nutrition, you find that a very large proportion of the families had diets that were deficient in the various nutrients necessary for adequate nutrition-in calories, in protein, in the minerals, and in vitamins. This deficiency was especially pronounced for calcium. On the whole, the diets of the farm families show up better, from the standpoint of good nutrition, than those of the urban families. Mr. CANNON. Then it follows, then, that in order to make the tariff effective, in order to give the American farmer the benefit of the tariff on agricultural products, that we must reduce the production of corn in the United States to a point where there will not be a surplus to be shipped abroad.

Dr. DUVEL. That is right. Of course, this year you have a peculiar situation. The price of hogs or beef is not sufficiently high to warrant buying corn at the present prices, if they have to buy it out in the country and feed it to the hogs.

Mr. CANNON. Yes. How much corn does it take to make a hundred pounds of hogs?

Dr. DUVEL. It has been a long time since I have gone into that question. About 10 bushels, I believe.

Mr. CANNON. Yes. It takes about 10 bushels of corn to make 100 pounds of pork. Now, then, if you had to pay 95 cents a bushelthat is the price I paid last week-at 95 cents a bushel for corn you must get what price for your pork in order to break even?

Dr. DUVEL. You would have to get about nine fifty.

Mr. CANNON. As a matter of fact, I sold hogs last week at eight fifteen, which was the top of the market, so that I was losing money on every bushel of corn I fed. I was donating that to the American public.

Dr. DUVAL. That is one reason why so many hogs are going onto the market light. It does not pay to feed them.

Mr. CANNON. That is the reason why so many farmers are being sold out by the sheriff, and that is the reason why so many factories are closed. When the farmer loses money on the hogs that he sells he has no money to buy the products of the factories, and when he has no money to buy the products of the factory, the factory is closed down; and when the factory is closed down the factory worker is out of a job.

Dr. STANLEY. That study was undertaken in 10 percent of the counties of every State except New York and Pennsylvania. They did not cooperate. A study was undertaken by a complete coverage, so far as possible, of the counties taken in, and the results have been summarized on the State basis and I have brought them to leave with you. The sum indicated in our budget was spent here in Washington for directing the field forces and for the final summary of the figures, and

Mr. TARVER. Just what benefit has been derived from this survey; what are we now in a position to furnish to the farmers that we could not furnish him before?

Dr. STANLEY. We have a picture of the conditions in each county studied. We knew that the rural housing was bad; we did not know how bad. We know now the number of houses that need repair in these 350 counties; we know how many of those houses have bathtubs, how many of them have indoor toilets, how many of them have electricity

Mr. THOм. In how many counties did you conduct this survey? Dr. STANLEY. We started out with 300 and we ended up with about 350. These counties are typical of others, so we have a picture of conditions the country over to serve as a basis for a rural housing program.

Mr. TARVER. That is what I am trying to get at-what use are we going to make of this information we have; how are we going to get back the value of this money by making use of the information?

Dr. STANLEY. The value of the money we are told each day is more than returned by the use that the States have already made of the figures. We are very eager, however, to be able to work out not only the State but national figures. We have not been able to do that as yet, since funds were made available by F. E. R. A. only for the State summaries.

Mr. TARVER. I still do not understand just what use is proposed to be made of this information. That is what I am trying to understand.

Dr. STANLEY. The figures are to be used in planning a rural housing program-a program for the betterment of rural housing. They show what the needs are of such a program by areas of the country. Mr. THOM. Do you have colleges in Georgia or Ohio that are working on that?

Dr. STANLEY. Yes. I will leave the summaries for all the States here. These have not been brought together in a national figure as yet, but can be done when funds become available.

Mr. TARVER. Who is supposed to carry on this housing program you have in the offing and to whom do you think this information would be helpful?

Dr. STANLEY. I do not know. We have worked very closely with the Bureau of Agricultural engineering of our department. Part of the money which came to us was used in the States in the preparation of house plans now published in a bulletin, "Farmhouse Plans." Mr. McCrory, chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Engineering, probably showed you that bulletin.

Mr. JUMP. No; they have not been here yet.

Dr. STANLEY. Mr. McCrory will tell you about it when he comes Mr. UMSTEAD. That has been sent out very effectively?

Dr. STANLEY. Yes. Out of the money made available under this project unemployed agricultural engineers, draftsmen, and architects were furnished to the various State colleges, among which were Georgia and Ohio. They contributed plans to that bulletin. These unemployed architects, working under agricultural engineers in the colleges, drew up plans suited to their localities. We have prepared also material on closets and storage arrangements for the farm home, and we have in preparation a kitchen bulletin.

So I would say, in summarizing, that the purpose of the housing survey was to give us a much more definite picture of the needs of rural housing, with a statistical summary of the conditions in each State. The extension agents are already using the results in the States as a basis of planning their extension programs. Arkansas and Iowa have already published the results in State bulletins. The summaries have been made available to various national, sectional, and State planning boards.

Georgia has in press now a bulletin on kitchens, worked out with the help which we made available to them through this housing survey. Mr. TARVER, Is there any other statement, Dr. Stanley, you would like to make?

Dr. STANLEY. Yes; I want Miss O'Brien to make a statement, but I would like to say in connection with this housing project we have been studying equipment. In our budget you will find one small item on household equipment. Under that we have been stndying the equipment itself and its arrangement. Particularly we have been studying electrical equipment and testing stoves and refrigerators which are being distributed through the Electric Home and Farm Authority, a subsidiary of the T. V. A. There is no duplication there, since they have turned to us for this service. I would like to talk longer about that, but I know you are in a hurry and I do want Miss O'Brien to say something about textiles and clothing.

STUDIES OF TEXTILES AND CLOTHING

Miss O'BRIEN. All of the textile work of the Bureau of Home Economics deals with consumer utilization projects, that is, projects that have to do with the use of finished fabrics either for clothing or for household purposes. It is closely linked up with the production research program of the Department of Agriculture. For instance, we have a number of projects under way in cooperation with other bureaus of the Department working on fiber production research.

In these cooperative projects we are making fabrics out of known varieties, known grades, and known staple lengths of fiber, and then studying the relative value of these finished fabrics in terms of their usefulness to the consumer when actually put into clothing or into household articles.

One example is a project reported in the technical bulletin on cotton Dr. Stanley showed you, done in cooperation with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. We started there with known grades of American Upland cotton of one staple length, made the cotton into sheeting because that is a simple construction of a finished fabric and one whose use can be controlled in an experiment of this kind. Then, when the fabric was completed, it was turned over to our bureau. All of the fiber work was handled by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, but the finished fabric, the finished sheeting, was studied in our bureau. We put it into actual use, withdrew samples from time to time and studied the rate of wear and deterioration shown by those different grades of cotton.

We have a similar work under way with the Bureau of Animal Industry, linking up some of their breeding experiments on sheep with the quality of the wool fibers.

For

A part of our contribution in research of this kind is that we have developed methods of measuring the deterioration, both chemical and physical, of these fibers when they are put into actual use. example, here is one of our scientific articles describing a method that was developed for measuring wool damage when the wool is placed in a finished fabric and actually used [exhibiting]. In work of this kind, by contributing to information on the usefulness of various varieties and grades of fiber to the consumer, we are contributing, we hope, to a better textile production program. We are interested, for

instance, in the question of how much reworked wool can be put into a fabric without making it useless to the consumer.

Mr. THOм. This bulletin would be of no avail to the ordinary person.

Miss O'BRIEN. No; that is a scientific report published in a scientific textile magazine and, of course, is of interest, as far as that report is concerned, only to specialists who are working in textile chemistry and textile problems. On the other hand, it is a development of a method of measuring the damage to wool as it is used over a period of time and that method can be applied in studying many different aspects of the wool problem.

Dr. STANLEY. But for the average consumer we have on the press a bulletin such as this on Quality Guides in Buying Household Blankets, which results from these scientific studies.

Mr. UMSTEAD. That is a popular bulletin, expressed in language that the average person can understand, which is a result of the findings of your investigation?

Miss O'BRIEN. Yes. I believe Dr. Stanley showed you our popular leaflet on buying sheets. That again is a popular expression of this technical work that we did on the sheeting. We have in the press at the present time one on the buying of blankets, which ties in with this wool work. So that along with these technical research studies we publish not only the technical bulletins such as this first one, and scientific articles that deal with the scientific methods involved, but also this popular expression of the results [exhibiting]. That is one type of research we are carrying on.

A second type is that we do what we can to develop new uses for cotton and wool produced in this country, feeling that we should extend the use of those fibers as much as we can legitimately. We have had in the past a number of projects dealing with that line of work. This present year, however, we have had so many calls from the emergency agencies that we have had to cut down this type of work to some extent.

It happens that our Bureau is the only Government bureau dealing with the use of textile materials in clothing and household articles, and so we have been called upon for a great deal of help by the F. E. R. A. and by various other emergency agencies. For example, we assisted in writing the specifications, for many of the textile materials that the F. E. R. A. bought. We furnished that agency the instructions for making up garments and household articles that they sent out over the country. We worked with them on some of the handicraft problems that involved textiles, and so on. We also furnished one of our staff as a consultant to the Consumers' Advisory Board. We furnished home material that dealt with textiles for the Consumers' Guide, already mentioned. We felt this was an emergency situation and we should respond to any of those requests which came to us. We were obliged to cut down our other work accordingly. A third aspect we have started on and one which we feel is of tremendous importance now is the matter of consumer guides for purchasing textiles. The situation is getting serious as regards the consumer's plight in attempting to make intelligent selections of textile materials. We have so many finishes and so many new kinds of fabrics it is very difficult for the consumer to find out at the counter

what she is getting, or what kind of fabric will really meet the need she has in mind. We have approached this from two angles one, these popular leaflets tied in with our other research work. The second is we have made analyses of the fabrics that are on the market in some cases. For example, we have made a complete analysis of all of the blankets of the different grades and different types which are now offered on the retail market to the consumer and we have tried to separate those out and point out the range in tensile strength, in the weight of the blankets, and in other qualities. We also measured the heat transmission; that is, the amount of heat that will go through the blanket, thus pointing out the values of these different fabrics in regard to the qualities in which the consumers are interested.

The practical value of this is that we are trying to show the merchant and the consumer what qualities the consumer should be told about. We are trying to point out ways in which that information might be got across to the consumer. We believe it is possible to set up, in some cases, grading systems. In other cases, there might be set up so-called "consumers' specifications," so that there would be definite factual material required on the label, upon which a consumer could base a judgment when she goes to the counter and buys these staple materials. Of course we know well enough there are some fabrics in which the style aspect is the most important. In those cases, of course, the consumer is interested primarily in the superficial appearance. On the other hand, the great majority of textiles are the materials like towels, sheets, blankets, and things of that kind, in which the consumer wants some specific qualities.

That is a brief statement of the three main aspects of our work. It might save you time if I stopped there and let you ask me any questions.

Mr. TARVER. Have either of you gentlemen any questions? If not, we thank you, Miss O'Brien, and that concludes the hearing for today.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 1935.

GRAIN FUTURES ADMINISTRATION

STATEMENTS OF DR. J. W. T. DUVEL, CHIEF; J. M. MEHL, ASSISTANT CHIEF; AND ALBERT STRACK, ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT

Mr. CANNON. We will take up this morning the item for the enforcement of the Grain Futures Act. We have with us Dr. Duvel from that Bureau. Dr. Duvel, would you care to make a preliminary statement on the work of the Bureau ?

Dr. DUVEL. I have a brief preliminary statement which I thought I would read for the record, especially for the benefit of the new members. It summarizes the field covered by our work.

Mr. CANNON. We shall be glad to have it.

Dr. DUVEL. I will show first this chart [exhibiting] for the benefit of those who are here. This chart represents a general outline of the way we divide our work-first, the contract market designation;