1

the Tongue, to give a Stroke with the Tongue; fo that these Bars in the fame Time touching the four Levers, which ferve to produce the forefaid Operations, the Flute will found D below.

By the Action of the Lever, which encreases the Opening of the Lips, the Action of a living Man is imitated, who encreases that Opening for the low Sounds.

By the Lever which draws back the Lips, I imitate the Action of a Man who removes them farther from the Hole of the Flute, by turning it outwards.

By the Lever which gives Wind from the unloaded Bellows, I imitate the weak Wind which a Man gives, when he drives it out of the Receptacle of his Lungs, by only a light Compreffion by the Muscles of his Breast.

By the Lever which moves the Tongue, in unftopping the Hole thro' which the Lips let the Wind pass, I imitate the Motion of a Man's Tongue, when he pulls it back from the Hole to give Paffage to the Wind to articulate fuch a Note.

It will then follow, from thofe four different Operations, that by giving a weak Wind, and making it pafs thro' a large İffue in the whole Bignefs of the Hole of the Flute, its Return will produce flow Vibrations, which must be continued in all the Parts of the Body of the Flute, because all the Holes will be fhut, and according to the Principle before mentioned, the Flute will give a low Sound; and this is confirm'd by Experience.

If I would make the Flute found the Note above, namely E, to the four firft Operations for D, I add a fifth; I fix a Bar under the Lever, which raises the third Finger of the Right Hand to unftop the fixth Hole of the Flute; and I make the Lips to come a little nearer to the Hole of the Flute, by fixing or making a little lower the Bar of the Barrel which held up the Lever for the first Note, namely for D. Thus giving an Iffue to the Vibrations fooner, by unftopping the first Hole from the End, as I faid above, the Flute must found a Note above; which is also confirm'd by Experience.

All-thefe Operations will be continued pretty nearly the fame in the Notes of the firft Octave, where the fame Wind is fufficient for forming them all. It is the different Opening of the Holes, by raifing the Fingers, which characterises them: All that is required is to fix on the Barrel, Bars under the Levers which must raise the Fingers to form

fuch a Note.

In order to have the Notes of the fecond Octave, we must change the Situation of the Mouth, that is, we must place a Bar under that Lever which ferves to push the Lips beyond the Diameter of the Hole of the Flute, and thereby imitate the Action of a living Man, who in that Cafe turns the Flute a little inwards.

Secondly, we muft fix a Bar under that Lever, which bringing the Lips towards one another diminishes their Opening; as a Man does to give a lefs Iffue to the Wind.

Thirdly, a Bar muft be fix'd under the Lever which opens the Valve of that Receptacle that contains the Wind coming from thofe Bellows which are loaded with two Pounds; because the Wind being then driven

any fuch Thing. I only pretend to imitate the Mechanifm of that Action in three Things, viz. firft, to swallow the Corn; fecondly, to macerate or diffolve it; thirdly, to make it come out fenfibly changed from what it was.

Nevertheless, it was no eafy Matter to find Means for those three Actions, and thofe Means may, perhaps, deserve fome Attention from those that may expect more. They will fee what Contrivances have been made ufe of to make this artificial Duck take up the Corn, and fuck it up quite to its Stomach; and there in a little Space to make a Chymical Elaboratory to decompound or feparate the integrant Parts of the Food, and then drive it away at Pleasure thro' Circumvolutions of Pipes, which discharge it at the other End of the Body of the Duck.

I don't believe the Anatomifts can find any thing wanting in the Conftruction of its Wings. Not only every Bone has been imitated, but all the Apophyfes or Eminences of each Bone. They are regularly ob ferved as well as the different Joints: The Bending, the Cavities, and the three Bones of the Wing are very diftinct; the firft, which is the Humerus, has its Motion of Rotation every Way with the Bone that performs the Office of the Omoplat, Scapula or Shoulder-Blade the fecond Bone, which is the Cubitus of the Wing, has its Motion with the Humerus by a Joint which the Anatomifts call Ginglymus; the third, which is the Radius, turns in a Cavity of the Humerus, and is faften'd by its other Ends to the little End of the Wing, just as in the Animal. The Inspection of the Machine will better thew that Nature has been justly imitated, than a longer Detail, which would only be an anatomical Defcription of a Wing. To fhew, that the Contrivances for moving thefe Wings are nothing like what is made use of in those wonderful Pieces of Art of the Cock mov'd by the Clock at Lyons, and that at Strasburgh, the whole Mechanism of our artificial Duck is expofed to View; my Design being rather to demonftrate the Manner of the Actions, than to fhew a Machine. Perhaps fome Ladies, or fome People, who only like the Outfide of Animals, had rather have feen the whole cover'd; that is, the Duck with Feathers. But befides, that I have been defired to make every Thing vifible; I would not be thought to impose upon the Spectators by any conceal'd or juggling Contrivance.

I believe, that Perfons of Skill and Attention will fee how difficult it has been to make fo many different moving Parts in this fmall Automaton; as for Example, to make it rife upon its Legs, and throw its Neck to the Right and Left. They will find the different Changes of the Fulcrum's or Centers of Motion: They will alfo fee that what fometimes is a Center of Motion for a moveable Part, another Time becomes moveable on that Part, which Part then becomes fix'd. In a Word, they will be fenfible of a prodigious Number of Mechanical Combinations.

This Machine, when once wound up, performs all its different Operations without being touch'd any more.

I forgot to tell you, that the Duck drinks, plays in the Water with his Bill, and makes a guggling Noife like a real living Duck. In short, I have endeavour'd to make it imitate all the Actions of a living Animal, which I have confider'd very attentively.

M

On the Tabor and Pipe-Figure.

Y third Machine, or Automaton, is the Figure playing on the Tabor and Pipe, which ftands upright on its Pedestal, drefs'd like a dancing Shepherd. This plays twenty Tunes, Minuets, Rigadoons, and Country-dances.

One would at firft imagine, that the Difficulty in making of this was lefs than in the Figure playing on the German-Flute. But, without making a Comparison between the two Machines, to praise one more than the other, I would have it obferv'd, that here an Inftrument is play'd upon, which is very cross-grain'd and falfe in itfelf; that I have been forced to articulate Sound by Means of a Pipe of three Holes only, where all the Tones must be performed by a greater or lefs Force of the Wind, and half ftopping of Holes to pinch the Notes: That I have been obliged to give the different Winds, with a Swiftness which the Ear can hardly follow; and that every Note, even Semi-Quavers, must be tongued, without which, the Sound of this Inftrument is not at all agreeable. In this the Figure out does all our Performers on the TaborPipe, who cannot move their Tongue faft enough to go thro' a whole Bar of Semi-Quavers, and ftrike them all. On the contrary, they flur above half of them; but my Piper plays a whole Tune, and tongues every Note. What a Combination of Winds have I been obliged to make for that Purpofe! In carrying on my Work, I have made Dif coveries of Things which could never have been fo much as guefs'd at. Could it have been thought, that this little Pipe fhould, of all the Wind. Inftruments, be one of the most fatiguing to the Lungs? For, in the playing upon it, the Performer mutt often ftrain the Mufcles of his Breaft with a Force equivalent to a Weight of 56 Pounds: For I am obliged to use that Force of Wind; that is, a Wind driven by that Force or Weight, to found the upper B, which is the highest Tone to which this Inftrument reaches: Whereas one Ounce only is fufficient to found the first Note, or produce the lowest Tone, which is an E. Hence will appear, how many different Blafts of Wind I must have had to run thro' the whole Compafs of the Taber-Pipe.

Moreover, as the different Pofitions of the Fingers are so few, fome would be apt to think, that no more different Winds would be neceffary than the Number of Notes on the Inftrument; but the Fact is otherwife: That Wind, for Example, which is able to produce the Note D following a C, will never produce it, if the fame D is to be founded next to the E juft above it; and the fame is to be understood of all the other Notes. So that upon Computation it will appear, that I muft have twice as many different Winds, as there are Tones, befides the Semi-tones, for each of which a particular Wind is abfolutely neceffary. I own freely, that I am furpriz'd myself to fee and hear my Automaton play, and perform fo many and fo differently varied Combinations: And I have been more than once ready to defpair of fucceeding; but Refolution and Patience overcame every Thing.

Yet this is not all: This Pipe employs but one Hand; the Figure holds a Stick in the other, with which he ftrikes on the Tabor fingle and double Strokes, Rollings varied for all the Tunes; and keeping Time

with what is play'd with the Pipe in the other Hand. This Motion is none of the eafieft in the Machine; for fometimes we must ftrike harder, fometimes quicker, and the Stroke muft always be clean and fmart, to make the Tabor found right. The Mechanifm for this confifts in an infinite Combination of Levers, and different Springs, all moved with Exactness to keep true to the Tune: But these would be too tedious to give a particular Account of. In a Word, this Figure in its Contrivance is fomething like that which plays on the German-Flute; but differs from it in many of the Means of its Operations.

Obfervations on Mr WARBURTON's Sermon at Bath.

A

Late very extraordinary Writer, who has for fome Time entertain'd himself and his Readers in every Shape, and upon every Subject, has at length thought fit to appear under the Character of a Chriftian Divine, to recommend and enforce the Obligations of Charity, in a noble and generous Inftance of it, the Hofpital at Bath.

In this Work, he has fhewn great Ingenuity and Zeal; and has prefs'd the particular Duty from fome very proper Motives and Confiderations of Juftice and Kindness. I wish he had not added (page 21.) that of Gratitude; because, tho' he might intend it well, it will not be found, upon due Examination, to be a real Foundation for this Sort of Charity; as the lower Part of Mankind will not be fuppofed to exert their Industry in the Supplies of their own Neceffities and our Conveniences from any uncommon Motives of Good-will towards thofe on whom they depend. I very much doubt too, whether the ingenious Foundation of Justice and civil Property, which this fuperior Writer has contrived (p. 18.) to deduce from the uncultivated Bounty of the Creator, will hold. It was a Thought out of the Way and new, which would look great and uncommon. The following Observation too, that common and medicinal Things are, therefore, unappropriate and free, is only furprifing and new, not true and juft: For, furely, Property is the fame in ufeful and ufelefs Things; only their little Ufe or common Plenty makes them of small Value in the Account of Property, however excellent and beneficial they may otherwife be; which fhews, indeed, the Wisdom and Goodness of Providence, but not the Nature of Property. This, therefore, I take to be only a bold Whim of this wonderful Writer. Perhaps these Inventions were well defign'd to ferve as Motives of Charity to fome of his Hearers, who might be pleased and affected with fuch new and curious Fancies; and they are mixed with very good and useful ones, fuch particularly as that of the greater Merit of the debilitated Poor (p. 20.) than of the diftemper'd Rich.

But thefe Miftakes or Affectations are not of much Confequence. The main Design and profeffed Opinion of this Performance is what gives Offence to every good Man, and to all fuch Chriftians as have the Truth and Excellency of their Religion at Heart.When a Man, under the Character of a Christian Divine, in great Superiority of Learning and Skill, pretends to lay down important Principles of Religion, which

affect

*ffect the Ground and Foundation of all moral Virtue, tend to condem the Practice of Reafon in all Ages, and to confound the Judgment and Zeal of the best Chriftians; it is Time to take Notice of fuch a Writer, and not to fuffer the magifterial Dictates of Sophiftry and affected Orthodoxy to impose.

This Reverend Divine takes his Text in the 5th Chapter of Matthew and the 16th Verfe, Let your Light fo fbine before Men, that they mag Jee your good Works and glorify your Father which is in Heaven; and then very gravely and roundly introduces his Subject by obferving, that our Saviour bad in the foregoing Chapter delivered to bis Followers the great Principles of the Gospel Difpenfation, about the Unity of God, the loft and mortal Condition of Adam, bis Redemption and Reftoration to Life and Immortality by Faith in the Meffiah. Now I muft declare, that I have carefully read over this fame foregoing Chapter, and what goes before the Text in the 5th, and find not one Word about these Principles and Doctrines; nor any Thing but the Recommendation of chriftian Virtues; and tho' this ingenious Divine adds, that having thus taught them what they were to believe, He proceeds, &c. I do not obferve, that our Saviour fays any thing about believing, or uses any Art of learned Difpofition, as our Author calls it, but the plain Words of common Senfe and Reason, to direct and perfuade to the Practice of moral Virtues.

But these bold Affertions and falfe Representations are not made from mere Superiority or wanton Affectation of Novelty; as a Reader only acquainted with the Temper and Character of our Author might eafily fancy: They are defigned to introduce and fupport a new Meaning to 'the Word Light in the Text; which is, it feems, to mean Knowledge; altho' this was never before thought to be the Senfe: Nor, indeed, in the Nature of Things, can Men's Principles be feen by their Actions. Their Integrity, Virtue and Honefty may indeed appear from their general Conduct and Behaviour; and thus they may be known by their Fruits; a good or corrupt Heart being plainly indicated by honeft or difhoneft Actions: But how to find out what a Man believes or knows, by what he does, is pretty hard to conceive. The Light that good Men afford to the World was always understood to be their good Works and Example, whereby only they can glorify God; not by any Speculations or profess'd Principles.

But the great Point of all which our Author has aim'd at, and for the Sake of which all these ingenious Contrivances have been invented, was the fine Comparison of his chriftian good Works with thofe of any ancient or modern Philofophy: They are fuch, it feems (p. 11.) as from cohence Glory to God might refult; or, as he afterwards explains them at large, fuch as Christians acknowledge to be the Agency of God in them.

This, indeed, looks fo grofs and abfurd, that it will require fome Evidence from the Words of this extraordinary Author. Thus he fays (p. 12.) that of ourselves, and without the Affiftance of Heaven, we can do no good Works, not meaning the neceflary Dependence of the Creature on God for all its Capacities; for then it would have ferved as well for bad Works. God, therefore, fays he (ibid.) being the immediate Gi wer of this Grace; or, as he might as well have faid, the Performer of thefe good Works (for no otherwife can ear good Actions be the