles of law. SALVANDY, NARCISSE ACHILLE DE, a French author and statesman, born at Condom, Gers, June 11, 1795, died Dec. 15, 1856. In 1813 he left college to enlist in the imperial guard, was wounded at the battle of Brienne, rose to the rank of adjutant-major, and received the cross of the legion of honor from the hand of Napoleon himself at Fontainebleau. He afterward espoused the cause of the Bourbons, and in 1816 published La coalition et la France, which was so objectionable to the commanders of the allied armies that it was seized, and he owed safety to the king's protection. When the foreign armies left France, he was appointed master of requests in the council of state, but in 1821 issued a pamphlet, Des dangers de la situation présente, which caused his dismissal from the council. In 1823 appeared his Alonzo, ou l'Espagne, histoire contemporaine (4 vols. 8vo.), an eloquently written novel. In 1824 he produced Islaor, ou le barde Chrétien, became connected with the Journal des débats, and assisted Châteaubriand in the war he was waging against the ultra royalists. Under Martignac he was recalled to the council of state; but on the accession of Polignac in 1829 he resigned and returned to the Journal des débats. He published in 1829 his Histoire de Pologne avant et sous le roi Jean Sobieski (3 vols. 8vo.). After July, 1830, he kept aloof from the new government. From 1833 to 1848 he was a member of the chamber of deputies, and in 1850 he was admitted to the French academy. From 1837 to 1840 he was minister of public instruction under Count Molé. In 1841 he was appointed ambassador to Spain, but never assumed the office. In 1843 he was sent to Turin in the same capacity and created a count, but in 1844 resigned. In 1845 he was called again to the ministry of public instruction in the Guizot cabinet, and made himself unpopular by stopping the lectures of Quinet, Michelet, and Mickiewicz. On the death of Louis Philippe he was foremost among those who supported and brought about a fusion between the two branches of the Bourbon family.

SALVATOR ROSA. See ROSA. SALVERTE, ANNE JOSEPH EUSEBE BACONNIÈRE DE, a French writer, born in Paris, July 18, 1771, died Oct. 27, 1839. In 1792 he held an office in the ministry of foreign affairs, and in 1793 was appointed professor of algebra in the school of ponts et chaussées. He actively

participated in the insurrection of the Parisian sections in 1795, and was sentenced to death by default, but afterward presented himself before the court and had the sentence reversed. Thenceforth he devoted himself to literary pursuits, publishing Romances et poésies (1798), and other works. From 1815 to 1820 he resided in Geneva. His Essais historiques et philosophiques sur les noms d'hommes, de peuples et de lieux (2 vols., Paris, 1824) and Des sciences occultes (2 vols., Paris, 1829) were portions of a projected history of civilization, which was never completed. In 1828 he became an opposition member of the chamber of deputies, and continued in that body till his death.

SALVI, GIAMBATTISTA. See SASSOFERRATO. SALZBURG. See SALTZBURG.

SALZMANN, CHRISTIAN GOTTHILF, a German Protestant clergyman and teacher, born near Erfurt in 1744, died in 1811. He was for some years pastor of a church in the vicinity of Erfurt, and in 1781 became associated with Basedow in his Philanthropinum. In 1784 he founded at Schnepfenthal, near Gotha, a house of education, in which he developed and tested the theories of Basedow and Rousseau. He published numerous educational works, and Carl de Carlsberg, a romance (6 vols., 1781-5).

SAMANA, a peninsula and bay on the N. E. coast of St. Domingo, West Indies. The peninsula extends from E. to W. 32 m., and is 11 m. wide, terminating in Cape Samana at its W. end, in lat. 19° 18' N., long. 69° 8' W. Sugar Loaf hill, the highest peak, is 1,936 feet above the sea. The choicest timber for ship building and cabinet purposes is found in great abundance. The minerals are copper, gold, and bituminous coal. The peninsula was once an island, but the strip of water separating it from St. Domingo has been filled up by the drifting sands. The bay of Samana lies on the S. side of the peninsula, and is 43 m. long by 8 m. wide. The river Yuma falls into the W. end of the bay. The harbor is one of the finest in the world, and occupies an important commercial and military position. On the N. shore is the town of Santa Barbara, which possesses excellent natural facilities for repairing vessels. In 1853 negotiations were fruitlessly opened with the Dominican republic for the cession of the port of Samana to the United States.

SAMAR. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. SAMARA, an E. government of European Russia, bounded N. E., E., and S. E. by Orenburg, S. by Astrakhan, W. by Saratov, and N. W. by Simbirsk; area, 65,088 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 1,479,081. The river Volga forms its W. frontier, and it is drained by the Samara, the Irgis, and other affluents of the Volga. The government was erected in 1850.-SAMARA, the capital (pop. 11,019), situated near the confluence of the river of that name with the Volga, has an important trade in cattle, sheep, fish, caviar, skins, leather, and tallow.

SAMARANG, a province on the N. coast of Java; area, about 1,425 sq. m.; pop. 624,874,

It has numerous rivers, navigable for boats within the limits of the tide. The S. W. boundary is formed by a volcanic range of mountains which rises to the height of 9,000 and 10,000 feet above the sea. Along the sea there is a low alluvial plain. In 1845 the province exported 82,000 cwt. of coffee, 2,500 tons of sugar, and 1,200,000 lbs. of tobacco.-SAMARANG, the capital, is situated near the mouth of the river Samarang, about 253 m. E. from Batavia; pop. about 50,000. Cotton and leather are manufactured. The commerce of the richest provinces of Java centres here.

SAMARCAND (anc. Maracanda), a walled town of Bokhara, in Toorkistan, 100 m. E. from the city of Bokhara; pop. from 10,000 to 30,000. Samarcand was the capital of Tamerlane's dominions, and in his time had 150,000 inhabitants; and it was long famous as a seat of Mohammedan learning. It then contained 40 colleges, of which only 3 remain; and most of its mosques are in ruins. Tamerlane's coffin is preserved there.

SAMARIA (Heb. Shomeron), a town situated in a district of the same name in middle Palestine, in the tribe of Ephraim, so called after Mt. Samaria, upon which it was founded about 920 B. C. by Omri, the 6th king of Israel. Omri made Samaria the royal residence, and it remained so until the captivity of the 10 tribes. In 721 it was conquered by the Assyrian king Shalmaneser, and peopled with colonists from the Assyrian provinces. In 110 it was besieged, conquered, and razed to the ground by the Maccabean John Hyrcanus; but it must have been soon rebuilt, for in 104 it is mentioned as a town belonging to the Jewish territory. Augustus gave it to Herod the Great, who embellished it with a temple of Augustus and other new buildings, strongly fortified it, and called it, in honor of the emperor, Sebaste (Augusta). The ancient name of the city however was also retained, and is mentioned in the New Testament. The later history of the town is unknown, but a little village, Sebustieh, with some ruins, still exists on its site. Under the Romans a whole district was also called, after the name of the town, Samaria, forming a separate province between Judæa on the S. and Galilee on the N.

SAMARITANS (Heb. Shomeronim, later Cuthim, Cuthmans), the people who sprang, according to the common opinion, after the conquest of the town of Samaria by Shalmaneser, from the mixture of the remaining natives with the foreign colonists from Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Hamath, and Sepharvaim. As they were a mixed race, their religion also assumed a mixed character, the worship of the deities of the pagan colonists being associated with Hebrew rites. In opposition to this view, but more strictly following the biblical narrative (2 Kings, xvii.), Hengstenberg (who has been followed by Havernick, Robinson, and others) has endeavored to show that the entire Hebrew population of Samaria had been carried away,

that the Samaritan people were wholly of heathen origin, and that the Israelitish worship was established when the colonists asked and obtained from the Assyrian king an Israelite priest, in order to appease the supposed wrath of the national deity by the restoration of his worship. After the return of the Jews from the Babylonian captivity the Samaritans asked permission to participate in the restoration of the temple, but it was refused; and from this event (535) dates the inveterate hostility between the Jews and the Samaritans. The alienation was widened when, toward the close of the 5th century B. C., the Persian governor Sanballat, with the permission of the Persian court, erected for the Samaritans on Mt. Gerizim, near Shechem, a temple of Jehovah, and gave them an independent high priesthood, which was bestowed by him upon his son-in-law Manasses, the son of the Jewish high priest. Alexander the Great took a Samaritan army with him to Egypt, where many of them settled in the Thebaid. The colony received reënforcements from Samaria under Ptolemy Soter, and again at the time of John Hyrcanus, who conquered and destroyed that city, finally crushing the power of the Samaritans in Palestine. Remnants of the Egyptian colony are still extant, and form a congregation at Cairo. In Palestine a few families are found at Shechem, now Nabloos. Several attempts have been made by learned Europeans to maintain a correspondence with the remnants of the Samaritans; as by Scaliger in 1559, by several learned men in England in 1675, by the great Ethiopic scholar Ludolf in 1684, and by the distinguished orientalist Sylvestre de Sacy and others. All the letters of the Samaritans written on these occasions, together with an exhaustive essay on their history by De Sacy, may be found in Notices et extraits des MSS. de la bibliothèque du roi (vol. xii., Paris, 1831). The best modern accounts of them have been given by the Americans Fisk ("Missionary Herald," 1824) and Robinson ("Biblical Researches," vol. iii.).-The Samaritans recognize, of the books of the Old Testament, only the Pentateuch, rejecting all the other books of the Hebrew canon, together with the traditions of the Pharisees. Of the Pentateuch they have a translation in the Samaritan language, an Aramaan dialect, mixed with many Hebrew forms and words. In the same language are written their rituals and liturgies, and a number of religious songs or psalms. (See Gesenius, Carmina Samaritana, in his Anecdota Orientalia, Leipsic, 1824.) They have also preserved an ancient Hebrew copy of the Pentateuch, first printed in 1628. It is of great importance to biblical criticism, agreeing with the Septuagint in 2,000 places where that differs from the ordinary Hebrew text. It is written in the old Hebrew characters, closely resembling the Phoenician. When the Arabic became their conversational language, all their Samaritan works were translated into it; and they

have also in Arabic a so called book of Joshua. (See JOSHUA.) We know from the New Testament that the Samaritans, like the Jews, were waiting for a Messiah, who in their later writings is called Hashshaheb or Hattaheb, i. e., the Restorer. Their later writings also prove their belief in spirits and angels, in the immortality of the soul, and in the resurrection. They strictly observed the Mosaic ordinances concerning the sabbath, and in general all the prescriptions of the Mosaic law. Able essays on their history, beside that by De Sacy already mentioned, have been written by Knobel (Zur Geschichte der Samaritaner, in the Denkschriften der Giessener Gesellschaft für Wissenschaft und Kunst, Giessen, 1847), and by Juynboll (Commentarii Historia Gentis Samaritane, Leyden, 1846).

SAMNIUM, a division of ancient Italy, bounded N. by the territories of the Marsi, Peligni, and Marrucini, N. E. by that of the Frentani, E. by Apulia, S. by Lucania, and S. W. and W. by Campania and Latium, and thus comprising the modern district of Molise with some surrounding parts of northern Naples. The country is very mountainous, being occupied by some of the highest mountain groups of the central Apennines. It was watered by the upper sources of the Sagrus (now Sangro), Tifernus (Biferno), Frento (Fortore), Aufidus (Ofanto), and Vulturnus (Voltorno), all of which, except the last, flow into the Adriatic. The principal places were Beneventum (Benevento), Caudium (Ariola)-in the vicinity of which were the narrow passes called Caudine Forks, through which a defeated Roman army had to pass under the yoke in 321 B. C.-Aufidena (Alfidena), Bovianum (Bojanum), and Esernia (Isernia). The two first named towns were inhabited by the Caudini, Aufidena by the Caraceni, and the last two by the Pentri. These 3 tribes constituted the principal divisions of the Samnites, a warlike and libertyloving people of the Sabine race, who conquered the country from the Opicans some time before the foundation of Rome. With this republic the Samnites waged a series of wars, in which Valerius Corvus, Curius Dentatus, Papirius Cursor, Fabius Maximus Rullianus, and other Romans shine as heroes amid frequent calamities and humiliating defeats of their countrymen (343-290 B. C.). The Samnites succumbed after terrible devastations of their country, rose again together with other Italians in the social war (90), and were the last of the allies to yield. During the war of Sylla and Marius they once more tried to recover their independence; but, routed before the capital of their enemies, their army was annihilated, and their country was laid waste and distributed to Roman settlers, the Samnite inhabitants being sold into slavery (82).

SAMOS (called by the Turks Susam-Adassi), an island of the Grecian archipelago, belonging to Turkey, separated from the coast of Asia Minor by the strait of Little Boghaz, and from the island of Icaria by the Great Boghaz;

length 27 m., breadth 12 m.; pop. about 50,000, nearly all Greeks. The chief town is Chora. There are several good harbors on the coast. The interior is traversed by two mountain ranges, one of which attains the height of 4,725 feet in Mt. Kerkis, the Cercetius Mons of the ancients. Samos was anciently celebrated for its fertility. The olive and vine are extensively cultivated; and the exports include grain, silk, cotton, wine, figs, and oil. The original inhabitants of Samos are supposed to have been Carians and Leleges. The Samians planted several colonies on the shores of the Propontis and Egæan, and early in the 6th century B. C. their navy was the most powerful in Greece. The capital, which stood near the site of the present town of Chora, was at that time one of the finest cities in the world. Polycrates, who reigned between the years 532 and 522 B. C., enriched it with a temple to Juno, artificial moles enclosing the harbor, an aqueduct hewn in solid rock to convey water to the town, and an extensive fortified palace. After his death Samos was subject to Persia for 43 years, when it was liberated by the victory over the fleet of Xerxes at Mycale, a promontory opposite the S. E. coast of the island, and became a member of the Athenian league. It revolted, but was conquered by the Athenians in 439. The Romans made it a free city; and in the middle ages it was taken by the Arabs, who were expelled in the 13th century. During the Greek revolution the Samians expelled the Turks from the island, but by the treaty which secured the independence of other parts of Greece Samos remained subject to Turkey. Since 1835 it has been governed by a Greek, styled "prince of Samos," who resides at Constantinople, ruling by deputy, and pays a certain fixed tribute to the sultan.

SAMOTHRACE (modern Gr. Samothraki; Turk. Semendrek), an island of the gaan sea, belonging to Turkey, between Lemnos and the coast of Thrace, and opposite the mouth of the Hebrus (Maritza); area, about 30 sq. m.; pop. 1,500 or 2,000. It is the highest land in the north of the archipelago, and from the peak called Saoce by Pliny (now Mt. Fingaree, 5,240 feet high) Homer represents Neptune as viewing the siege of Troy, which was about 50 m. S. E., the high island of Imbros intervening. It is sterile and destitute of ports, and possesses little historical interest except in connection with the mysteries of the Cabiri, which were celebrated here. (See CABIRI.) Its name (Thracian Samos) has been variously explained, but the statement by Pausanias and others of a connection between its people and those of Samos seems to rest only on conjecture. The people of Samothrace were in early times independent, held fortified places on the mainland, and fought bravely in aid of Xerxes at the battle of Salamis. They were afterward subject to Athens, Philip of Macedon, and Rome, which left them to govern themselves till the time of Vespasian.

SAMOYEDES, or SAMOIDES, a name of unknown origin, applied to a nomadic people inhabiting the northern parts of the Russian empire, both in Europe and Asia. The name, according to Prichard, occurs in the Russian chronicles as early as 1096; but they call themselves Khasovo or Nenetch, i. e., men. The Samoyedes are classed by Latham with the Finns, Lapps, Ostiaks, &c., in the Ugrian race. They were originally spread N. and S. from the Altai mountains to the Arctic ocean, and E. and W. from the White sea nearly to the river Lena; but several centuries ago they were driven from their best possessions by Mongol tribes. They are still met with in groups from the White sea to the river Khatanga, but the space between the Obi and the Yenisei may now be considered their principal seat. Their whole number is estimated at not more than 20,000, divided into several tribes speaking different languages or dialects. They are mostly idolaters, of small stature and repulsive features, but peaceably disposed. They dwell in tents of reindeer skin, and live upon the products of the reindeer and of fishing, gathering also furs and peltries with which they pay their tribute to the Russian government. SAMPHIRE (crithmum maritimum, Linn.), a very succulent plant of the natural order umbellifera, with fleshy, bipinnate or tripinnate leaves of a few lanceolate leaflets, and with compound umbels of small white flowers destitute of a true calyx; the seeds oblong and similar to a grain of barley, whence (Gr. 8, barley) is derived its generic name. The samphire is found upon stone walls, rocks, and rocky cliffs, by the sea shores of Britain, the roots penetrating deep into the crevices by means of their numerous strong fibres. It has been cultivated in sand and rubbish, the soil being dressed in the spring with powdered barilla. Under this treatment two crops of leaves and shoots can be procured in a season. It makes a favorite pickle, very provocative of appetite. -The American samphire, which grows abundantly on salt marshes and near salt springs, and which is sometimes used for the same purpose, consists of the several species of salicornia, a genus of chenopodiaceous plants, with succulent, jointed, leafless stems and opposite branches; the flowers are small, sessile, and immersed in the hollows of the swollen upper joints. In the autumn the marshes are rendered brilliant by the deep crimson color of S. mucronata, which changes from its usual glaucous green at that season of the year.

SAMPSON, a S. E. co. of N. C., bordered W. by South river and drained by Black river and its branches, the Great Colura and Little Colura; area, 940 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 16,623, of whom 8,095 were slaves. The surface is undulating and the soil sandy but fertile. There are extensive forests of pitch pine. The productions in 1850 were 426,805 bushels of Indian corn and 239,557 of sweet potatoes. There were 51 tar and turpentine manufac

tories, 2 turpentine distilleries, 24 churches, and 3,317 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Clinton.

SAMSON (Heb. Shimshon), a judge of Israel, celebrated for his bodily strength and his tragical end. He was the son of Manoah, of the tribe of Dan, and born before the middle of the 12th century B. C. His birth was announced by a heavenly messenger, and, as he was to be a Nazarite from his birth, his mother was directed to conform her own regimen during her pregnancy to the tenor of the Nazarite law. At the age of 20 he began to evince his destination as the deliverer of his people from the power of the Philistines, by the occasional access of superhuman strength. In all 12 great achievements are recorded of him, 7 of which are connected with his love for his Philistine wife, and 5 with his love for two women of loose character. The latter of these, Delilah of Sorek, by blandishments ascertained from him that the secret of his strength lay in his hair, which had never been shorn. Having entered into a plot against him with the Philistines, she shaved his head while he lay sleeping in her lap; he was then arrested by his enemies, deprived of his sight, and made to grind at the mill like a slave. But in the process of time, when his hair grew long, he regained his strength; and on a festival of the Philistines, when an immense multitude were assembled in a large temple, he persuaded his guide to conduct him to a spot where he could reach the two pillars upon which the roof of the building rested. He grasped the pillars and shook them till the building fell, burying the whole assembly, himself included, beneath the ruins. He is said to have been judge of Israel for 20 years; but whether this was before Eli, or simultaneously with him, is not clear. The Epistle to the Hebrews counts him among the heroes of faith in the old covenant.

SAMSON, GEORGE WHITFIELD, D.D., an American Baptist clergyman, born at Harvard, Worcester co., Mass, Sept. 29, 1819. He was graduated at Brown university in 1839, and at Newton theological institution in 1843, and was pastor of the 4 street Baptist church, Washington, D. C., till Oct. 1849. In 1847 he spent a year in making the tour of southern Europe, Palestine, and Syria. He received the degree of D.D. from Columbian college, Washington, in 1858, and was elected president of that college in 1859, which position he still holds. In 1848 he published a series of letters on Egypt, Palestine, and Italy, beside several articles on Goshen, Mount Sinai, &c., in reviews; and in 1852 a work entitled To Daimonion, republished and much enlarged in 1860, under the title of "Spiritualism Tested." He is also the author of several historical pamphlets and critical essays on art.

SAMUEL (Heb. Shemuel, "heard of God"), the last of the judges of Israel. He was the

of Elkanah, of Ramathaim-Zophim of

Mount Ephraim, and of Hannah, and was born in the latter part of the 12th century B. C. Even before his birth his mother had bound him to the obligations of a Nazarite, and consequently he was set apart from his early youth to the service of the Lord in the tabernacle at Shiloh, under the immediate tutelage of the judge, Eli. He soon received special prophetic messages from God to his people, the first of which concerned the doom of Eli's apostate house. After this Samuel disappears from history until 20 years after the death of Eli, when he issued a manifesto, urging on the people to remain faithful in the worship of the Lord, and promising them speedy deliverance from the Philistines. At this time he seems to have been himself elected judge, an office which he held for about 20 years, and administered with great energy, restoring everywhere the neglected national worship. The Philistines, the most dangerous foes of Israel, were routed, and did not recruit their strength during the remainder of his administration. The Amorites, the eastern foes of Israel, also remained at peace with him. His dwelling was at Ramah, and in his old age he appointed two of his sons deputy judges at Beersheba. As they "perverted judgment and took bribes," the people became dissatisfied, and demanded a king. Samuel, with great reluctance, at length yielded to this demand, and anointed Saul the first king of Israel. His influence in state affairs continued to be felt; he rebuked Saul on several occasions, and at length, by divine order, anointed David before the demise of Saul as second king. He did not live to see the end of the contest between Saul and David, dying before 1060 B. C. According to Jewish tradition, he was the author of the book of Judges and of a part of the books of Samuel. (See HEBREWS.)

SAMUEL, BOOKS OF, two canonical books of the Old Testament, anciently reckoned by the Jews as one book. The present division into two books dates from the edition of the Hebrew Bible by Bomberg, and is derived from the Septuagint and Vulgate, in both which versions they are termed the 1st and 2d books of Kings. They consist of 3 connected biographies, those of Samuel, Saul, and David. According to an ancient opinion the first 24 chapters were written by Samuel, the rest by Nathan and Gad. From the circumstance that the death of David is not recorded, though his last words are given, it has been inferred that the books must have been composed prior to the monarch's death, or at least about that period. Other passages, however, as the mention of the kingdom of Judah, point to a later origin. All the modern commentators agree that in the compilation of the books of Samuel several older books have been made use of by the author; but as to the number and character of these sources of information they do not agree. Some writers, as Hobbes, Spinoza, Simon, Le Clerc, Eichhorn, Thenius, and De Wette, have

maintained that the book contains contradictory statements; but their arguments have been answered by Carpzovius, Davidson (“Biblical Hermeneutics"), Hengstenberg, Hävernick, Welte, Keil, and others.

SAN ANTONIO, or SAN ANTONIO DE BEXAR, the capital of Bexar co., Texas, on one of the head streams of San Antonio river, 110 m. S. W. from Austin; pop. in 1850, 3,488; in 1860, 8,274. It has a U.S. arsenal, and a Methodist, a Presbyterian, and 2 Roman Catholic churches. This town has been the scene of several battles, including the massacre of the Texan patriots of the Alamo in 1836. (See ALAMO.) It is one of the oldest towns in North America, and was originally settled by Spaniards.-The San Antonio river is formed by the Medina and Salado rivers, about 15 m. S. E. of San Antonio, and flows into Espiritu Santo bay after a general S. E. course of about 150 m.

SAN AUGUSTINE, an E. co. of Texas, bordered W. by Angelina river and Attoyac bayou, and drained by their branches; area, 530 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 4,094, of whom 1,717 were slaves. The soil is very rich, and the county is noted for its fine cotton. The productions in 1850 were 1,020 bales of cotton, 115,284 bushels of Indian corn, and 32,400 of sweet potatoes. The capital, San Augustine (pop. 1,500), contains a university, 3 churches, and a Wesleyan college.

SAN BERNARDINO, a S. E. co. of California, bordering on New Mexico, bounded E. partly by the Colorado river and S. W. by the coast range of mountains, and drained by the Mohave and San Bernardino rivers; area, over 15,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 5,554. The surface is in many parts rough and mountainous. In the valleys the soil is fertile. Iron, copper, lead, silver, and quicksilver are found. The productions in 1858 were 18,500 bushels of wheat, 24,000 of barley, and 100,000 of Indian corn; and there were 75,000 grape vines, 3 grist mills, and 7 saw mills. Capital, San Bernardino.

SAN BLAS, a seaport town of Jalisco, Mexico, on an island at the mouth of the Rio Grande de Santiago, 37 m. S. W. from Tepic, of which it is the port; pop. 3,000. The harbor is indifferent and the climate unhealthy. In 1852 the arrivals of vessels amounted to 32,321 tons.

SAN DIEGO, a S. co. of California, bounded E. by the Colorado river, separating it from New Mexico, S. by Mexico, and W. by the Pacific; area, 13,000 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 4,326. It is intersected by the coast range of mountains. The soil in the level portion is rich; the mountainous regions abound in valuable timber, and gold, silver, lead, copper, and coal are found. The productions in 1858 were 60,000 bushels of barley, 10,500 of wheat, 3,000 of oats, and 20,000 lbs. of grapes.—SAN DIEGO, the capital, is situated on a bay of the same name; pop. about 2,000. It was the first civilized settlement in California, and has a Roman Catholic church, 2 or 3 Protestant churches, and a printing office.