386 STOCK; EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LAWYERS.

tradition, the Primate had a large wen on the side of his face, which made him unwilling to be seen in public. It is not the case that he set the fashion of Archbishops being enthroned in their absence, though this is often asserted. There is a full-face portrait at Canterbury deanery1.

It has been mentioned that Archbishop Moore promoted the Sunday school system. This movement was brought into general notice by Raikes, a Gloucester bookseller, and by THOMAS STOCK, incumbent of St. John Baptist (1782), Gloucester, and perpetual curate of St. Aldate's in that city. Stock, born at Gloucester 1750, entered Pembroke Oct. 27, 1767. Fellow 1772. He died in 1803 Vicar of Glasbury'.

At this time there was studying at the College JONATHAN WILLIAMS of Rhayader, author of the History of the County of Radnor, and a learned Welsh divine (1754-1821). Among men of affairs I have the names of EDWARD HERBERT (matr. 1722), M.P. for Ludlow 1754-70, of ROBERT WILLIAMS, the banker (matr. 1750), M.P. for Dorchester 1807-12, and of Colonel EDWARD DISBROWE (matr. 1770), M.P. for Windsor 1806-18.

Some eminent lawyers at this time carried on the old traditions of the House. The Vinerian Professorship was held 1777-93 by RICHARD WOODDESON, D.C.L., who entered Pembroke May 29, 1759. Proctor 1776. Moral Philosophy Lecturer 1777. He was also counsel to the University, and a Commissioner of bankrupts. Buried in the Temple Church (bencher 1799) Nov. 5, 1822. An earlier bencher of the Middle Temple (1750) was ELFRED STAPLE, matriculated 1716. Sir JOHN KYNASTON POWELL, Bart. (entered 1770; B.A. 1774); took B.C.L. from All Souls 1777; D.C.L. 1814. Knight of the Shire for Salop 1784-1822.-Sir JAMES WATSON, Knight (entered 1777), was Serjeant-at-Law and (Mr. Foster says) made a Judge in 1795. M.P. for Bridport 1790-6.-JAMES SEDGWICK (matriculated 1797, aet. 25) held various high legal appointments.-Three noted civilians recorded in Coote's Lives were Henderson's friend, Dr. CHARLES COOTE (matriculated 1778), Dr. MAURICE SWABEY, Chancellor of Rochester

1 Dr.NATHANIEL FORSTER, chaplain to an earlier Archbishop (Herring) and also to Bishop Butler, editor of the Hebrew Bible and of Plato's Dialogues, entered Pembroke 1732, act. 14. Fellow of C.C.C.; Prebendary of Bristol; Vicar of Rochdale.

2 Sunday schools were much patronized by the Evangelical clergy. They cannot be considered a good substitute for the rubrical catechizing in Church—which still continued in many places-and must be regarded as the makeshift of an unecclesiastical age. It is certain, however, that, but for Raikes and Stock, millions of children must have grown up in gross ignorance of the Christian faith.

A grandson, the Rev. HENRY SWABEY (Scholar 1844-50), was Rector of St. Aldate's (1850-6) and Secretary of the Christian Knowledge Society (1863-78). He helped to found St. Katharine's Training College, where a window in the Chapel records his memory. He was Stroke of the College Eight.

SCHOLARS—DURELL, VALPY, LEMPRIÈRE. 387

(matriculated 1778, aet. 25), and Sir JOHN SEWELL (matriculated 1784), Judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court at Malta.-The face of a Lincoln's Inn chaplain, WILLIAM WALKER (matriculated 1771), has been made immortal by the brush of Constable.

I will mention here several Channel Islanders of distinction. DAVID DURELL was born in Jersey 1729, and seems to have been descended from Dean Durell, the controversial divine, who rendered the Common Prayer Book into Latin and French. The family was a prominent one in the island. He entered April 2, 1747. Elected to a Fellowship at Hertford, he succeeded Dr. Sharp as Principal 1757. D.D. 1764; Vice-Chancellor 1765-7. In 1767 he was made Canon of Canterbury. He died in Hertford College Oct. 19, 1775, aged fortyseven, and is buried in St. Peter's in the East. Durell was a skilful Orientalist, and elucidated the Samaritan Arabic version as well as the Hebrew text of the prophetic parts of the Pentateuch. In his Critical Remarks on the Books of Job, Psalms, Ecclesiastes, and Canticles (Clarendon Press, 4to, 1772), he earnestly advocated a new translation of the Holy Scriptures. He advanced a considerable sum for building the Oxford Market. While Vice-Chancellor he expelled the Six Methodists of St. Edmund Hall. I should here mention, parenthetically, the thirty-second Principal of Magdalen Hall (1788-1813), HENRY FORD, D.C.L. (matr. Pembroke 1776), who at the age of twentyseven became Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic (1780-1813). Canon of Hereford 1790.

Dr. RICHARD VALPY (Valpied) was born Dec. 7, 1754, had five years' schooling at Valognes in Normandy, and then was sent to Southampton Grammar School, aged fifteen. Valpy all but entered the Royal Navy, and never lost his taste for the sea and for the science of war. He entered Pembroke as a Morley Scholar April 1, 1773, aged eighteen (son of Richard, of Jersey, gent.). B.A. 1776; M.A. 1784; B.D. and D.D. 1792; F.S.A. For fifty-five years (17811836) he was head-master of Reading Grammar School, which he rescued from nothingness. From 1787 he was Rector of Stradishall, Suffolk. Died March 28, 1836. He was painted by Opie. His son, ABRAHAM JOHN VALPY (entered 1805), attained eminence as author, printer, and publisher, on a vast scale, of classical works. There is a long article devoted to his memory in the Gentleman's Magazine of 1855 (i. 204). Ob. 1854. Valpy's successor at Reading was ROBERT APPLETON matr. 1822; ob. Feb. 5, 1875.

Another successful schoolmaster, JOHN LEMPRIÈRE, born in Insula Caesariae,' proceeded from Winchester to Pembroke Jan. 17, 1786;

388

LEMPRIÈRE; LE BRETON; HUE.

B.A. 1790; M.A. 1792; B.D. 1801; D.D. 1803. Before graduating he was assistant-master at Reading Grammar School, and the next year is found connected with St. Helen's, Jersey. While quite a young man he published the Classical Dictionary. The preface is dated from Pembroke College, November 1788. It opened a new world of imagination to English boyhood, but the articles are somewhat superficial. The Dictionary, however, went through many editions down to 1888. In 1791 Lemprière was master at Bolton Grammar School. From 1792 to 1808 or 1809 he was a successful pedagogue at Abingdon School, and was Vicar of St. Helen's 1800-11. At Abingdon he brought out the first volume of his Herodotus and a Universal Biography. Leaving Abingdon, he became Master of Exeter Free Grammar School. From 1811 he was also Rector of Meeth, Devonshire, and from 1823 Rector of Newton Petrock. Dr. Lemprière died Feb. 1, 1824. The Classical Dictionary was translated into Latin, with an attack on the author, at Deventer, in 1794.

The fine Lawrence' in the Common Room represents Sir THOMAS LE BRETON (Son of Francis Le Breton, Dean of Jersey), who, after entering Jesus College from Winchester (1783), migrated to Pembroke Feb. 23, 1784, and became Fellow (1784-90). In 1786 he won the Latin Verse ('Pictura in Vitro '). After practising at the bar of the Royal Court he became in 1802 Attorney-General of Jersey, in 1826 Lieutenant-Bailli, and on Lord Carteret's decease in 1826 Bailli, having been knighted the year before. He was also President of the Assembly of the States. His eldest son was Attorney-General or Procureur. Sir Thomas was twice married. He was born Sept. 29, 1763, and died in March, 1838. Several members of this family Pembroke. WILLIAM CORBET LE BRETON (matriculated 1831, Fellow of Exeter 1837-42) was Dean of Jersey 1850, Rector of St. Helen's 1875.

were

In 1796 entered from Jersey CLEMENT HUE; D.Med. 1807. He was many years Physician and Lecturer at St. Bartholomew's and Physician to Christ's Hospital and the Foundling. Late in life Dr. Hue was offered the President's chair of the College of Physicians, but declined it, as he did also the Treasurership of St. Bartholomew's. He died June 23, 1861.

1 Presented to the College in 1882 by Sir Thomas Le Breton's granddaughters, Mrs. Wilson and Mrs. Thorne. The engraving by B. Holl was published in 1830, in Fisher's National Portrait Gallery. There are some reminiscences of Le Breton in Pycroft's Oxford Memories.

CHAPTER XXX.

MEN OF SCIENCE-MASTERSHIP OF DR. ADAMS.

THE old-world Rosicrucian, a lonely and pale student amid his crucibles and black-letter tomes, was as great a contrast as can be to the busy type of scientific pioneer exemplified by Smithson, Gilbert and Beddoes. First, however, should be mentioned, as belonging to the earlier part of the eighteenth century, NATHANIEL BLISS, born at Bisley Nov. 28, 1700. He matriculated from Pembroke Oct. 10, 1716. Rector of St. Ebbe's 1736. He succeeded Halley as Savilian Professor (1742-64). Fellow of the Royal Society 1742; Astronomer Royal 17622. He died at Greenwich Sept. 2, 1764. There is a portrait of him by Martin and a scarce etching by Caldwell from a drawing of Bliss scratched on a pewter during dinner by George, Lord Parker, afterwards Earl of Macclesfield, whose frequent guest and scientific coadjutor he was. Under it were the words, 'Sure this is Bliss, if bliss on earth there be.'

JAMES LEWIS SMITHSON OF MACIE (born in 1753; died at Genoa, where he has a monument, 1829) was (as he boasted) natural son of Sir Hugh Smithson, first Duke of Northumberland, and Elizabeth Keate Macie, 'heiress of the Hungerfords of Studley and niece of Charles, the Proud Duke of Somerset.' He matriculated under his mother's name, May 7, 1782; created M.A. 1786. Later he took

1 The father of the discoverer of vaccination, the Rev. STEPHEN JENNER (matr. April 6, 1720), was at the College with Bliss. He was buried Dec. 9, 1754, at Berkeley, where his famous son had been born May 17, 1749. Another son, STEPHEN JENNER, entered Pembroke in that year. He became Bursar and VicePresident of Magdalen. Ob. 1797. For the Jenners see the Rev. THOMAS DUDLEY FOSBROOKE'S Smyth's Lives of the Berkeleys. That eminent antiquary, editor of the Berkeley Manuscripts and author of a History of Gloucestershire, was a Scholar from 1785. F.S.A. 1799. Mr. Fosbrooke died Sept. 24, 1857.

2 FRANCIS DEMAIN BRAY, son of George III's Astronomer at Richmond and Chaplain, Stephen Demainbray, was Fellow of the College 1814-27: Bursar 1824. Ob. 1846.

390 MEN OF SCIENCE- -SMITHSON; GILBERT.

the name of Smithson. He had the reputation at Pembroke of excelling all others in the University in chemical science. While still a Pembroke undergraduate he conducted a geological exploration of the coasts of Scotland. Berzelius declared afterwards that he was one of the most accomplished mineralogists in Europe. Gilbert pronounced him the rival of Wollaston. A carbonate of zinc discovered by him is called Smithsonite. He became Vice-President of the Royal Society and a member of the French Institute. He was for some fifty years an object of European interest to men of science' (Wilson). Smithson's craving for posthumous fame, however, was expressed by him in these words: 'The best blood of England flows in my veins : on my father's side I am a Northumberland; on my mother's I am related to Kings. But it avails me not. My name shall live in the memory of man when the titles of the Northumberlands and Percys are extinct and forgotten.' He accordingly bequeathed the contingent reversion of his property, ultimately £120,000, to the United States Government, to found an institution at Washington 'for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.' It came to the United States in 1838, though many voices were raised against the acceptance of a gift chiefly meant to glorify the donor; and in 1846 was founded the Smithsonian Institute (as he had directed it should be called), including a library, art gallery, and museum, to which were granted the Government collections. The Institute has since become the rallying-point for the workers in every department of scientific and educational work.' It has lately presented its publications, in more than 200 volumes, to the Pembroke Library. Besides the picture of Smithson by Johns (1816), there is a curious oil painting of him as an undergraduate, in cap, gown, and bands.

DAVIES GILBERT, who pronounced Smithson's eulogy in the Royal Society, was born March 6, 1767, at St. Erth, Cornwall, where his father, Edward Giddy, was curate. He entered as a gentlemancommoner, as DAVIES GIDDY, April 12, 1785. M.A. 1789; D.C.L. 1832.

High Sheriff of Cornwall, 1792. He became President of the Geological Society of Cornwall, and the Linnaean Society owed much to his support. He helped Trevithick and the Hornblowers to improve the steamengine. But Gilbert's best title to fame is as the discoverer of Sir Humphry Davy. He found the boy one day swinging carelessly on Dr. Borlase's gate in Penzance, was interested in his talk, and invited him to his house at Tredrea, giving him the use of his library. He and Beddoes between them afterwards launched Davy on his scientific career. Giddy, as he was still named, calculated for Telford the chains required for the Menai Bridge. He was elected for Helston in 1804, and sate