Thither I bent my way, with Domingo, and undertook the sad task of preparing Virginia's mother and her friend for the melancholy event which had happened.

When we reached the entrance of the valley of the river of Fan-Palms, some negroes informed us that the sea had thrown many pieces of the wreck into the opposite bay. We descended toward it, and one of the first objects which struck my sight was the corpse of Virginia. The body was half-covered with sand, and in the attitude in which we had seen her perish. Her features were not changed; her eyes were closed, her countenance was still serene; but the pale violets of death were blended on her cheek with the blush of virgin modesty. One of her hands was placed upon her clothing, and the other, which she held over her heart, was fast closed, and so stiffened that it was with difficulty I took from its grasp a small box. How great was my emotion when I saw that it contained a picture of Paul, which she had promised him never to part with while she lived. At the sight of this last mark of the fidelity and tenderness of the unfortunate girl, I wept bitterly. As for Domingo, he beat his breast, and pierced the air with his cries. We carried the body of Virginia to a fisher's hut, and gave it in charge of some poor Malabar women, who carefully washed away the sand.-Paul and Virginia.

SAINTSBURY, GEORGE EDWARD BATEMAN, an English critic and translator, born at Southampton, October 23, 1845. He was educated at King's College School, London. In 1863 he was elected to a postmastership at Merton College, Oxford, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1868, and that of M.A. in 1873. After holding for a few months a mastership in the Manchester Grammar School, he became senior classical master in Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and held that post from 1868 to 1874. In the latter year he was appointed to the head-mastership of the Elgin Educational Institute, which he resigned in 1876. For many years he has been a frequent contributor to the London periodical press on literary and political subjects. He has also published A Primer of French Literature (1880); Dryden (1881), in the series of English Men of Letters; French Lyrics (1882); A Short History of French Literature (1882); Specimens of French Literature (1883); Specimens of English Prose Style (1885); Marlborough (1885), in the series of English Worthies; besides contributing to the Encyclopædia Britannica, superintending a revised edition of Scott's Dryden, editing several volumes of Selections from French Authors for the Clarendon Press, and furnishing Prefaces to some reprints of English classics. In 1893 he edited Herrick and Fielding. Later he edited and

translated the works of Balzac, and published a version of that writer's Chouans. Other works of his are Essays on English Literature (1890); Essays on French Novelists (1891); Political Verse (1891); Seventeenth Century Lyrics (1891); an edition of Florio's Montaigne (1892); a translation of the Heptameron (1894). He is also the editor of The Pocket Library of English Literature.

THE RELATION OF FRENCH TO LATIN.

Of ail European literatures the French is, by general consent, that which possesses the most uniformly fertile, brilliant, and unbroken history. In actual age it may possibly yield to others, but the connection between the language of the oldest and the language of the newest French literature is far closer than in these other cases, and the fecundity of medieval writers in France far exceeds that of their rivals elsewhere. For something like three centuries England, Germany, Italy, and, more doubtfully and to a smaller extent, Spain, were content for the most part to borrow the matter and the manner of their literary work from France. This brilliant literature was however long before it assumed a regularly organized form, and in order that it might do so a previous literature and a previous language had to be dissolved and precipitated anew. With a few exceptions, to be presently noticed, French literature is not to be found till after the year 1000, that is to say, until a greater lapse of time had passed since Cæsar's campaigns than has passed from the later date to the present day. Taking the earliest of all monuments, the Strasburg Oaths, as a starting-point, we may say that French language and French literature were nine hundred years in process of formation. The result was a remarkable one in linguistic history. French is unquestionably a daughter of Latin, yet it is not such a daughter as Italian or Spanish. A knowledge of the older language would enable a reader who knew no other to spell out, more or less painfully, the meaning

of most pages of the two Peninsular languages; it would hardly enable him to do more than guess at the meaning of a page of French. The long process of gestation transformed the appearance of the new tongue completely, though its grammatical forms and the bulk of its vocabulary are beyond all question Latin. The history of this process belongs to the head of language, not of literature, and must be sought elsewhere. It is sufficient to say that the first mention of a lingua romana rustica is found in the seventh century, while allusions in Latin documents show us its gradual use in pulpit and market-place, and even as a vehicle for the rude songs of the minstrel, long before any trace of written French can be found.-From A Short History of French Literature.

SAINT-SIMON, LOUIS DE ROUVROI, DUKE DE, a French statesman, soldier, and writer of memoirs, born at Versailles, January 15, 1675; died on his estate, La Ferté, near Paris, March 2, 1755. He was the son of a duke and peer of France, a descendant of Charlemagne, and early became a duke and peer himself. His studies were pursued under the direction of his mother, Charlotte de l'Aubespine, and he became proficient in Latin, German, and history. He entered the French army and distinguished himself during the siege of Namur in 1691, and in other campaigns, but resigned his commission in 1702. He became prominent at the French Court, opposed the Jesuits, and in 1704 proposed to end the Spanish war of succession by ceding land to Austria, and his suggestions were in a measure adopted as a basis for the treaty of Utrecht. After the death of Louis XIV. he became a member of the council, and aided the Duke of Orleans in obtaining the regency. He negotiated the marriage of the Infanta of Spain with Louis XV., and soon after his return from Madrid abandoned his relations with the government and retired to his estates.

The Memoirs of Saint-Simon extend over a long period, and refer chiefly to the latter days of Louis XIV., and relate every trivial circumstance that occurred at Court during this period. Shortly