b. Of the Osage.-1. Konzas. 2. Missouris. 3. Ottos. 4. Omahaws. 5. Puncas. 6. Ioways. 7. Quappas. 8. Osage Proper.

The Sioux is the third great division of the North American Indians, and it is the division which comprises the tribes of the interior, of the Far West in opposition to the sea-coast, of the prairie country in opposition to the tracts that are or have been forest, and of the foot of the Rocky Mountains. The country of the buffalo is shared between them and the Western Algonkins.

Broadly speaking, we may say between these three nations the basins of all the feeders of the Upper Mississippi are distributed: the exceptions being insignificant. This they have and more; since the Canadian population is, in great part, Algonkin.

The Sioux tribes are essentially inland or continental.

CATAWBA.

Locality. The Santee, or Catawba River, in North Carolina.

WOCCOON.

Locality.-North Carolina. Extinct.

The Catawba and Woccoon languages, which are allied to each other, probably represent those aboriginal languages of North Carolina, which were not of the Algonkin class.

Besides these, however, there occur the following names, concerning which we only know that they belonged to North Carolina. The extent to which they spoke mutually unintelligible dialects is uncertain. 1. Cheraws; 2. Waterees; 3. Congarees; 4. Enoes ;(?) 5. Sewees; 6. Santees; 7. Wyniaws; 8. Waxsaws; 9. Esaws; 10. Toteros; 11. Keyauwees; 12. Sissispahaws; 13. Machapanga; 14. Connamox; 15. Coramines; 16. Chowans; 17. Wyanokes; 18. Sawara.

Add to these for South Carolina :-1. The Saluda; 2. Stonoes; 3. Edistoes; 4. Westoes; 5. Yamassees.

• Marked (?) because we find Anies amongst the Iroquois (p. 333), and Inies amongst the Caddos.

:

This indicates a new branch of research, viz. the ethnology of the extinct tribes; and the extent to which it may be carried in the way of minute investigation is shown by the length of the list of the divisions or sub-divisions of the population of the Carolinas alone. It is nearly as long for the original colony of Virginia, where the first settlers mention amongst others

1. Kecoughtans.-At the mouth of James River. A colony of this people was transplanted by Powhattan in 1608 to the banks of the Montgomery.

2. Paspaheghes.-James River, just above the Kecough

tans.

3. Arrohatecks.-James River, just above the Paspaheghes.

4, 5, 6, 7, 8.—Appamatucks, Quiyoughcohanocks, Warraskoyacks, Nandsamunds, Chesapeaks.-All on the southeast side of James River. On York River we find the names of Youghtamund and Mattapament; but whether these be the names of districts, or of tribes, is uncertain.

9. The Bocootawwonaukes.-So called by the Powhattans, situated to the north-east of the Falls, and said to smelt copper and other metals.

-

10, 11, 12.—Indians of the Rappahannock. — In the high-country at its head-waters the Mannahoacks, the Cuttatawoman (?), the Nandtaughtacund; these last numbering 150 men.

13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21.-Indians of the Potomack.-The Wighcocomoco with 100 fighting men; the Cekakawwon with 30; the Onawmament with 100; the Satawomeck with 160; the Taxenent with 40; the Potapoco with 20; the Pamacoack with 60; the Moyoones with 100; and, lastly, Nacothtank with 80.

22, 23, 24.—Indians of the Pawtuxunt.-The Aquinta

nacsuck, the Pawtuxunt, and Mattapament. Number of fighting men about 200.

Besides the following are mentioned as surrounding the Powhattan's territories

1. The Chawonocks, bounded on the north by

2. The Mangoangs.

3. The Mannohocks conterminous with the Mannoacks.

4. The Acquanachuk.

5. The Tockwoghs.

6. The Nuskarawaok.

Of all these there is the special evidence of Strachey, from Captain Smith, that none understand each other except by interpreters; an observation which applies to the Monacans and Susquehannas as well.

Besides these names we collect from the map the additional ones of the (1) Massawomecks, and (2) Kuskarawaoks.

Some of these spread northward, and represented part of the population of the Northern States (which, however, was chiefly Minsi), just as some of the Carolina tribes reached into Florida. Still, the great number of subdivisions, for comparatively small areas, constitutes one of the difficulties of American ethnology. For none of these lost families do we possess vocabularies; so that, although from external evidence we are sometimes able to give them an ethnological position, the evidence is not conclusive. That conclusive evidence is necessary, and that we can by no means at once assume any given tribe to be Algonkin, simply because it is within the Algonkin area, is well known to every investigator for these parts.

Again, not only have whole tribes become extinct since the settlement of Europeans, but at the very beginning of the American historical period, tribes were found mutually

exterminating each other. The empire of Powhattan was founded upon the annihilation of some tribes, and the incorporation of others. The Huron Iroquois were nearly extinguished by the Five Nations. The Mandans, within the last decennium, after being thinned and weakened by the small-pox, were, as a separate tribe, destroyed by the Sioux, who incorporated with themselves those who were not killed in the attack.

The Catawbas and Waxas are said to have flattened the head.

THE CHEROKEES.

Locality.-Valley of the Tennessee River.

Conterminous with the Southern Algonkins, the Southern Iroquois, the Catawbas, and the Choctahs.

The Cherokee is one of the few so-called savage nations which is increasing, and not decreasing, in numbers. It is, also, the most industrial of all the American families; the Cherokee landholder having, in some cases, as much as five hundred acres under tillage, and possessing slaves as well. Lastly, a native Cherokee has reduced the language to writing—the alphabet (which will be noticed in the sequel) being syllabic.

THE CHOCTAHS.

Area. Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, parts of Louisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee.

Bounded by the Mississippi, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic, the Catawba, the Cherokee, and the South Algonkin areas.

Divisions.-a. Choctahs b. Muscogulges, Muskohges, or Creeks.

Sub-divisions.-a. Of the Choctahs, the Chikkasahs. b. Of the Creeks, the Hitchittee and Seminoles.

The Choctahs flatten the head.

The Choctah civilization is partially industrial, differing but little from that of the Cherokee.

The Choctah family has, probably, been a family of

encroaching area, the population which it displaced being represented by-

Locality. The Coosa River.

THE UCHÉ.

Synonym.-Probably the Apalaches of De Soto.

Language as known from a single vocabulary, peculiar.

Also by-

THE COOSADA.

Conterminous with the Uché, and said to speak a peculiar language, but which is not known from any vocabulary.

Also by

THE ALIBAMONS.

Conterminous with the Uché, and said to speak a peculiar language; but which is not known from any vocabulary.

We now see that a separate group of tribes or families, aboriginal to Florida, but now replaced by Creeks, has existed within a recent period.

We also see that these groups may have been as many as three in number; since it by no means follows that, because the Uché, Coosadas, and Alibamons are different from the Choctahs, they must be allied to each other.

Again, one or more of the extinct tribes of South Carolina may have been an element (and a fresh one too) in the population of Florida. That such was the case with the Yamassis is almost certain, since they were destroyed by the Seminoles during the last century.

Hence, when we hear that the Creek confederacy was formed upon either the extermination or incorporation of fifteen families, we have a measure of the multiform character of the ethnology of Florida and Alabama.

CADDOS.

Locality-Between the rivers Mississippi and Sabine.

Language.-Known by a vocabulary. Not closely connected with any other. Most like the Cherokee.

The provisional character of all these groups has been