OCCUPATIONS, WITH NUMBER AND WAGES OF EMPLOYÉS, BY INDUSTRIES-Cont'd. NOTE. This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establishments investigated by the Bureau. See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226.

OCCUPATIONS, WITH NUMBER AND WAGES OF EMPLOYÉS, BY INDUSTRIES-Cont'd. NOTE. This table is not a complete exhibit for industries or states, but covers only establishments investigated by the Bureau See page 91, also summaries, pages 143 to 226.

APPENDIX B.

EARNINGS AND EXPENSES OF WAGE RECEIVERS IN EUROPE.

NOTE.-With reference to these family budgets, etc., see page 242.

ITALY.

REMARKS.-The condition of the laboring class in Italy, especially in the southern portion of the state, is one of extreme poverty and hardship. The habitation of the ·laborer and the mechanic is generally a room in a damp, ill-smelling building, ou a street ten or fifteen feet wide, and rarely visited by the sun by reason of the height of the buildings on either side. Economy is practised such as prevails in few other countries. The coffee grounds from the wealthy man's kitchen are dried and resold to the poor. In a similar way oil is twice and sometimes three times used, the drippings, after successive fryings, being gathered from the pan and sold to the poor. There are markets of second-hand articles of food and clothing. Old shoes, hats, clothes, candleends, dried coffee grounds, second-hand oil, etc., are spread out upon the broad stones of the plaza, or square of a town, and it is in such places, to a considerable extent, that the workingman buys his supplies. In Lombardy and Tuscany a slightly better condition is becoming apparent. The general character of the workman's surroundings is superior to that of the workman in other sections of the state. Some of the manufacturers of Milan have recently taken a step toward the improvement of the habitations of their operatives.

Owing to the high octroi, or gate tax, prevailing in all cities and towns, the cost of living is from 20 to 25 per cent. greater in towns than in villages and in the country without the walls of towns. On this account a considerable portion of hand-machine manufacturing (such as weaving, spinning, etc.), is carried on in villages and rural districts. To bring a quart of wine into Milan costs the laborer 2 cents; a chicken or goose, 3 cents; bread is taxed about 20 per cent., and milk and some other articles of food at a similar rate. The tax at the gates of other cities will average the same as that at Milan. The making of iron bedsteads is an occupation constantly encountered. These bedsteads are in almost universal use among the lower classes, and also to a great extent among the middle and upper classes. The beds are manufactured, as a rule, in the dwelling of the workman-usually a room from 15 to 20 feet square, level with the street, with no windows, the insufficient light coming in through the door opening into a narrow street. In favorable weather the workman sets his tools and bench upon the street in front of his room, and works there.

No. 1. IRON-BEDSTEAD MAKER-NAPLES.

Condition.--Family numbers six: Parents, son aged 18, son aged 16, children aged 12

and 7.

Diet.-Breakfast: Coffee or wine, black bread. Dinner: Macaroni, beef stew, or tripe, potatoes, funnochio (a), wine, bread. Supper: Coffee or wine, and bread; sometimes macaroni.

a Funnochio is a kind of rank or coarse celery, very much in favor with Southern Italians

411

Average cost of supper

Cost of food per day

Earnings

No. 2. IRON-BEDSTEAD MAKER-NAPLES.

Condition. Single man, about 25; is skilled workman. Sleeps in a lodging house with from fifteen to twenty others in the room; surroundings damp; no window; has never been to school, but can read a little; gets his meals at cheap macaroni eating houses. Diet.-Breakfast: Bread and oil, or funnochio, eaten on the way to work. Dinner: Macaroni, tripe, or beef hash, red wine, and bread. Supper: Wine or coffee, and bread.

Average cost of breakfast

Average cost of dinner.

$0.06

14

6

26

$150 00

Cost of Living.

Condition.-Family of five: Parents, brother of wife, and two children, aged 4 and 5. Occupy a room in dingy house on a dark, narrow street. A cheap curtain divides it into one large and one small compartment; brother occupies small compartment, parents and children sleep in large part. During the day the beds are rolled up and stacked in one corner, and work carried on in sleeping room. The father is a good workman and earns on an average 70 cents per working day. The mother cooks, cares for the children, and

does a little washing. Family are saving to emigrate to the United States.

Diet.-Breakfast: Coffee, milk, bread.

Dinner: Wine, macaroni or rice, tomatoes,

bread, occasionally dried figs, chestnuts, onions, tripe, fish, etc. Supper: Coffee, milk,

Condition.-Family of four: Parents, wife's sister, and child, aged 6.

Work is carried

Habitation of

on in a large basement, poorly lighted. Twelve hand looms, earth floor. family consists of one room in tenement house, up one flight of crooked stairs, paved with brick, with large open chimney in which cooking is done. Principal fuel is brushwood gathered by child, and at odd hours and on Sundays by the mother. The family all sleep in one room. The husband and wife and sister work at looms, making each from ten to twelve yards per day, and earning each from 25 to 35 cents per day. ers brushwood, also begs.

Child gath

$105 00 72.50 72 50

250 00

$6.50

$12 00 Shoes

Condition.-Family of five: Parents, two children, 5 and 6 years of age, and mother of the father. Parents work at hand looms, the grandmother spins (at home), attends to the children, and to two goats, the milk of the goats being sold at 4 cents per quart. Occupy a room with earth floor, on a level with the ground; room divided into two compartments. Weaving room on same street, up a steep hill; only six looms; level of room three feet below level of the street; no windows, lighted by the door.

a Item for coffee always includes the milk and sugar used in coffee. The Italian laborer uses a good deal of milk in his coffee. The sugar used is mostly beet sugar imported from France or Ger. many,