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Henry K. Carroll, LL.D. He finds that during 1902 there was a net gain of 720 ministers, 1,261 churches, and 403,743 communicants in all the denominations in this country; which is a considerable decrease over the year before, when the increase in the number of communicants was reported as 924,675. Dr. Carroll accounts for this disparity by the fact that in 1901 the Catholic bodies were credited with an increase of 473,083, while this year the increase is placed at 120,634. The increases for the various larger denominations, as far as communicants are concerned, are: Catholics (8 bodies). Methodists (17 bodies)

120,634

98,184 49,320 48,654 30,001

Lutherans (22 bodies)

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27,836

Protestant Episcopal (2 bodies).

Congregationalists...

United Brethren (2 bodies)

Adventists (6 bodies)..

Reformed (3 bodies)

German Evangelical Synod.. Evangelical (4 bodies).

13,330 10,345 9,782 8,498

5,875

4,311

Several of the denominations show decreases in number of ministers, churches, and communicants. The Dunkards appear to have lost 9,000 members; the German Evangelical Protestants are credited with 16,500 less than last year; the Latter-Day Saints with a decrease of 400 ministers, 86 churches, and 3,324 communicants; while the United Brethren, with a decrease of 158 ministers and 172 churches, appear to have made a gain of 10,345 communicants. Dr. Carroll notes that a new Lutheran Synod, the Slovakian, has been organized in this country during the year. It is composed of Finns, whose emigration to the United States has been greatly accelerated by the Russification of Finland.

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teenth position. Other bodies showing a gain in relative standing are: The Regular Baptist, South (from fourth to third); the Disciples (from eighth to sixth); the African Methodist Episcopal (from eleventh to tenth); the Colored Methodist Episcopal (from twenty-third to twentyfirst); the United Norwegian Lutheran (from twenty-fifth to twenty-fourth). A loss in relative standing, on the other hand, is recorded of the following bodies: Regular Baptist, Colored (from third to fourth); Regular Baptist, North (from sixth to eighth); Congregational (from tenth to eleventh); Reformed, German (from fifteenth to sixteenth); United Brethren (from sixteenth to seventeenth); Lutheran General Synod (from seventeenth to nineteenth); Methodist Protestant (from twenty-second to twenty-third); Primitive Baptist (from twenty-fourth to twenty-fifth). All of these bodies, however, show an actual increase in membership, some of them by very large percentage. The increase of the Regular Baptist, North, for instance, is over twenty-six and one-half per cent. ; yet, because of the still larger relative gains of the Disciples and the Presbyterian, North, it has dropped back two places in relative standing. The bodies that retain the standing they had in 1890 are as follows: 1-Roman Catholic; 2-Methodist Episcopal; 5-Methodist Episcopal, South; 7--Presbyterian, North; 9-Protestant Episcopal; 12-Lutheran Synodical Conference; 13-African Methodist Episcopal, Zion; 14-Lutheran General Council; 18—Presbyterian, South; 20-Ger

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Evangelical Synod; 26-United Presbyterian; 27-Reformed, Dutch.

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the vicious principle which caused their detention, with all its concomitant wretchedness. That these two students are now in position to pursue their studies is no reason whatever for relaxing the effort to change the law that now gives justification to the reproach expressed in the title of Miss Miner's article, "American Barbarism and Chinese Hospitality." We therefore repeat what we said editorially in the issue for January 3. There is reason for questioning the advisability of admitting to this country Chinese laborers who come here only for their own benefit, with the possible resulting detriment to the citizens of the Republic, but there is no vestige of reason in the law that allows, on mere technical grounds, the practical imprisonment of students whose purpose in coming to America is to fit themselves to be leaders in China's progress. The United States cannot hope to have China's good will without doing all that is possible to make easy a cordial understanding between the two countries.

The Health DepartAdulteration of Drugs ment of the City of New York has discovered that there is widespread adulteration of phenacetin. The discovery was the result of an examination of samples purchased in the regular way over the counters of drug-stores. To most people phenacetin is well known and commonly used. It may usually be bought without a physician's prescription. The adulterants found were sugar, starch, acetanilid, antipyrin, and quinine sulphate, in differing quantities. None of these are positively harmful; though the cheaper acetanilid and antipyrin are more active heart depressants than phenacetin, they are not so much so as to prevent their common use by careful physicians. Nevertheless, the fact that the purchaser of drugs cannot know whether he obtains what he asks for is itself a menace to health. The responsibility for the adulteration has not yet been fixed. It is not certain whether it should be placed upon the German manufacturer, the American agent, or the retailer. This very uncertainty, though it should lead to suspension of judgment in placing the blame, at the same time suggests that this conscienceless business may extend to

many other places besides New York. There can be conceivably nothing more contemptible than such bartering of human safety for money, especially when human safety is absolutely dependent upon the good faith of those who have it in their keeping. Those who have thus violated their trust should, when they are discovered and convicted, be made to feel the full power of the law. In the meantime this occurrence emphatically calls public attention to the great value of a well-administered health department.

Last week the Rev. American Training for A. P. Doyle, of the Philippine Priests

Paulist Fathers of New York City, began the task of raising a quarter of a million dollars for the building of an Apostolic Mission House in Washington. The building is to stand on a portion of land already given for this purpose by the American Catholic University. The aim of the founders is to train missionaries and to prepare priests for the American insular possessions. The undertaking is likely to play a very important part especially in Philippine ecclesiastical questions, as it is proposed not only to train Americans to work in the islands, but also to bring theological students and priests from the Philippines to Washington, there to instruct them so thoroughly that on their return they may have an adequate comprehension of what American religious, educational, and political institutions really mean, and thus be fitted to supplant the degenerate Spanish friars with a genuine energy for good. The Mission House at Washington is to be administered almost entirely by Paulists, since their training as missionaries has been found peculiarly successful in the work of the Roman Catholic Church in this country. The project is in the immediate charge of the Catholic Missionary Union. Another and more important event last week as regards the American Catholic University was the appointment of Monsignor O'Connell, long the distinguished rector of the American College at Rome, to the rectorship of the Washington. University. This appointment is hailed by Roman Catholic Liberals as an indication of favorable regard by the Pope.

A Great Citizen

No account of the resources of New York at any time during the past three decades would have been complete if it had failed to contain an estimate of the character and influence of Mr. Abram S. Hewitt, manufacturer, lawyer, member of Congress, Mayor, philanthropist, and citizen. Public addresses of all kinds, books, and newspapers are full of reports of the wealth of the country, the volume of its products, the range of its manufactures, the extent of its commerce; but no report ever conveys an adequate impression of the moral and spiritual capital of the people. In the nature of things no such report can ever be made; but it would be better if less emphasis were laid on material wealth, and more emphasis on intellectual and spiritual wealth. Mr. Hewitt was prominently identified for many years with great business interests; he was an important factor in the financial life of the metropolis; but he was first and foremost, for many years, one of its representative men in all the higher fields of its activity; he was a great citizen.

Mr. Hewitt was a self-made man who had had the advantages of thorough education. Born in one of the Hudson River towns eighty-one years ago last July, the son of a very capable man of mechanical talent who had acquired a fortune and lost it, Mr. Hewitt's childhood was passed under very simple conditions. His earliest education was partly on the farm and partly in public schools; and he early developed a passion for study, tireless industry, and an indomitable will. In an intensely interesting account of his early life which he gave in conversation with a friend not many months ago, he said that, as a child, he hated poverty, not because it deprived him of luxuries, but because it circumscribed his activities and interests, and he resolved to acquire both an education and a fortune in order that he might live as he chose, and have the range and resources of freedom. When he was ready to enter college, he secured one of the competitive scholarships offered by Columbia to the boys of the public schools of this city, and it was characteristic of him that, later, he paid to the College the

amount which he would have paid as a student on the usual basis. He was already self-supporting, and while he was a student at Columbia he was also a tutor. Never very strong, but always tireless, he not only supported himself, but he graduated at the head of the class of 1842. While he was going through the course he took a younger brother with him through the curriculum.

After graduation, Mr. Hewitt became acting Professor of Mathematics at Columbia. Later he studied law, but his health had been impaired, and in 1844 he went to Europe with Mr. Edward Cooper, son of the well-known philanthropist, who had been his classmate, friend, and pupil. A year later, on his return from Europe, Mr. Hewitt was admitted to the bar, but found his impaired eyesight a serious obstacle to his success, abandoned the profession, and embarked in business with his friend Edward Cooper. The new firm showed great energy and foresight. It was the first in the field to make iron beams and girders for fireproof buildings. It had great plants, and produced an immense amount of wire and structural iron. During the Civil War, as the result of Mr. Hewitt's study of the manufacture of gunbarrel iron in England, the firm of Cooper & Hewitt was able to render very important services to the Government by supplying it with material; upon which, however, it refused to accept any profit. The perfect integrity which was characteristic of Mr. Hewitt from the very beginning was united with a deep sense of moral responsibility in all business matters and especially in his relations with his employees. He said to a committee of Congress that from 1873 to 1878 the business of his firm was conducted at a loss of a hundred thousand dollars yearly; this was done partly, of course, to maintain the plant, but chiefly to avoid throwing a great throng of workingmen out of employment.

From an early period in his life Mr. Hewitt took a keen interest in politics, holding the Democratic view of great public questions and joining Tammany Hall at the beginning of its career. When the County Democracy was organized in 1876, he retired from Tammany, and became one of the leaders of the new movement. He was in Congress for

twelve years. He was Chairman of the Democratic National Committee during the Hayes-Tilden controversy; and, although he believed and declared that the Democratic party had carried the country, he was largely instrumental in securing a settlement of the controversy by the organization of the Electoral Commission. After a stirring campaign he was elected Mayor of New York in the autumn of 1886; a position to which he brought his instincts as a man of integrity, a man of affairs, and a man of executive energy. He never truckled to any group of men, and his refusal to raise the Irish flag on the City Hall on St. Patrick's Day, which was eminently sensible and wise, cost him the support of many voters. When the Brooklyn Bridge was opened in 1883, Mr. Hewitt's oration, although delivered in connection with a very impressive address by Dr. Storrs, was masterly in its insight into conditions and its interpretation of the occasion. From the very beginning he foresaw the rapid and great growth of the city, and was a conspicuous and tireless advocate of rapid transit.

To the last Mr. Hewitt's grip of affairs was firm, and his interest in all matters relating to the public intense. In the discussion which went on during the coal strike his letter pointing out the perils of denying freedom to labor was treated as a public document and discussed in every part of the United States. He was greatly interested in all educational matters. He gave his father-in-law, Mr. Peter Cooper, valuable assistance in the early organization of Cooper Union, one of the great centers of educational activity in this city; and it was due to his faith and energy that a large increase of the endowment for the institution was secured not many months ago. He was Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Barnard College, and an influential member of many clubs and associations of every kind. His business connections were many and intimate, He was a director in the United States Steel Corporation, in several railroads and coal and iron companies, and he was nected with many smaller enterprises. Whatever he had to do he did with his might, bringing to his work unusual natural sagacity, the experience of a long life, and absolute honesty and candor. For many years he was called upon on all public

con

occasions to represent and interpret the higher life of the metropolis. With a genius for speaking the apt word in an effective and telling manner, his frankness made him some enemies, but secured for him universal confidence and respect. New York came to think of him only incidentally as a man of wealth, but chiefly as a courageous, sincere, and honest man; a citizen who cared only for the public good; a man whose party interests and affiliations were always held in subordination to the public service, and whose whole life was an illustration of the fundamental virtues and a reinforcement of the highest life of the city.

Judge Taft

There is something both pathetic and inspiring in the latest reports from the Philippines of an event which at once denies to the Supreme Court bench one who would be an eminent addition to it, and secures to the Filipinos the continued service of one whom they rightly regard. with gratitude as their friend and benefactor. It is well known that Governor Taft's inclinations, ambitions, and abilities combine in calling him to a judicial position. It was no small self-sacrifice for him to leave the bench when asked by President McKinley to go to the Philippines and there serve as his country's representative in framing for this people free institutions. The invitation extended to him by President Roosevelt to return and take a seat on the Supreme Court bench was an invitation to exercise his abilities in the line of his inclinations, and in a judicial position certainly unsurpassed, probably unequaled, by any other in the world. And he has resolutely said No to his inclinations and his ambitions, that he may continue to serve a people just emerging from barbarism into civilization, from despotism into liberty.

It would seem almost impossible for cynicism itself to attribute this action to any but the noblest motives. He elects to remain in a country the climate of which is enervating and, to the eager American, burdensome and repugnant. He foregoes many of the comforts of twentieth-century life in a twentiethcentury Nation, to put up with physical

conditions in important respects hardly superior to those of the eighteenth century -conditions which have been further impaired by the devastations of war, pestilence, and famine. He turns his back on the social and literary attractions of life in Washington to continue in a life the very limited society of which is necessarily almost inseparable from official duties and relations. He declines an opportunity for a pursuit which would call forth the highest exercise of his intellectual powers for one of administrative detail which calls ceaselessly for that patience which is of all virtues the most difficult for an American to exercise. Removed thousands of miles from his native country, his countrymen know little of the work which he is doing, save by its results, and these are often misinterpreted and oftener belittled. That he is misrepresented by members of the party in opposition is perhaps to be expected this is the common fate of all public men; but he has also to endure the harder trial of being misunderstood in his purposes, and sometimes thwarted in his plans for the benefit of the poor and the lowly, by men eminent in his own party. That his motives should be occasionally maligned by persons who are incapable of comprehending unselfish service, he could bear more easily than the fact that he is looked upon by some honorable and high-minded persons as the representative of a policy which they strangely regard as one of selfish commercial exploitation and overweening political ambition. When it is announced that he is contemplating leaving the Archipelago, where he has represented the Nation, whose spirit and purpose in that Archipelago have been so grossly misrepresented by some of his own American fellow-citizens, the natives whom he is serving so faithfully and unselfishly rise en masse to implore him to remain as their guide, their counselor, their protector. If they were a discontented and restless people, eager to throw off a yoke of bondage which had been aposed upon them, they would welcome his going, for in his departure they would see an opportunity for a new revolution; or they would at least witness his going, and the coming of his successor, with the sullen indifference with which a cowed and terrified people always witness changes in the personnel of their con

querors. Their spontaneous uprising t entreat him to remain-and the spontan ity of the movement cannot be questioned since there could be no motive for inspi ing it from without is a sufficient repl to those Americans who, with all the intelligence, have not understood th emancipating spirit of the American rep resentatives in the Philippines as well a it has been understood by the Filipinos despite their ignorance. Judge Taft's cor sent to forego the opportunity offered t him to exercise his abilities in an office unexampled influence and power at home that he may put them at the service of poor and ignorant people abroad, is a splendid an illustration as modern publi life has afforded of the motto, Whoso ever will be chief among you, let him b your servant."

In the work to which with such unsel ishness he has renewedly consecrated him self he ought to have the hearty confidenc and the united support of the America people. Neither ecclesiastical prejudice nor doctrinal theories, still less the narro and selfish interests of commercial cliques ought to be allowed by the America people to thwart his beneficent purposes His general policy has been clearly de fined in his own mind and frankly ou lined to his countrymen. He has suc cessfully initiated negotiations with th Vatican which, if successfully consum mated, will lead to the settlement of th friar question by the only constitutiona and honorable method, the purchase o their lands for the benefit of the Filipin people. In that purpose he ought to hav the support of all Americans, Protestan and Roman Catholic. istration an educational system has bee organized and carried forward whic promises to give the Filipino people i less than a quarter of a century the Eng lish language, not imposed upon then but eagerly sought by them. No fals sentimentality should hinder this endeavo to furnish a linguistic unity to a peopl now hopelessly divided by their dialects a unity absolutely indispensable to thei national life. He asks America to reduc the tariff on all Filipino products seventy five per cent., that thus the Filipinos maj realize America's fellowship for them, tha thus they may be bound to us by commer cial interests, and that thus their industr

Under his admin

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