displeased because they were excluded from the franchise, whether owners of property or not. William L. Green, the head of the new Cabinet, is an American by birth, who served in the Northern army during the war of secession, afterward established himself as a merchant and planter in the Hawaiian Islands, and was formerly premier in 1881 and 1882. Godfrey Brown, the Minister of Finance, is the son of an Englishman who held the office of Register of Accounts. The Attorney-General, C. Ashford, is a Canadian by birth, who was Lieutenant-Colonel of the Honolulu Rifles, and was previous to his appointment a lawyer in private practice. L. A. Thurston, the Chief of the Home Office, was born in the islands of an American missionary family, and was a leader of the Opposition in the Legislature.

Ex-Premier Gibson and his son-in-law, F. H. Hayselden, were charged with the embezzlement of public money. After proceedings had been begun, the Attorney-General withdrew the complaint against Gibson, and on July 13 he was allowed to depart on a steamer for San Francisco. Hayselden was accused of forgery in raising the figures on bills given by the Government for labor in 1883, but the AttorneyGeneral was unable to connect him with the crime. Queen Kapiolani, who had been visiting the United States and England, and had received many attentions in both countries, arrived from San Francisco by steamer in the beginning of August. The American naval steamer" Adams" arrived at Honolulu after the revolution, and was ordered to remain. The British cruisers " Conquest" and "Triumph" were ordered thither from Vancouver before the outbreak, but did not arrive till after the Adams."

There were many among the natives who considered that the King had been badly treated, and who were strongly attached to the idea of royalty and opposed to the republican sentiments that pervaded the American element, which was most active in the revolution. The partial transfer of political power from the native-born subjects of the King to white residents furnished a grievance which was made much of by the partisans of Kalakaua, who prolonged the crisis by declaring the new Constitution invalid and the King's oath, which had been given under duress, of no binding force. They were sustained in their contention by the law, for the old Constitution defined the manner in which it could be amended, which was by the vote of two successive Legislatures.

The Cabinet was obliged to raise a temporary loan of $200,000 to meet pressing demands on the Government. A dispute arose between the ministers and Fruhlung and McFarlane, the negotiators of the English loan of $2,000,000. On the first $1,000,000 the sum of $200,000 was retained as a commission. The Government refused to pay this. The matter was

brought before the Supreme Court, which decided that the loan was illegal, since the terms of the loan-bill had not been complied with. The British creditors appealed to their consul, who not only protested against the repudiation of the terms of the loan, but threatened to summon a squadron to enforce the rights of his countrymen. The ministry finally gave way, and the Legislature approved the loan by a vote of 38 to 13.

A general election was held in October, and the new Legislature came together on November 3. A bill was passed restricting Chinese immigration to 300 every three months. In December the King vetoed a bill abolishing the office of Governor of Oahu, held by his brother-in-law, John D. Dominis, husband of the heiress-presumptive, and afterward a bill providing for the performance of the duties pertaining to that office. The Ministry denied his right to veto legislation, except by their advice. Fiery speeches were made in the Assembly by the Attorney-General, the Minister of the Interior, and others. The King proposed to submit the question to the Supreme Court, and when the Legislature declined to act with him, passing a resolution denying his right to veto, wrote to the court asking its advice. After a long hearing the judges were unable to agree on a decision, two of them upholding the King, and two sustaining the views of the Cabinet and Legislature. The King vetoed two other bills, one to restrict the sale of liquor, and one relating to the police. He conveyed to trustees all his property, consisting of a life interest in the crown lands, and other real estate that he owned in fee, for the purpose of paying off his debts, which amounted to $250,000, besides the $71,000 that the Chinese merchant claimed to have paid him as a bribe.

Reciprocity Treaty with the United States.-The convention that was concluded between the United States and Hawaii on Jan. 30, 1875, was to continue in force for seven years, after the expiration of which it could be terminated on twelve months' notice by either of the contracting parties. On Dec. 6, 1884, a new treaty was signed at Washington by Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, Secretary of State, and Henry A. P. Carter, the Hawaiian Minister. The United States Senate did not confirm this treaty till Jan. 20, 1887, when it received 43 votes in its favor against 11 contrary votes. The treaty, besides the reciprocity clause, contained an additional article permitting the United States to occupy Pearl river harbor, on the island of Oahu, as a conling-station. This concession excited the jealousy of the English. The harbor is a deep and capacious one, in which the largest navy in the world could lie in safety. It can never be utilized, however, until a channel is cut through the bar, composed principally of coral rock, which now shuts it off from the ocean. The supplementary convention, renewing the former convention respecting commercial reciprocity and

granting the use of Pearl river harbor, consists of the following articles:

ARTICLE I. The high contracting parties agree that the time fixed for the duration of the said convention shall be definitely extended for a term of seven years from the date of the exchange of ratifications hereof, and further until the expiration of twelve months after either of the high contracting parties shall give notice to the other of its wish to terminate the same, each of the high contracting parties being at liberty to give such notice to the other at the end of the said term of seven years or at any time thereafter.

ART. II. His Majesty the King of the Hawaiian Islands, grants to the Government of the United States the exclusive right to enter the harbor of Pearl river, in the island of Oahu, and to establish and maintain there a coaling and repair station for the use of vessels of the United States, and to that end the United States may improve the entrance to said harbor, and do all other things needful to the purpose aforesaid.

ART. III. The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications exchanged at Washington as soon as possible.

It was duly ratified, and was made public by a proclamation of President Cleveland, issued on Nov. 9, 1887. The second section was added to the supplementary convention during its discussion in the Senate. The Hawaiian Government would not accede to it without an understanding with the Government at Washington as to its interpretation, and both Governments agreed that it did not involve a transfer of sovereign rights, or a cession in perpetuity, but that at the expiration of the treaty the right of the United States to the coaling and repair station should cease.

HAYDEN, FERDINAND VANDEVEER, an American geologist, born in Westfield, Mass., Sept. 7, 1829; died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 22, 1887. He was graduated at Oberlin College in 1850 (having early in life settled on the Western Reserve, in Obio), and took his doctor's degree at the Albany Medical College in 1853. During the same year he began his career as a geologist, and was sent by James Hall, State Geologist of New York, to the Bad Lands of Dakota, where he explored one of the remarkable deposits of extinct animals, and returned to Albany with a valuable collection of fossil vertebrates. In 1854 he again went West, and after spending two years in exploring the basin of the Upper Missouri river, returned with a large number of fossils, part of which he deposited in the St. Louis Academy of Science, and the remainder in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. He was employed in February 1856, by Lieut. (afterward General) Gouverneur K. Warren, of the United States Topographical Engineers, to make a report on the district he had just explored. In May, 1856, he was appointed geologist on the staff of Lieut. Warren, who was engaged during 1855-57 in making a reconnoissance of the Northwest in what is now known as Dakota. Dr. Hayden continued so occupied until May, 1859, when he was appointed naturalist and surgeon to the expedition sent to explore the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers under Capt. William F. Raynolds,

was ordered to Winchester, Va., as chief medical officer of the Army of the Shenandoah. He remained with this command until May, 1865, when he resigned from the army and was breveted lieutenant-colonel for meritorious service. In 1865 he was elected Professor of Mineralogy and Geology in the University of Pennsylvania, and held that chair until 1872, when the press of official duties compelled his resignation. He again visited the valley of the Upper Missouri during the summer of 1866 for the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and gathered valuable vertebrate fossils. In 1867 Congress provided for the geological survey of Nebraska, then recently admitted to the Union. The direction of the work was assigned to Dr. Hayden, and in 1868 he extended his investigations into the Territory of Wyoming. In April, 1869, this work was reorganized under the title of "The Geological Survey of the Territories of the United States." During the subsequent years, until 1872, Dr. Hayden conducted a series of geological explorations in Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado, the scope of investigation including, besides geology, the natural history, climatology, resources, and ethnology of the region. In 1873 geography was added to the work of the survey, and the name became "The Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories." Meanwhile, in 1871, a portion of the country at the sources of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers was explored, including the Yellowstone Lake and the geysers and hot springs of FireHole, or Upper Madison river. The wonders

of this region soon became known, and as a result of his explorations an act was passed by Congress in 1872 by which the district now known as the Yellowstone Park was 66 reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, or sale, under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people." The work of the survey was systematically carried on along the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado and Wyoming, until 1879, when the four surveys then in the field were consolidated into the United States Geological Survey. (See GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, in "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1885.) Dr. Hayden was a candidate for the directorship of the new survey, but Clarence King received the appointment, and he at once invited Dr. Hayden to take charge of the work in the region of the sources of the Mississippi, or the division of Montana, with the rank of geologist. He continued in the active prosecution of the duties of this office until December, 1886, when failing health caused his resignation. Dr. Hayden was a member of scientific societies both in the United States and in Europe, and in 1873 was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. The honorary degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by the University of Rochester in 1876, and by the University of Pennsylvania in 1887. His scientific papers were about fifty in number, and appeared in the "American Journal of Science," "The Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences," and in the transactions of other learned societies. His principal publications were issued by the Government, and included annual reports from 1867 to 1879, descriptive of the region surveyed each year, with special reports on the palæontology, natural history, and similar subjects; also "Miscellaneous Publications" designed to give information on subjects of interest connected with the West, and finally a series of quarto volumes entitled "Reports of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories." To most of these volumes he was a contributor, and as United States geologist in charge of the survey, their editor.

HAYTI, a republic in the West Indies, covering the western third of the island of Santo Domingo. (For details relating to territorial divisions, population, etc., see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1883.)

Government. The President is Gen. Salomon, re-elected for seven years, dating from May 1, 1887. The Cabinet is as follows: Foreign Affairs and Public Worship, Brutus St. Victor; Justice and Public Instruction, Lechaud; War and Navy, Tirésias S. Sam; Interior and Agriculture, C. Arteaud; and Finance and Commerce, Callisthène Touchard. President of the Senate, Maignan; President of the Chamber, D. Théodore; Director of the National Bank, A. Jung. The United States Minister resident at Port-au-Prince is Dr. John E. W. Thompson; the Haytian Minister to the United States,

Stephen Preston; American Consul at Cape Haytien, Stanislas Goutier; Haytian ConsulGeneral at New York, Ebenezer D. Bassett.

Army and Navy. The standing army is composed of the guard, 650 strong, and the line, 6,178 strong. The navy comprises 5 men-ofwar, 1 of which is armored, the total armament being 30 guns.

Postal Service. There were in operation in 1885 three general post-offices, which forwarded 212,380 letters and postal-cards, and 144,814 newspapers and sample-packages, the receipts being 67,842 francs, and the expenses 135,360.

Finances. The public indebtedness in 1886 amounted to $13,500,000, consisting of the foreign loan of 1875, $4,320,000, and the home debt of $9,180,000. The budget for 1887-'88 estimates the expenditure at $4,066,236. During the autumn of 1887 the Minister of Finance submitted to the National Assembly the project of a loan in Europe to the extent of 10,000,000 francs, but that body withheld its authority to issue the loan on the plea that, in view of the good coffee-crop prospects for 1887-'88, there was hope that Haytian finances would get along without such appeal to foreign credit. In consequence of the rise in coffee, Haytian finances have steadily improved, the gold premium declining from its former range of 20 to 30 per cent. to 2 to 6 per cent. The Minister of Finance has meanwhile carried through a notable financial reform. Hitherto the public functionaries and military were paid in treasury notes worth only 15 to 35 per cent. of their face value in the open market. Under authority from the National Assembly the Minister made an arrangement with the Banque Nationale d'Haiti to the effect that for five consecutive years the latter engages to pay all salaries against a commission-charge of 2 per cent. As security for the reimbursement of such outlay, the Government pledges the import duties. In May the National Assembly raised the export duty on coffee $1.20 gold the 100 pounds; added to the $2.16 then in force, this increases the duty to $3.36. In July the Government decided to accept the Mexican dollar on and after October 1 at the value of 80 cents gold, and the dollar of other republics at 75 cents gold.

Island of Tortuga. In April a definitive settlement was effected between the Haytian Government and the British commissionner, Clement Hill, who had gone to Port-au-Prince accompanied by a naval force, with regard to the Island of Tortuga between Hayti and Cuba, about which a dispute had arisen, and to which maritime nations attach great importance as a strategic station after the Panama Canal shall be completed. The Haytian Government engaged to pay £32,000, in four instalments, as an indemnity for retaining the island as it is. The British Government yields all further claims in the matter of the Maunder brothers. In the event of Hayti failing to meet the in

358 HAZEN, WILLIAM BABCOCK.

stalments as they fall due, she is to pay interest at the rate of 6 per cent. per annum.

Commerce. In 1886 there were imported into Hayti $4,965,256 worth of merchandise, while the export of Haytian products reached $7,555,996. The chief exports were: Coffee, 58,075,733 pounds; cocoa, 3,939,445 pounds; wool, 2,037,653; hides, 436,579 pounds; orange-peel, 461,768 pounds; raw sugar, 289,354 pounds; cotton-seed, 34,536 pounds; tortoiseshell 906 pounds; wax, 3.619 ponnds; honey, 18,001 gallons; cigars. 17,000,000; logwood, 282,620,852 yards, and besides fustic, mahogany, and old copper sheathing. The American trade with Hayti has been as follows:

Real Estate. In a New-Year's speech delivered by President Salomon on Jan. 1, 1887, it was intimated that the law of section 7 of 1804, prohibiting the holding of real estate by foreigners, might be abolished. As foreigners are debarred from owning real estate in Hayti, structures which they cause to be built for commercial purposes of their own, have to be put under the names of native Haytians, which frequently leads to trouble in cases of inheritance. If this antiquated law were abolished, there would be some inducement for foreign capital to invest in real estate in the republic.

HAZEN, WILLIAM BABCOCK, an American soldier, born in West Hartford, Windham county, Vt., Sept. 27, 1830; died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 16, 1887. In 1833 his father's family re

WILLIAM BABCOCK HAZEN.

moved to Huron, Portage county, Ohio, where he worked on a farm, enjoying few educational advantages. When twenty-one years old he entered the United States Military Academy, where he was graduated four years later. He was assigned to the army as brevet second lieutenant of the Fourth Infantry, then serving in California and Oregon. For his gallantry in

HITCHCOCK, ROSWELL DWIGHT.

the Indian war of 1856-57 he was made second lieutenant in the Eighth Infantry, and shortly after joining his new command distinguished himself in an attack upon and extinction of fifteen lolges of Apaches. He commanded a company in five engagements, and in December, 1859, was severely wounded in a fight with the Comanches. For these services he was complimented in general orders and given a year's leave of absence, and received his brevet of first lieutenant under date of May 6, 1859. Reporting for duty on the expiration of his leave, and still lame from his wounds, he was appointed assistant professor of military tactics at the United States Military Academy in February, 1861. On April 1 he was promoted to be first lieutenant of his company; on May 14, to be captain, and on August 7 was permitted to accept the command of the Fortyfirst Regiment of Ohio Volunteers. With this he took part in Gen. Buell's operations in Tennessee, being promoted, and assigned to the command of the Nineteenth Brigade of the Army of the Ohio, on June 6, 1862. Under the latter assignment, he participated in the battles of Pittsburg Landing, the siege of Corinth, Perryville, and the pursuit of Gen. Bragg's army out of Kentucky. Later, he was with his brigade in the battle of Stone River, the Middle Tennessee campaign, the Chickamauga contest, the Chattanooga engagement, and the relief of Knoxville in 1863. During Gen. Sherman's march to the sea he commanded a division, which captured Fort McAllister, on Savannah river, thus opening communication between the army and the fleet. He marched through the Carolinas, and was present at the surrender of Gen. Johnston's army. For his gallant services in various actions, he was promoted to be colonel by brevet, Sept. 1, 1864, brigadier-general by brevet, March 13, 1865, and major-general of volunteers, April 20, 1865, to rank from Dec. 13, 1864. In 1866 he was mustered out of the volunteer service and appointed colonel of the Thirty-eighth United States Infantry, from which he was transferred to the Sixth United States Infantry in 1869. He was present with the Prussian army during the investment of Paris in 1871, appointed military attaché to the United States Legation at Vienna in 1877, and while holding this office was detailed by President Hayes to observe the conduct of the Russo-Turkish War. He was appointed Chief Signal Officer of the army, Dec. 6, 1880, held this office till his death, and introduced many new and valuable features in the management of the Weather Bureau.

HITCHCOCK, ROSWELL DWIGHT, an American clergyman, born in East Machias, Me., Aug. 15, 1817; died in South Somerset, Mass., June 16, 1887. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1836, and spent a year in teaching, pursuing at the same time Biblical and other studies under private tutors. In 1838 he entered Andover Theological Seminary, and from 1839 till

1842 served as a tutor in Amherst College, of which he was made a trustee in 1869. After preaching for a year in Waterville, Me., he was ordained pastor of the First Congregational Church in Exeter, N. H., in November, 1845. He retained this charge till 1852, when he resigned it to accept the professorship of Natural and Revealed Religion in Bowdoin College; but before entering upon his new duties he spent a year in study at the universities of Halle and

ROSWELL DWIGHT HITCHCOCK.

Berlin, Germany. In 1855 he was appointed Professor of Church History in Union Theological Seminary. His New England education was supplemented by foreign travel as well as study, and while holding his professorship he found time to engage in literary work. In 1866 he visited Italy and Greece, and in 1869-70 made a tour of Egypt, Sinai, and Palestine. From 1863 till 1870 he was one of the editors of the "American Theological Review." In 1871 he was elected President of the Palestine Exploration Society, in the organization of which he had taken an active part. He published a "Life of Edward Robinson (1863); "A Complete Analysis of the Bible," which was widely circulated (1869); and "Socialism" (1878); and co-operated with Rev. Drs. Eddy and Schaff in the compilation of "Hymns and Songs of Praise "and "Hymns and Songs for Social and Sabbath Worship." Many of his sermons and addresses have been published, and, in addition to his editorial work, he was a frequent contributor of essays to different reviews. On Nov. 9, 1880, Dr. Hitchcock was unanimously elected as the successor of Rev. William Adams, D. D., in the presidency of Union Theological Seminary, and retained the office till his death. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Bowdoin College in 1855, and by the University of Dublin in 1885, and that of LL. D. by Williams College in 1873. During the civil war Dr. Hitchcock was an earnest and effective supporter of the National cause.

HOLLAND. See NETHERLANDS. HONDURAS, a republic in Central America; area, 39,600 square miles; population, 351,700. Government. The President is Gen. Luis Bagrán, whose term will expire on Nov. 27, 1891. The Cabinet is composed of the following ministers: Foreign Affairs, Licenciado Don Jerónino Zelaya; Justice, Public Works, and War, Señor R. Alvarado; Interior, Señor A. Gomez; Finance, Señor F. Planas; Agriculture, Señor A. Zelaya. The United States Minister is Hon. II. C. Hall, resident at Guatemala; the American Consul at Ruatan and Trujillo is William C. Burchard, and at Tegucigalpa, Daniel W. Herring; the Consular Agent at Yuscaran is Theodore Roehncke. The Consul-General of Honduras at New York is Jacob Baiz; at San Francisco, William V. Wells.

The effective strength of the army is 500 men, and there is besides a militia force of 3,000.

The number of post-offices in 1885 was 33. While the receipts were restricted to $2,280, the expenses reached $40,453.

Finance. The amount of bonds held in Europe, issued in 1869, usually called the old French loan, is $25,000,000. Congress issued a decree early in 1887, authorizing the receipt of 40 per cent. of the customs duties in Honduranian bonds. The home debt amounts to $700,000, and the floating debt to $200,000.

In February, 1887, the formal opening took place at Trujillo of the Aguan Navigation and Improvement Company's bank. This is the first bank ever established in Honduras. Its stock is owned by New York, Boston, and Milwaukee capitalists. Its bills are similar to the greenbacks of the United States, and are redeemable in silver.

Commerce. The American trade has developed as follows:

Soon the new port of San Lorenzo is to be opened, which, in connection with the projected railroad between San Lorenzo and Pespire, 24 miles, will be of incalculable value to Southern Honduras, since ocean-steamers will have easy access to the port.

Railroads. There is in running order the line from Puerto Cortez to San Pedro-Iula, 47 miles. In July, 1887, Binney & Co., of London, obtained a concession for the construction of 200 miles of railway for the extension and completion of the republic's system. The concession is for 99 years. The contractors are to receive a grant of public lands, the introduction duty free of railroad material, and the privilege of preference for any other railways or for telegraph lines to be constructed hereafter. The concessionnaires engage to offer the bondholders of the French loan of 1869 the