ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XVI

L to LORD ADVOCATE

NEW YORK

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY

1911

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1911,

by

The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

A. B. Ch.

A. B. R.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XVI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL
CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. C. F.

A. C. S.

ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.

See the biographical article: SWINBURNE, A. C.

A. Fi.

A. F. P.

A. GI.

A. Go.*

'A. G. D.

See the biographical article: DOBSON, HENRY AUSTIN.

PIERRE MARIE AUGUSTE FILON

See the biographical article. FILON, P. M. A.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M A., F.R.HIST.SOC

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls'
College, Oxford. Assistant editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893-
1901. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of
England under the Protector Somerset, Henry VIII; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.
ARNOLD GLOVER, M.A., LL.B. (d. 1905)

{Locke, John.
{Landor.
{Locker-Lampson.

}

Labiche.

Lambert, Francis;
Lambert, Nicholson.

Trinity College, Cambridge; Joint-editor of Beaumont and Fletcher for the Cam- Layard.
bridge University Press.

REV, ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.

Lecturer in Church History in the University of Manchester.

ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, C.M.G, M.A., LITT.D., F.R. HIST.S., F.R.S.(Canada)
Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada.
Author of The Cradle of New France; &c. Joint editor of Documents relating to the
Constitutional History of Canada.

A. P. C.

Laurentius, Paul;
Libertines.

Lafontaine.

Laodicea.

Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United Independent Logos (in part).
College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University, and Member of
Mysore Educational Service.

ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.

Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University
(Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901.

ANDREW LANG.

See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW
ADELAIDE MARY ANDERSON, M.A.

H.M. Principal Lady Inspector of Factories, Home Office. Clerk to the Royal
Commission on Labour, 1892-1894. Gamble Gold Medallist, Girton College, Cam-
bridge, 1893. Author of various articles on Industrial Life and Legislation, &c.
AGNES MARY CLERKE.

See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.

ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

ARTHUR PHILEMON COLEMAN, M.A., PH.D., F R.S.

{La Cloche.

Labour Legislation.

Lagrange; Laplace;
Leverrier.

Lämmergeyer; Lapwing;
Lark; Linnet; Loom.

Professor of Geology in the University of Toronto. Geologist, Bureau of Mines, Labrador (in part).
Toronto, 1893-1910. Author of Reports of the Bureau of Mines of Ontario.

'A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.

A. P. Lo.

A. Se.*

A. SI.

A. So.

A. S. C.

A. St H. G.

A. S. M.

A. S. W.

ALBERT PETER LOW.

{

Deputy Minister of Department of Mines, Canada. Member of Geological Survey Labrador (in part).
of Canada. Author of Report on the Exploration in the Labrador Peninsula; &c.

ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.

Professor of Zoology at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London.. Larval Forms.

Fellow, and formerly Tutor, of Trinity College, Cambridge. Professor of Zoology

in the University of Cambridge, 1907-1909.

ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P.

Member of Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of The London Water-Liquor Laws.

Supply; Industrial Efficiency; Drink, Temperance and Legislation.

ALBRECHT SOCIN, PH.D. (1844-1899).

Formerly Professor of Semitic Philology in the Universities of Leipzig and Tübingen. Lebanon (in part).

Author of Arabische Grammatik; &c.

ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.

Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Author of Ancient Lace.

Needle Point and Pillow Lace; Embroidery and Lace; Ornament in European Silks;

&c.

A. T. T.

A. W..R.

A. W. W.

B. D. J.

C.

C. C. W.

C. Di.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.

REV. ARTHUR WOLLASTON HUTTON, M.A.

Lewanika.

{Lamp.

Latin Language (in part).

Life-boat: United States.

Leopold I. (Roman Emperor),

Levellers.

Rector of Bow Church, Cheapside. Librarian National Liberal Club, 1889-1899. Leo XIII.

Author of Life of Cardinal Newman; Life of Cardinal Manning; &c.

ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B.

Landlord and Tenant;

Lodger and Lodgings.

Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of Encyclopaedia of the Laws Letters Patent;

of England.

C. D. W.

C. E.*

C. F. A.

CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

{Lodge, Thomas.

Linnaeus.

{Laprade.

La Salle;

Lincoln, Abraham (in part).

Life-boat: Brilish.

Labour Legislation: United

States.

Light: Introduction and

History.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal Long Island (Battle).

Fusiliers). Author of The Wilderness and Cold Harbour.

Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Registrar of the Office of the Land Registry, Land Registration.

Lincoln's Inn Fields. Author of Registration of Title to Land; The Practice of the

Land Registry; Land Transfer in Various Countries; &c.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City. Member Leo I.-X. (Popes)

Assistant Secretary, Board of Education. Author of Life of Henry V. Editor of Lancaster, John of Gaunt,

Chronicles of London and Stow's Survey of London.

duke of.

с. м.

CARL THEODOR MIRBT, D.TH.

Professor of Church History in the University of Marburg. Author of Publizistik
im Zeitalter Gregor VII.; Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsilhums; &c.

Lateran Councils.