The dimensions of space dwarf our national differences on earth. If we are to win space as the outpost of peace, all men may— and should-share in that endeavor. We, with our great resources and our great abilities, must not allow the leadership to slip from our grasp. The world in which we live is a world in which danger abounds. There is no greater danger, though, than for us to shrink from the responsibilities of the hour. Ahead, if we move with speed, if we move with daring, we shall find fulfillment of our quest for peace. If we are to reach such a goal, our response must begin now. This, more than we realize, is the year of decision, the year our course is set. In such a year, we need be responsible men, loyal to our nation, faithful to freedom, strangers to partisanship, and friends with the imagination that has been so much a part of our heritage. THE GOAL IS TOTAL PEACE-EXCERPTS FROM STATEMENTS BY UNITED STATES SENATOR LYNDON B. JOHNSON ADDRESS IN HOUSTON, TEX., DECEMBER 4, 1957 There is something much bigger and more important in front of us than a few pieces of military hardware. Ballistic missiles and the other fantastic weapons now on the drawing boards are not to be despised.. But they do not hold the key to the future. They are only a small part of the future-a part which will become obsolete almost as soon as it is developed. What is really before us is something that should have a deep appeal to the American soul. It is a new frontier-a new agethat is exciting and challenging. What we are doing is stepping into the age of space. ADDRESS BEFORE MEETING OF DEMOCRATIC CONFERENCE, JANUARY 7, 1958 Within the short weeks since October 4, man has become master of horizons far beyond our imagination. We must respect this mastery, and from that respect we must, more than ever, seek to bring all men together in cooperative effort. The goals now within reach of the human race are too great to be divided as spoils, too great for the world to waste its efforts in a blind race between competitive nations. The conference table is more important now than ever it has been, and we should welcome to its chairs all men of all nations. ADDRESS BEFORE MEETING OF CBS AFFILIATES, JANUARY 14, 1958 Our greatest need in this hour is to unleash the pioneering spirit and the daring and brilliance of our people and set this Nation's course on the pursuit of peace. It would be appropriate and fitting for our Nation to demonstrate its initiative before the United Nations by inviting all member nations to join in this adventure into outer space together. ADDRESS ON THE FLOOR OF THE SENATE, JANUARY 27, 1958 I do, however, have a great deal of faith in efforts to outlaw war when they are accompanied by positive steps to bring people together in cooperation. When people work together to face a great challenge, they tend to lose their suspicion of each other. They become absorbed in the task before them-and fighting as an instrument of policy fades from the picture. It is for this reason that I believe the current situation affords us such a great opportunity. There are positive steps which we can take in concert with the other nations of the world to face the great challenge presented by outer space. ADDRESS ON THE FLOOR OF THE SENATE, FEBRUARY 4, 1958 Our plans for peace must progress jointly and must be as firm as our plans for defense. In other words, this must be a joint effort. We must not spend all our billions of dollars and make all our plans to fight a war which may never be fought. But in preparing our Nation and in purchasing the implements, the missiles, the planes, and the submarines which may be necessary to prevent a war, we should also have some positive, affirmative plan for peace, to go alongside our preparedness efforts. Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. FULBRIGHT. This development disturbs me very much. The headline, indicating that the Soviets are taking a suggestion which was made long ago and I recall particularly the majority leader's statement early in the session about the control of space-and are now using the same ideas as great propaganda, confuses me very much. [Congressional Record, March 21, 1958] CANAVERAL CALLED A STUDY IN SPACE-TRAVEL "STONE AGE" Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. President, I should like to call to the attention of the Senate a very excellent article written by the distinguished commentator for the New York Herald Tribune, Mr. Roscoe Drummond. Mr. Drummond has been at Cape Canaveral, the testing range for America's missiles. It seems to me that he has captured in a few words the spirit of the fantastic age which we are entering. With his usual keen perception, Mr. Drummond has highlighted the rapid progress being made and the potentialities of that progress. He has deftly brought to the forefront the physical facts which put into stark perspective the implications of scientific advance. As he has pointed out, science is outrunning diplomacy. [From the New York Herald Tribune of March 21, 1958] CANAVERAL CALLED A STUDY IN SPACE-TRAVEL "STONE AGE" (By Roscoe Drummond) CAPE CANAVERAL, FLA.-After a firsthand look at this fabulous testing center for Army, Navy, and Air Force rockets, missile and satellites, there is only one safe guide for the layman: Believe anything; if it isn't here already, it's just around the corner. Your first impression of this $400 million "shooting gallery," which stretches from Patrick Air Force Base, the launching site for missiles, across a series of 12 major tracking stations 5,000 miles from the mainland of Florida to Ascension Island in the South Atlantic-is one of precise, minute and massive complexity. It is so vastly complex, so breathlessly flicking in its mechanical computations and electronic decisions that you can hardly grasp, at first, what Maj. Gen. Donald N. Yates, commander of the Air Force test center, is talking about when he says that in missiles we are only in the advanced Stone Age. But when you see what lies behind what is happening here at Cape Canaveral and what is going to be happening, you know that General Yates is warning you not to turn your head because tomorrow will be here before you can close your eyes. Here are some of the reasons: The rocket capacity is at hand now to put up a 1-ton satellite. The facilities and components are available today at Cape Canaveral to put a satellite in orbit around the moon 239,000 miles away. And it is harder to put a satellite in orbit around the moon than to strike the moon with an object. It is now entirely practicable for this center alone to test as many as 900 missiles during the next 12 months. General Yates reports that 3 missiles have been test-launched in a single day here and that this could go on indefinitely. What you begin to realize is that outer space is coming at us at a terrific speed or vice versa-and that the sputniks, Explorer, and Vanguard are just the horseless carriages of man's travel away from the earth. Not that there will be no more failures in the testing of missiles and satellites. It wouldn't be surprising to see a dozen United States objects orbiting in outer space in the next year-and some will fall short. When you view the testing process on the spot you wonder that there haven't been more failures. You realize that the experts are not alibiing when they say that some of the failures, so-called, have been planned-there will be another one soon-in order to determine how much and what kind of punishment a missile can take. The rule here is that any test is a substantial success if the information desired from the test is substantially obtained. Did I say that the missiles and the testing processes were a little complex? General Yates describes one aspect of it this way: "The electronics system of a guided missile contains at least 12,000 electronic components. It is estimated that a missile has 36,000 to 37,000 items which must function properly if its flight is to be successful. In order to insure satisfactory operation of 3 out of 4 missiles the failure of any single electronic item must be limited to once in about 100,000 items. To make matters more difficult, missiles operate through a range of speeds, acceleration, vibrations, altitudes, and temperatures never before experienced by our engineers." Telemetering is also quite a feat. This is the principal source of information on what is happening inside missiles. The Cape Canaveral specialists receive a telemetry data on as many as 175 separate functions on each flight, which will yield as many as 250,000 individual readings obtained through telemetry antenna. Such antenna, placed aboard ships at sea especially for the purpose, cover the 5,000-mile trajectory of a ballistic missile. Cameras photograph twice every second a missile traveling at a speed which would take it from New York to Boston in 45 seconds. All this and related data keep the missiles tracked continuously in flight with no more margin for error than 1 missile length. Here at Cape Canaveral both weapons and instruments of scientific investigation are going into outer space. According to the letters now going back and forth between Mr. Eisenhower and Mr. Bulganin, both are to be discussed at a summit conference. The real question is whether man can win control of outer space without losing control of his own destiny. So far, science is outrunning diplomacy. [Congressional Record, March 25, 1958] APPOINTMENT OF STAFF MEMBERS OF THE SENATE SPECIAL COMMITTEE Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. President, for the information of the Senate, I should like to announce that, after consultation with the distinguished ranking minority member of the Senate Special Committee on Space and Astronautics, the senior Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. Bridges], I have made the following appointments to the staff of the committee: Edwin L. Weisl, of New York, consulting counsel. Dr. Homer Joe Stewart, of California Institute of Technology, scientific consultant. Mr. Weisl and Mr. Vance served as special counsel and assistant counsel, respectively, during the inquiry by the Senate Armed Services Preparedness Subcommittee into the Nation's satellite and missile programs. Dr. Stewart, a professor of aeronautics, served as technical consultant during the same inquiry. Mr. Weisl and M. Vance have such heavy commitments that they cannot possibly serve the Space Committee on a full-time basis. But they have agreed to advise and consult with the committee, and the knowledge they gained during the Preparedness Subcommittee investigation will be invaluable. Dr. Stewart is one of the best informed men in his field. The work he did for the Preparedness Subcommittee was impressive, and we are fortunate that once again he has agreed to offer his services. BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS INTRODUCED IN THE 85TH CONGRESS, 2D SESSION, THROUGH APRIL 14, 1958, PERTAINING TO OUTER SPACE Twenty-nine bills and resolutions have been introduced which are concerned with outer space. The first group of bills listed below is concerned with the establishment of congressional committees, for dealing with legislation in this area: H. R. 9668 (Keating of New York), II. R. 9901 (Boggs of Louisiana), H. R. 9613 (Brooks of Louisiana), House Joint Resolution 489) (Fulton of Pennsylvania), and Senate Concurrent Resolution 53 (Javits): All of these measures would establish a Joint Committee on Outer Space patterned after the Joint Atomic Energy Committee. The first two (H. R. 9668 and H. R. 9901) would establish an 18-man committee while the others would call for 14 men. Senate Resolution 256 (Johnson): Sets up a special 13-man Space Committee in the Senate. (Passed February 6.) House Resolution 473 (Coad of Iowa): Identical language as Senate Resolution 256, but setting up a 31-man Space Committee in the House. House Resolution 474 (Brooks of Louisiana): Same as House Resolution 473 except it calls for a 13-man committee. House Resolution 496 (McCormack of Massachusetts): Similar to House Resolution 474. (Passed March 5.) House Resolution 478 (Keating of New York): Amends rule X of the House by establishing an 11-man Committee on Outer Space. The following bills have been introduced to establish or expand existing agencies for operation of projects concerned with outer space: H. R. 9874 (Lane of Massachusetts) and H. R. 9966 (Coad of Iowa): These bills are similar and would establish a separate Outer Space Commission patterned after the Atomic Energy Commission. H. R. 10271 (Durham of North Carolina), H. R. 10352 (Holifield of California), and S. 3117 (Anderson) are identical bills. This proposal would amend the Atomic Energy Act to give the responsibility for outer space development to the Atomic Energy Commission. Authorizes an initial $50 million for this purpose. S. 3000 (Gore): Contains a provision authorizing and directing the AEC to accelerate existing programs for the development of nuclear rocket propulsion and a "manned vehicle powered by nuclear propulsion and capable of sustained travel outside the earth's atmosphere." H. R. 11188 (Frelinghuysen of New Jersey) and H. R. 11860 (Fulton of Pennsylvania): Gives the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA) the authority to conduct experi |