of able works. Among the chief contributors the title-page mentions the venerable Dr. Nitzsch of Berlin, Dr. Julius Müller, and Dr. Beyschlag of Halle.

DORPATER ZEITSCHRIFT FUR THEOLOGIE UND KIRCHE.

(Dorpat Journal of Theology and Church. Fourth Number, 1864.)-1. HAHN, Remarks on Matthew vii, 15-23. 2. DR. CARLBLOM, The Position of the Church in our Times. 3. DR. KURTZ, Theology of the Psalms. 4. ANDREAE, Church Chandeliers. 5. The Thirtieth Provincial Synod of Livonia, held in 1864. 6. HANSEN, Proceedings of the Sixteenth General Assembly of the Catholic Associations of Germany.

From this periodical, which is published in the German language by the theological professors of the University of Dorpat, in Russia, we obtain occasionally, but by no means so often as we would wish, information on the condition of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Russian empire. The last number contains an account of the last annual synods of the Lutheran Church in one of the three Baltic provinces, Livonia. The proceedings are not of general interest. The reader feels that the proceedings took place and the account of it was printed under a strict censorship on the part of the police. The Synod occupied itself with the introduction of the lay element into their Church constitution, with the proposal of holding a "Baltic Church Diet," after the model of the German and Scandinavian Church Diets and the English Church Congresses, and with the state of the foreign and home missionary cause.

We also learn, from the same number of the Dorpat Journal, that a Lutheran pastor in Warsaw has established a Lutheran Church gazette in the Polish language, entitled, Zwiastun Ewangeliczny, (Evangelical Messenger.) This is the first attempt to establish a Protestant Slavic periodical in the Russian empire. In Prussia two Protestant papers had previously been established, but the one was soon discontinued, and the other is threatened with the same fate.

As the number of periodicals in Russia, secular as well as ecclesiastical, is rapidly increasing, the establishment of a Protestant Church gazette in a Slavic language is an item of some importance. JAHRBUCHER DER DEUTSCHER THEOLOGIE. (Year-books of German Theology. Fourth Number, 1864.) 1. BAUMGARTEN, The National Jewish Background of the New Testament History, according to Flavius Josephus. 2. YEEP, Tertullian as Apologist. 3. ZöсKLER, The Doctrine of Creation.

Professor Zöckler has deservedly won for himself the reputation of being one of the ablest opponents of the new materialistic school of German natural philosophers. He has already contributed

several articles of great merit to the "Year-books of German theology," and the article in the above number can only add to his reputation. It is a thorough review of the deep theories which the materialists, the pantheists, and the deists have developed to explain the origin of the universe. Zöckler shows an intimate acquaintance with the entire recent literature on natural sciences, and ably refutes the arguments of the materialists, pantheists, and deists. In conclusion he briefly gives an outline of a theory which, he thinks, the Christian philosophy of our times ought to develop more fully.

ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HISTORISCHE THEOLOGIE. (Journal of Historical Theology. First Number, 1865.)-1. YESS, Hegesippus, and His Importance for Church History. 2. KINS, The Stipendiaries of Wittenberg and Jena in the Sixteenth Century. 3. HERZOG, The Age of the Nobla Leyazon, A Reply to Dr. Ebrard.

Second Number.-1. HOCHHUTH, History and Development of the Philadelphian Congregations. Jane Leade and the Philadelphians in England. 2. A Church Visitation in 1525. 3. The Catechisms of the Sixteenth Century.

The article on the Philadelphians and Jane Leade bids fair to become the most complete work on this mystical sect. The author gives at the head of his article a complete list of the writings of Jane Leade, of Dr. Pordage, and of Thomas Bromley, all of which were translated into German soon after their publication in England. The author was also enabled to use important manuscripts on the sect, which to former historians had remained unknown.

French Reviews.

REVUE DES DEUX MONDES.-November 15.-1. AMEDEE THIERRY, Jerome, Pope Damasus, and the Convent of Mount Aventinus. 5. JAMIN, Spontaneous Generation.

December 1.-1. EMILE BURNOUF, The Science of the Religions, its Method and its Limits. 3. LEGEAN, Theodore II. and the New Empire of Abyssinia. 6. JULES SIMON, Moral Statistics. 8. RECLUS, Man and Nature, Human Action and Physical Geography.

December 15.-1. LANGEL, The Presidential Election in 1864. 2. TAINE, Italy and Italian Reminiscences. 3. BLERZY, Australia, its Physical History and its Colonization. (Fourth article.) 4. REMUSAT, Human Sadness. 6. REYBAUD, The Chairs of Political Economy in France. 7. EMILE BURNOUF, The Science of the Religions. (Second article.) January 1, 1865.-5. TAINE, Italy and Italian Life. (Second article.) January 15.-1. TAINE, Italy and Italian Life. (Third article.) 2. DORA D'ISTRIA, The Servian Nationality according to its Popular Chants. 3. The Last Days of Pagan Theology-Proclus and his God.

February 1.-1. DUPONT WHITE, The Positivism, on occasion of a Book of Littré. 6. MAZADE, The Biblical Reveries of Michelet. 7. JULES SIMON, Moral Statistics.

REVUE CHRETIENNE, November 15, 1864.-1. ROSSEEUW ST. HILAIRE, The Battle of Lepanto. 2. GERMOND, Sainte-Beuve's "Nouveaux Lundis," (New Mondays.) 3. DELMAS, Character in France.

December 15, 1864.-1. PRESSENSE, To the Readers of the Revue Chretienne. 2. WADDINGTON, Mignet's Eloges Historiques, (Historical Eulogies.) 3. RUPPET, Pietro Paolo Vergerio. 4. ARBONSSE BASTIDE, The National Synods of the Reformed Church of France, according to the new work of M. de Felice.

January 5, 1865.—1. KUHN, The New Critical School. 2. J. DE SEGNES, Cotemporaneous Materialism. 3. COVARDA, Letter on Italy.

The letter on Italy in the January number of the Revue Chretienne gives a very clear and comprehensive view of the religious parties now existing among the Italian people. The author distinguishes four such parties: 1. The Clerical or Papal Party, the most numerous and strongest, which still rules over the ignorant mass, and which owes its political power to its alliance with despotism, to the mere force of habit, to the great ability with which it has known how to stifle opposition and to identify itself in the eyes of the masses with Christianity. 2. The National Party, comprising the great majority of the educated men which demands, without working for it, the reformation of the Church, but a reformation purely disciplinary, and by no means essential, for which the doctrines of the Church of Rome are always sacred, eternal, unassailable, which still entertains the great fallacy of a reconciliation between Catholicism and liberty, and which from all these reasons, as well as on account of its superficiality, is justly termed, by a gifted writer on Italian affairs, the "undefinable party." 3. The Philo sophical Party, composed of the ardent champions of democracy, of those bold and ardent intellects which, passing from one extreme to the other, reject all positive religion. 4. The Protestant Party, little numerous, little acquainted with the language, the customs, the wants, the needs, the prejudices of the Italians, too dependent upon foreigners, too much subject to divisions, but strong by its zeal and by its open advocacy of the principle of a separation between Church and State. Such writers as Passaglia and Liverani are included by the writer in the Clerical party, because, though rejecting the demands of the ultramontanists, they continue to adhere to the fatal doctrine of a close alliance between the state and the papacy. Altogether the author distinguishes three schools within the clerical party: the ultramontane school, which wishes the absolute fusion of the two powers, and which is represented in Italy by the Civilta Cattolica of Rome, the Armonia of Turin, and other papers; the moderate or orthodox school, comprising the majority of the Italian clergy, which distinguishes the two powers in their attributes, but unites

them on the same head; and the liberal school, separating the two governments, but on condition that they be indissolubly united by concordats. Under the head of the National party the author treats of the views and the writings of Rosmini, Gioberti, and Mamiani, whom he regards as the representative men of three different schools in this party. The chief aim of all is the unity of the Italian nation, but they differ in their views about the relation of the Church to the State. One school would subject the Church to the State; another would make the civil power the secular arm of the Church; and the third, regarding both powers as being equally of divine origin, recommends the moral union of both.

While both the clerical and the national party are in favor of a greater or lesser union between the two powers, the philosophical (ultra-liberal, democratic) and the Protestant party are in favor of separation. The Italian democrats preach an open war against the Church of Rome. One of their prominent champions, Philip de Boni, the translator of Rénan, has published a work, entitled Italy and the Roman Church, in which he attempts to show that the existence of the Italian nation is not possible without the destruction of Popery, and in which he, therefore, demands that one of the chief aims of the Democratic party be a combat against the ruling Church. As the Roman Church alone among the religious denominations persists in denouncing civil and religious liberty, he would refuse to it the liberty which he concedes to every other form of religion. In this opinion de Boni is, however, not supported by all the leading men of his party. Thus one of the ablest democratic statesmen of Italy, Montanelli, in his work on "the Empire, the Papacy, and Democracy in Italy," says: "Whatever may be the conduct of the pope and the court of Rome, Italian democracy ought never to abandon its old principle, the separation of the two powers. Woe to us if we should not know how to respect the principle of the liberty of conscience. A pope imprisoned or exiled, a persecuted clergy, the believers frightened, all this charm of persecution would produce a terrible reaction against the most salutary reforms."

The Protestant party is as yet the smallest and weakest; but by organizing everywhere evangelical congregations independent of the state, does more than any other party toward the actual introduction of the separation of Church and State.

ART. IX.-QUARTERLY BOOK-TABLE.

Religion, Theology, and Biblical Literature.

The Life of the Lord Jesus Christ: A Complete Critical Examination of the Origin, Contents, and Connection of the Gospels. Translated from the German of J. P. LANGE, D.D., Professor of Divinity in the University of Bonn. Edited, with additional notes, by the Rev. MARCUS DODS, A.M. In six volumes. 12mo. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. London: Hamilton & Co. Dublin: John Robertson & Co. 1864.

Dr. Lange, as a theological and biblical scholar, looms up into special eminence at the present time among German divines. He is a Prussian, born in 1802, finished his university course at Bonn in 1825, was appointed professor in the place of the noted Strauss in 1841, and to his present chair at Bonn in 1854. Of the great Bibelwerk now being published under his hand in Germany, and republished here by Dr. Schaff, we speak upon another page. The six volumes under our present notice form one of the most important works of the day. It goes over elaborately and with unlimited completeness the entire Gospel history, and so resolves all the objections of Straussian and other criticism, both destructively refuting their every utterance, and constructively demonstrating the sacred narratives to possess obligatory claims upon our most rational faith. What Neander's life of Christ proposed to do briefly, what the monographs of Tholuck and countless others proposed to aid partially, all that Dr. Lange here proposes to do exhaustively, completely, monumentally. The attacks made in a former day against Christianity upon historical grounds were met exhaustively in their day by the massy work of Lardner, of which the immortal manual of Paley was a most masterly compression. Against the philosophico-critical attacks made by the infidelity of the present day Dr. Lange opposes the great work under our notice. How complete and how conclusive it is, its readers must judge for themselves; how successful its final results, the future must show.

The following criticism from the Scottish "British and Foreign Evangelical Review," we adduce to show how others estimate the work and similar productions from German sources:

Two extremes have been adopted in this country with regard to the theological literature of Germany. Some have denounced it as altogether bad, and have congratulated themselves on being innocent of the least acquaintance with it. Others, again, have rushed into an excess of admiration, and have shown themselves ready to swallow everything, however crude or monstrous, that came to them bearing the impress of German scholarship. But, as usual, the truth lies between these two extremes. Only ignorance or prejudice of the most hopeless character will deny that much which is permanently valuable has issued from the ever-laboring theological press of Germany. On the other hand, it is equally certain that a vast