ties, and the appellate court is to correct prejudicial errors, if any, made by the trial court. It has no interest in correcting errors which are not of substantial importance. It grants relief only to a party aggrieved. Its duty is performed if it disregards technical errors and only passes judgment upon questions which affect the substantial rights of the parties. Sitting at Special Term, I should have denied the motion, upon the ground that the amendment is unnecessary. The court held otherwise, and it is immaterial whether its decision was technically right or wrong, so long as it does not affect any substantial rights of the parties. It imposes no costs. The appellant will have no benefit from a reversal of the order.

I favor an affirmance, without costs. All concur, except

WOODWARD, J. (dissenting). In the month of August, 1907, the plaintiff, with his coexecutor, Joseph Shaw, who has since died, commenced an action for the foreclosure of a mortgage, dated June 22, 1905, in the sum of $600, due in six months, payable to Jacob Staley, now deceased, and represented in this action by his executors. The complaint in the action alleged that a bond accompanied the mortgage; but the plaintiff failed to produce the bond upon the trial. The defendants appeared, admitted the making and execution of the bond and mortgage, the delivery of the same, and the recording of the mortgage, and denied all of the other material allegations of the complaint. The issues thus formed came on for trial before a justice of this court, without a jury. The plaintiff produced the mortgage, made a computation of the interest due thereon, and rested. The defendant offered no evidence. The learned court made findings of fact, covering the formal matters involved in the pleadings, and in the ninth finding it was found that:

"No proof was offered upon the trial to show the amount due or unpaid upon the bond and mortgage referred to in the complaint, or for what amount a cause of action accrued, or what cause of action the plaintiffs had at the time of the trial."

And it was found and decided as a matter of law:

"That the complaint of the plaintiffs herein be dismissed, with costs and disbursements of this action in favor of the defendant Michael D. Murray, to be taxed by the clerk of Fulton county. Let judgment be entered accordingly."

The judgment entered upon this decision provided that:

It is "adjudged and decreed, pursuant to and in accordance with said findings and decision of said court, hereinbefore stated, that the complaint of the plaintiffs be, and the same hereby is, dismissed, and that defendant Michael D. Murray have and recover judgment of and from the said plaintiffs, his costs and disbursements in this action, taxed at the sum of $60.07, and that the said Michael D. Murray have execution therefor."

The plaintiffs filed exceptions to the findings of fact, and appealed to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court; the case and exceptions being made up in the usual manner, and containing a statement that the motion of the defendants for a nonsuit was denied. The judgment was affirmed by the Appellate Division, and on a subsequent appeal to the Court of Appeals the judgment was again affirmed, and

on the 18th day of February, 1911, the judgment of affirmance was entered by consent. Subsequently, and on or about the 20th day of May, 1913, a second action was commenced to foreclose this same bond and mortgage, and the learned court before whom the trial came on has held that this judgment is res adjudicata, and has dismissed the complaint, and an appeal from the judgment in the second cause of action is now pending.

Confronted with this situation the plaintiff, as surviving executor, moved this court at Special Term for an order

"opening and setting aside the judgment entered in this action on the 21st day of October, 1907, dismissing the plaintiff's complaint, and permitting the plaintiff to serve an amended and supplemental complaint, a copy of which proposed amended and supplemental complaint is attached hereto, and for an order permitting the plaintiff to amend the said summons and complaint by striking out the name of James A. Williamson, as treasurer, as a party defendant, and for the bringing in as parties defendant the Amsterdam Savings Bank and the Johnstown Bank, and for an order correcting the judg ment and findings of fact herein by inserting a provision that said decision and judgment was not on the merits, but was a nonsuit because the plaintiff failed to prove his cause of action."

This motion was granted to the extent that it was ordered that the findings of fact and decision, and the judgment in this action, dated the 21st day of October, 1907, and the exceptions thereof filed by the plaintiff to said findings of fact, be and the same hereby are stricken from said judgment roll and from said action, and that:

"A judgment of nonsuit be entered in place of said judgment; said judgment of nonsuit to show that said dismissal was not upon the merits."

A judgment complying with this order has been entered, and the defendants appeal to this court from the order, and from so much of the judgment as changes the form and substance of the original judgment. This is certainly a most remarkable proceeding, and, if it is within the law, it is difficult to understand when a judgment is conclusive upon the parties. I shall not undertake to determine at this time whether the judgment as entered and approved on appeal constituted a nonsuit or a dismissal of the complaint upon the merits; that is a question of law to be disposed of upon the appeal in the second action. It may, however, be proper to point out that under the provisions of section 1209 of the Code of Civil Procedure a—

"final judgment, dismissing the complaint, either before or after a trial, rendered in an action hereafter commenced, does not prevent a new action for the same cause of action, unless it expressly declares, or it appears by the judg ment roll, that it is rendered upon the merits."

It is not expressly declared in the judgment as originally entered that it is upon the merits, and the Court of Appeals, in Clark v. Scovill, 198 N. Y. 279, 91 N. E. 800, distinctly held that a judgment is not a bar to a subsequent action for the same cause when the verdict on which it is entered might have been directed on the merits. The true rule is that it is not a bar unless it must have been directed on the merits, and that while the judgment roll is the primary, but not the exclusive, guide, and when it appears therefrom that the judgment might have been rendered on the merits, or upon a ground not in

volving the merits, the presumption is that it was not upon the merits, and the burden is upon the one who claims it is a bar to show by extrinsic evidence, consistent with the judgment roll, that it was in fact rendered on the merits.

Assuming, however, for the purposes of this appeal, that the judgment as originally entered was a judgment upon the merits, and that the trial court, before the judgment of affirmance was rendered in the appellate court, might have corrected the record to make it conform with the intent of the trial justice, which he tells us was that it should be a nonsuit, what is the position of the plaintiff after the judgment has been affirmed by the Appellate Division and the Court of Appeals, and the judgment of the latter court has been made the judgment of the Supreme Court? Is there still power in the Supreme Court to change the judgment thus finally approved on appeal, and make it something different from what it was originally? The plaintiffs, in their notice of appeal to the Appellate Division, made no complaint as to the form of the judgment; they made no contention that it was not a proper judgment under the findings of the court, but gave notice that they appealed "from the judgment of the trial court, herein," and also "from the findings and decision of the court in this action filed in the office of said clerk on the 11th day of April, 1908." They also gave notice that the—

"plaintiffs and appellants intend to bring up for review upon said appeal the exceptions taken upon the trial, and the admissions of evidence objected to by the plaintiffs; also exceptions taken to the exclusion of evidence offered by the plaintiffs, above named; also the exceptions taken by the plaintiffs and appellants to the findings of the court duly filed in the office of the clerk," etc.

The situation presented by the appeal was this: The plaintiffs had suffered a defeat, as appears by the findings of the court, because they had failed to produce proof "to show the amount due or unpaid upon the bond and mortgage referred to in the complaint, or for what amount a cause of action accrued, or what cause of action the plaintiffs had at the time of the trial," and they appealed from this finding, and from the decision of the court, and incidentally urged certain alleged errors in the receiving and excluding of evidence. The plaintiffs insisted that the court had erred in reaching these conclusions; they said upon the case they had made, in connection with the matters which they were prevented from showing by evidence, or which had been improperly permitted to enter into the controversy, the plaintiffs were entitled to recover, and that it was the duty of the appellate courts to reverse the judgment dismissing the complaint, and to permit the plaintiffs to recover in a new trial. In other words, their contention on appeal was that, while there had been a trial of the issues presented by the pleadings, the learned court at Trial Term had erred in the application of the law to the case, and that they were entitled to a ruling that, upon a proper trial of the action, they would be entitled to recover. They presented questions of law to the appellate courts upon the assumption that the facts before the trial court, supplemented by those which they claimed to be able to prove, and with the exclusion of those which they contended were improperly. in the case, would give them a right to succeed in the action, and

both appellate courts held that the plaintiffs had failed to establish the essential facts, and that there was no error in the conduct of the trial, so that at the time the present motion was made it was established, so far as a final adjudication can establish anything, that the plaintiffs, upon their theory of the case, were not entitled to recover. There was an adjudication upon the merits of the case, because the plaintiffs were not willing to accept the determination of the trial court.

The case as it went to the appellate courts was substantially the same as though the court had dismissed the complaint upon the ground that it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. Conceding all of the facts which were proved, and which it was claimed could have been proved, as well as excluding all that the plaintiffs contended should have been excluded, there was a question of law for the court, just as would have been the case on demurrer, and when that appeal was determined, and the judgment of affirmance had been made the judgment of the Supreme Court, the law was fully established that the plaintiffs were not entitled to recover upon the best state of facts which they claimed to be able to present. Whatever might be said of the effect of the original judgment, had it remained unchallenged by the plaintiffs, it became essentially a new judgment upon the merits of the law questions involved when it had made the circuit of the appellate courts, and the final judgment became merged in the original judgment; and if there is any power in the court at Special Term to change a judgment upon a question of law. thus fully established by the appellate courts, I am not aware of it. The trial court could have made the original judgment one of nonsuit if it had been so disposed. Indeed, under the provisions of section 1209 of the Code of Civil Procedure, I am of the opinion that this was the effect of the judgment in the case as it existed prior to the determination of the appeal; but the judgment which the learned court at Special Term has attempted to transform is not the original judgment, holding in effect that the plaintiff had failed to establish the facts necessary to a cause of action, but is the judgment of the Court of Appeals that, upon any state of facts which the plaintiffs claimed to be able to establish, they were not entitled to recover. To permit this order to stand is to concede the power of the court at Special Term to reverse the Court of Appeals, and to permit the plaintiffs to relitigate a question which they have already carried to the Court of Appeals upon their own theory of their right to recover.

A judgment in an action in which questions of law are alone involved is as conclusive between the parties as a judgment in an action in which are involved issues of fact as well as of law. Henck v. Barnes, 84 Hun, 546, 549, 32 N. Y. Supp. 840; Gould v. Evansville, etc., R. R. Co., 91 U. S. 526, 23 L. Ed. 416. A demurrer to a complaint. because it does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action raises an issue which involves the merits. Alley v. Nott, 111 U. S. 472, 4 Sup. Ct. 495, 28 L. Ed. 491. In.St. John v. West, 4 How. Prac. 329, Judge Selden, considering the meaning of the word "merits" on appeals from orders, says that, if taken in its ordinary acceptation, it would seem to mean the abstract justice of the case, but that a proper legal definition would regard it as meaning the combined questions of

law and fact presented by the pleadings in the case, and he remarked that the word "merits," as a legal term, had acquired no precise technical meaning, and admits of some latitude of interpretation; but it is to be regarded as referring to the strict legal rights of the parties, as contradistinguished from those mere questions of practice which every court regulates for itself, and from all matters which depend upon the discretion or favor of the court. Hirshbach v. Ketchum, 79 App. Div. 561, 563, 80 N. Y. Supp. 143, 144.

In the case last above cited, upon a demurrer to a complaint upon the ground that it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, the court held that the agreement upon which the plaintiff sought to recover was invalid, and filed a decision sustaining the demurrer and dismissing the complaint "upon the merits according to law," and this was held to be proper. The court at Special Term had made an order striking out these words, after the original judgment had remained unappealed from for a period of five years, and the court

say:

"The words stricken out were properly inserted, for the final judgment was on the merits. The subject involved was the validity of the agreement which lay at the foundation of the plaintiff's cause of action. That being invalid, there was no claim, and every right which the plaintiff asserted fell with the adjudication of the invalidity of the agreement. * The final judgment entered upon the demurrer in this case, going as it does to the fundamental right of the plaintiff and determining that no right cognizable at law existed, was an adjudication on the merits, and, being so, that final judgment as entered was correct. The action of the court in granting this motion makes a new judgment and a different determination from that which was made on the trial of the issue in the cause. There is no doubt of the power of the court to amend a judgment by striking out the words 'upon the merits,' where it is clear that there was no authority or jurisdiction to enter a judgment containing those words, and where the only permissible judgment was one simply dismissing a complaint. Such was the case of Card v. Meincke, 70 Hun, 382 [24 N. Y. Supp. 375], but the courts have not gone so far as to say that a judgment rightfully rendered, and to which a party was entitled, may be set aside only upon such a statement as was urged on the application now under consideration."

I can discover no distinction in principle between a final adjudication upon a demurrer, and a like determination by the court of last resort, where the plaintiff urges upon appeal all of the questions open to him. If the plaintiffs were not satisfied with the form of the original judgment, and simply desired to preserve their right to bring a new action, they could have moved the court to make the judgment clear upon the point now under consideration, or they could, by an appeal from the judgment, procure its amendment on appeal, for the law is well settled that the Appellate Division, upon appeal, has the power to do what the trial court should have done in the premises. That the courts would be bound to hold that a judgment on appeal would determine the case finally, and, in the absence of a saving provision, would conclude the party in a subsequent action, is clearly shown in the case of Arnold v. Rothschild's Sons Co., 23 App. Div. 221, 48 N. Y. Supp. 854. In that case a motion for a nonsuit was denied and the case went to the jury, resulting in a judgment in favor of the defendant. On an appeal from the judgment it was suggested that the simple af