ART. IV.-) BY WHOM CHOSEN.

By the legislatures of the several States. 8.

ART. V. WHEN CHOSEN.

One-third the number of senators shall be chosen every second year. 9.

ART. VI. - HOW CLASSED.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes:

1. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year.

2. Of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year. 3. Of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth

ART. VII.-VACANCIES.

year.

9.

If vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise during the recess of the legislature of any State,

1. The executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature.

2. The legislature shall then fill such vacancies. 9.

ART. VIII.

VOTE.

Each senator shall have one vote. 8.

ART. IX.- PRESIDING OFFICER.

1. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate.

2. He shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 11. 3. The Senate shall also choose a president pro tempore in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 12.

ART. X.-SENATE POWERS.

1. Legislative.-1st. Co-ordinate with the House of Representatives in general legislation. 2.

2d. May propose or concur with amendments to bills for raising revenue. 23.

2. Executive.-1st. To ratify treaties proposed by the President of the United States, two-thirds of the senators present concurring.

2d. To confirm the following officers when nominated by the President of the United States:

1st. Ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls. 2d. Judges of the Supreme Court.

3d. All other officers of the United States whose ap

pointments are not otherwise provided for by the Constitution, and which shall be established by law. 61.

8. Elective. 1st. Excepting their president, they shall choose their officers, and also a president pro tempore. 11, 12. 2d. When the electors of President and Vice-President of the United States fail to elect a Vice-President, the Senate shall elect one. 95.

4. Judicial. - 1st. The Senate has the sole power to try all ¡mpeachments, when sitting for that purpose, on oath or affirmation. 13.

than,

2d. The Chief Justice shall preside when the President of the United States is tried.

3d. Without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present, no person shall be convicted. 13.

4th. May render judgment in cases of impeachment no further

1st. To removal from office; and,

2d. Disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. 14.

CHAPTER III.

PROVISIONS COMMON TO BOTH HOUSES.

ARTICLE I.-MEMBERSHIP.

Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members. 17.

1. A majority of either house is a quorum to do business.

2. A smaller number may adjourn from day to day.

3. A smaller number may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. 17.

ART. III.-JOURNAL.

1. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings.

2. They shall publish the same from time to time, except such parts as in their judgment shall require secrecy. 19.

ART. IV.-YEAS AND NAYS.

At the desire of one-fifth of those present, the yeas and nays of the members of either house shall be entered on the journal on any question. 19.

ART. V.-BUSINESS RULES.

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings. 18.

ART. VI.- PENALTIES.

1. Either house may punish its members for disorderly behavior; and, 2. With the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 18.

1. Adjournments.

ART. VII.-PROHIBITIONS.

1st. Neither house during the session of Congress shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days; nor,

2d. To any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 20.

2. On Members. No member of either house shall, during the

time for which he was elected, be appointed to any office under the United States,

1st. Which shall have been created during such time; nor, 2d. The emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time. 22.

61

62

Senate shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session.

SECTION 3.

1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and, in case of

63 disagreement between them with respect to the time of

adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

64

SECTION 4.

1. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III.

SECTION 1.

1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and estab

lish.

65 The judges, both of the supreme and inferior

courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and

shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

SECTION 2.

66 to cases

67

68

69

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made or which shall be made under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; (to controversies between two or more States,) between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed: but, when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

SECTION 3.

1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. be convicted of treason, unless on the

No person shall testimony of tw