TABLE V.-OCCUPATIONS OF INMATES. [The number of inmates as shown in this table does not agree in every case with the number shown in Table III, for the reason that the number shown here often includes all the different persons who were in the home during the year.] Marginal mumber. Occupations pursued by inmates and number in each. 12 13 14 15 16 17 4595 Bookkeepers, cooks, dressmakers, milliners, second girls, shirt makers, students, etc. (a) Bookkeepers, domestics, dressmakers, factory employees, hairdressers, housekeepers, nurses, Bookbinders, 3; clerks, 14; compositors, 5; demonstrators, 2; dressmakers, 8; hairdresser, 1; Bookkeepers, 3; clerk, 1; exchange attendant, 1; manicurist and shampooer, 1; milliner, 1; Bookkeepers and stenographers, 25; clerks, 26; factory employees, 3; milliners, 3; scam- Occupations not reported. Bindery employees, 5; domestics, 3; factory employees, 3; laundry employees, 2: office em- Clerks, stenographers, students, art and music, teachers, etc. (a) 18 Agents, bookkeepers, domestics, embroiderers, laundry employeos, milliners, notaries public, 19 20 21 22 23 24 Occupations not reported. Bookkeepers and stenographers, 6; dressmakers, 7; saleswomen, dry goods, 15; shirt maker, 1; vest maker, 1. Bindery employee, 1; clerks, 8; confectionery employee, 1; domestic, 1; milliners' apprentices, 3; scholars, 3; shoe-factory employee, 1; no occupation, 2. Bookkeepers, 2; canvasser, 1; mill employees, 3; milliner, 1; nurses, 2; saleswoman, 1; sales. woman, soliciting, 1; shirt-factory employees, 4; shoe-factory employee, 1; shopgirl, 1; teachers, school and music, 6; weavers, 2. 25 Domestics, 6; dressmakers, 3; hat maker, 1; housekeeper, 1; saleswoman, 1; seamstresses, 4; tailoress, 1; typewriter, 1. Dressmakers,6; factory employees, 11; saleswomen, 2; students, medical, 3; students, normal, 5. Bookkeepers, cashiers, chiropodists, clerks, compositors, dressmakers, factory employees, fore- Occupations included in those given for home No. 30. Bookkeepers, 7; factory employees, 3; forewomen, factory, 2; saleswomen, 5; seamstresses, 7; stenographers, 2; students, 6; waitress, 1. 33 Chiropodist, 1; clerks and sales women, 5; dressmakers, 4; office employees, 3; stenographer, 1; students, 4; no occupation, 1. 34 35 36 Bookkeepers, 5; clerks, 8; compositors, 5; cooks, 42; designers, 2; domestics, 6; housekeepers, 4; milliners, 9; nurses, 6; parlor maids, 10; seamstresses, 32; students, elocution, 4; students, music, instrumental, 7; students, music, vocal, 5; students, typewriting, 4; tailoresses, 8; teachers, 6; no occupation, 6. Teachers, traveling agents, etc. (a) Clerks, students, normal, etc. (a) 37 Bookkeepers, 4; clerks, 9: milliners, 2; seamstresses, 6; stenographers, 5; students, 2; teachers. 3; telegraph operator, 1; telephone operators, 3. 38 Agent, 1; bookkeepers, 9; box maker, 1; card clothier, 1; clerks, 8; compositor, 1; dressmakers, 6; examiners, 3; forewoman, threadmakers, 1; librarian, 1; milliners, 3; polisher, 1; seamstresses, 3; stenographers, 7; stitchers, 9; students, 10; teachers, 8; telephone operator, 1; weaver, 1. a Number in each occupation not reported. b Number not reported. e Including home No. 31. Marginal number. TABLE V.-OCCUPATIONS OF INMATES-Continued. Occupations pursued by inmates and number in each. 39 40 1244 42 43 Bookkeepers, 2; clerks, 21; domestics, 234; dressmakers, 16; nurses, 10; students, 3; teachers, 3; telephone operators, 8; travelers, 5; typewriters, 5. Bookbinders, bookkeepers, candy makers, canvassers, clerks, compositors, domestics, dress- Clerks, 2; dressmaker, 1; seamstresses, 2; stenographers, 2; teacher, music, 1. All occupations open to women. Bookkeepers, 5; nurses, 4; saleswomen, 12; servants, 3; shopgirls, 6; stenographers, 20; miscellaneous, 4. 45 Cooks, domestics, factory employees, seamstresses, store employees. (a) 46 Clerks, 2; domestics, 6; milliners, 4; seamstresses, 5; typewriters, 3; waitresses, 2. 47 Nearly all occupations open to women except domestic service. 48 Nearly all occupations open to women. 49 Cooks, 2; nurses, 4; stenographers, 4; tailoress, 1. 50 51 Dressmakers, stenographers, students, art, teachers, typewriters, etc. (a) Canvassers, compositors, dressmakers, saleswomen, stenographers, students, typewriters, etc. (a) 52 Bookkeepers, 4; clerks, 2; cooks, 2; dressmakers, 4; nurses, 6; stenographers, 5; waitresses, 4. 53 Laundry employees, machine operators, maids, office clerks, seamstresses, shopgirls, typewriters, etc. (a) 54 Cashier, 1; chambermaid, 1; cook, 1; domestics. 4: dressmaker, 1; fancy worker, 1; milliner, 1; photographer, 1; solicitor, 1; stenographers and typewriters, 3; upholsterer, 1; waitresses, 4. 55 Occupations not reported. 56 Artists, sales women, seamstresses, students, teachers. (a) 57 58 59 60 61 Artists, saleswomen, seamstresses, students, teachers. (a) carver, 1. Artists, canvassers, clerks, collectors, companions, delegates to organizations, nurses, children's, nurses, trained, seamstresses, superannuated, teachers. (a) Cashiers, clerks, dressmakers, goveruesses, ladies' maids, milliners, nurses, trained, saleswomen, students, teachers, telegraph operators, etc. (a) 62 Occupations not reported. 63 64 Chambermaids, 16; cooks, 7; domestics, 9; housekeepers, 2; laundress, 1: ladies' maids, 76; nursery governesses, 33; nurses, 79; seamstresses, 2; teachers, 16; waitresses, 2; miscellaDeous, 21. Clerks, 4; matron, 1; missionary, 1; secretary Travelers' Aid Society, 1; secretary Young Women's Christian Association, 1; superintendent woolen mill, 1; tailoress, 1; telephone operator, 1. Dressmakers, milliners, nurses, seamstresses, shirt and collar makers, teachers, etc. (a) 66 Bookkeepers, 2; seamstresses, 3; stenographer, 1; teachers, kindergarten, 3; etc. Laundresses and domestics, 15; scholars, 19; seamstresses, 9. Agent. corset, 1; companions, 2; milliners, 2; proof reader, 1; stenographers, 2; students, music and art, 4; teacher, kindergarten, 1. Bookkeeper, 1; clerks, 4; seamstress, 1; stenographers, 4; student, music, 1. Clerks, 7; domestics, 34; dressmakers and seamstresses, 8; milliners, 24; stenographers and bookkeepers, 22; students, 20; teachers, 8; telegraph operators, 2. 72 Domestics (b); dressmakers, 4; engraver, 1; factory employees (b); nurses, trained, 2; scholars, 2; stenographers, 2; telephone operators, 2. 75 Bookkeepers, factory employees, shopgirls, stenographers, students. (a) 76 Cooks, domestics, dressmakers, general workers, nurses for the sick and for children, seamstresses, waitresses, etc. (a) 77 Bookkeepers (b); cashiers (b); dressmakers, 3; milliners (b); nurses (b); saleswomen (b); stenographer, 1; student, 1. a Number in each occupation not reported. b Number not reported. Marginal num ber. TABLE V.-OCCUPATIONS OF INMATES-Concluded. 78 79 80 81 82 83 888 Occupations pursued by inmates and number in each. Dressmaker, 1; electric light company employee, 1; milliner, 1; saleswomen, 7; stenographers, 7; tailoress, 1; teacher, kindergarten, 1; tobacco factory employees, 3. Bookkeepers, canvassers, clerks, copyists, dressmakers, forewomen, bakeries and stores, milliners, sterographers, typewriters. (a) Occupations not reported. Agent, 1; chamberinaid, 1; clerks, 4; deaconess, 1; domestic, 1; governesses, 4; housekeepers, 7; ladies' maids, 2; laundress, 1; milliners, 2; nurses,3; nurse, child's, 1; nurse for the sick, 1; nurses, trained, 5; seamstress, 1; stenographers, 2; teachers, 4; teacher, music, 1; waitresses, 2. Domestics, nurses, saleswomen, seamstresses, typewriters, etc. (a) Artists, 5; bookbinders, 3; bookkeepers, 13; cashiers, 3; dressmakers, 65; factory employees, 26; folder, 1; hairdressers, 3; librarians, 4; massagists, 4; milliners, 13; missionaries, 8; office employees, 9; saleswomen, 68; seamstresses, 12; stenographers, 83; students, art, business, dental, domestic science, dressmaking, kindergarten, medical, massage, millinery, music, pharinacy, 94; teachers, 23; telegraph operators, 2; United States mint employees, 5; miscellaneous, 44. 84 Bookkeepers, clerks, nurses, stenographers, students, teachers, typewriters, etc. (a) Domestics, dressmakers, clerks, nurses, seamstresses, teachers, typewriters. (a) 85 86 Occupations not reported. 87 Bookkeepers, clerks, dressmakers, milliners, stenographers, students. (a) 88 89 90 Bookkeepers, canvassers, dressmakers, nurses, trained, pants makers, seamstresses, shirt makers, stenographers, typewriters. (a) Clerks, stenographers, teachers, typewriters, etc. (a) Dressmakers, factory employees, milliners, sales women, stenographers, teachers, school. (a) a Number in each occupation not reported. THE TRADE-UNION LABEL. BY JOHN GRAHAM BROOKS. No sign of a trade-union label has been found by the writer earlier than 1874. It appears to be wholly of American origin, nor is any evidence at hand that unions elsewhere, except in Canada, show special interest in it. (a) The chief reason for its adoption here is doubtless - in the intenser and more embarrassing forms of competition under which labor unions suffer. Many devices, both good and bad, to which the American trade union has been driven, find their origin in the exigencies of this severer competition. If the distinctively race element is included, no single factor in this competition is so powerful as that of immigration. It is not merely a question of numbers. It is not merely a question of multitudinous unskilled labor. It is also a question of race. All a priori theories of liberty and brotherhood yield quickly before the actual competition of different standards of living in a common market. The Australian trade unions were powerful enough practically to exclude the "yellow race." The unions there, as in England, are overwhelmingly of the same race. This fact makes the competitive struggle relatively a simple one. The attempt to understand the American. trade union is incomparably more perplexing because of the racial effects. The constant pressure, through immigration, of a great multitude of half-skilled laborers, representing far lower standards of life and at the same time introducing race antagonisms, has driven the trade union in this country to catch at every weapon of defense. The label is one of these weapons. Its first appearance was in California during the "sand lot" agitation against the Chinese. The Burlingame treaty with China was concluded July 28, 1868. In article 5 both countries "cordially recognize the inherent and inalienable right of man to change his home and allegiance, and also the mutual advantage of the free migration and emigration of their citizens and subjects respectively from one country to the other for the purposes of curiosity, of trade, or as permanent residents." This hospitable mood was of short duration. In this same year (1868) 11,085 Chinese landed on the Pacific Coast. In 1872 a San Francisco firm of cigar makers took on a number of Chinese. The number which came into direct competition with the work of any trade union must have been slight, except perhaps with the cigar makers, yet, as with the insignificant product of prison labor, it aroused instant hostility. a The subject of the label in England seems first to have come up at the Trade Union and Cooperative Congress in 1893. It had favorable recognition and the felt hatters have adopted it. Much of the more recent State legislation concerning the label throws light upon its origin, as in Illinois, where it is held that a label upon cigars showing them to have been "made by a first-class workman, a member of an organization opposed to inferior, rat-shop, cooly, prison, or filthy tenement-house workmanship" is legal, etc. Against the rat-shop, cooly-made cigars the California cigar makers first struck. But how should a sympathizing public know which were rat-shop and cooly-made cigars, and which the product of "American labor with its superior standard?" To meet this practical difficulty a label was adopted, not the blue label in present use, but a white one, to show the buyer that he was patronizing white labor. It was thus against the competition of a low-class unorganized labor that this weapon of the label was first directed. Its appeal was to the smoker: "Buy no cigars except from the box marked with the trade-union label, thus you help maintain the white as against the cooly standard of life and work." In 1875 another label appeared in St. Louis during a strike of the cigar makers against a reduction of wages. The color was changed from white to red. The fight was, however, strictly over the issue of organized and unorganized labor. Both were putting cigars upon the market. The trade union wished in this instance to win the support of the consumer for a product made under union conditions. To show this a red label was used. There was at least success enough in this attempt to cause the counterfeiting of this label, upon which the trade union placed on the label its own seal. At that time there was no thought of legal protection against counterfeiting. At the convention held in Chicago, 1880, a dispute arose between delegates from the Pacific Slope and those from St. Louis as to the color of the label. "Let us," said an Eastern delegate, "take the other color on the flag," upon which the present blue label was adopted. At this convention great stress was laid upon the fact that the unions were suffering not only from Chinese labor, but from the competition of the prisons and the tenement house. A further and more systematic use of the label was urged in order to strengthen the cause of the union against such competition. The Cigar Makers' Union has grown against great difficulties into an organization of such power and effectiveness, that a brief account of it seems here in place, especially since the label plays so important a part in its history during the last 17 years. The first union was formed in 1851 in Baltimore. It ceased to exist within six months, largely from internal dissensions. In 1859 another was formed. It, too, failed after some ten months from the same causes. In 1864 the National Union was organized in New York City. The objects are thus stated in the first constitution: "To facilitate the thorough organization of the trade it represents for mutual benefit and protection; to secure cooperation |