Theological and Literary Intelligence.

THE SEPTUAGINT.-The new edition of the Septuagint, published at Oxford, pp. 1090, is described as altogether the best extant. The editor, Frederick Field, A.M., is favorably known by his edition of Chrysostom's Homilies. The work is issued under the auspices of the Foreign Translation Committee of the Christian Knowledge Society. The plan pursued has been to follow the Alexandrian text as found in the Moscow edition of 1821; to separate the canonical books from the Apocrypha; to bring the chapters and verses of the Septuagint into the order of the Hebrew, (a very great improvement;) and to supply deficiencies from existing MSS. No previous edition has attempted so much. The alterations, too, have been made in such a way that the student can still learn how the text previously stood. The Society, in their report, say: "This edition of the Septuagint was undertaken five years ago, to produce a text that might be serviceable to Biblical students at home, and also acceptable to the Greek Church, for whose benefit the Committee had already printed an edition of the Septuagint at Athens. The Athens edition, in four volumes, was printed from the Moscow edition, which was the one in common use in the East, and consequently might be considered as exhibiting the authorized text of the Greek Church; and with the ready and entire approval of the Synod of Attica in this reprint of the text under their own superintendence, the apocryphal were separated from the canonical books, and formed the fourth volume of the work." With regard to the text in the new edition, they say: "No pains have been spared to render it as satisfactory as possible." Mr. Field was well supplied with all needful means and appliances. Besides his own resources, the University library, and the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, afforded him important helps. Through the very liberal kindness of the Trustees of the British Museum, the Committee were enabled, without cost, to provide him with a copy of Mr. Baber's fac-simile of the Codex Alexandrinus; and wherever, in the course of his labors, there appeared to be any reason to question the accuracy of Mr. Baber's work, the original Codex was carefully examined. No previous edition has been so carefully prepared; even that of Tischendorf, in 1850, did not attempt to supply the deficiencies and correct the manifest errors of the old Vatican copy.

Dr. Constantine Tischendorf has returned from his eastern literary journey with a rich harvest of manuscripts. Besides the one of which we gave an account in the last number of the REVIEW, he has twelve palimpsests, several of which are Syriac MSS. written over Greek-Coptic MSS. of a high antiquity. He also has several Greek Uncial MSS., and Arabic, Syriac, Coptic, Abyssinian, Hebrew, and Arme

nian MSS., besides papyrus rolls from Egypt. They are the property of the Rus-. sian government, by which he was sent on this expedition.

The Ignatian Controversy. - German scholars are more and more inclined to accept the general positions of Cureton in respect to the Syriac version of the Ignatian Epistles, viz. that in the three shorter Syriac epistles we have the original frame-work of the epistles, and that the seven were elaborated out of these three. During the last year, Dr. Lipsius has published essays on this subject, and Prof. Dr. Weiss has continued his investigations in the Deutsche Zeitschrift, Nov. 1859. The school of Baur rejected even the three; Denzinger and Uhlhorn still defend the seven; Ritschl, Bunsen, Lipsius and Weiss advocate the claims of the three Syriac. It has been shown that all the citations before Eusebius, viz., in Irenæus, Theophilus and Origen, are in the Syriac recension. Eusebius is the first one who speaks of seven epistles. Lipsius has further shown that Jerome could not have read Ignatius, and that Chrysostom and the monk Johannes knew only what is found in the Syriac recension, and that the use of the seven epistles can be traced only to Theodoretus. The MSS. of Cureton belong to the sixth or seventh century. Lipsius thinks it probable that the original MS. of the two first epistles is from the last part of the fourth century, and that of the third from the first half of the fifth century. At the close of his critical investigations, Lipsius also gives a newlyrevised text of what he supposes to have been the original Greek.

Oriental Literature in Germany.-The Vienna correspondent of the New-York Tribune, under date Sept. 20, 1859, gives an interesting account of various publications, in the press or projected, upon oriental literature. Dr. F W. A. Bernhauer, of the imperial library in Vienna, though only thirty-two years of age, takes a high position among the orientalists. His first publication was a German version of "The Forty Viziers," in 1851, and he is now preparing an edition of the original, with a glossary and notes. In 1857 he published, with A. T. Berlitzch, the first part of a work on the Sources of Servian History; "a country in which, I believe, our own distinguished authoress, Mrs. Robinson, was the first to awaken an interest in Western Europe by her collection of its songs and poetry." This first part was a history of the battle on the river Marezza, in the fourteenth century, under Murad I.: the second part, in preparation, will "contain an account of the battle of Angora in the original Persian text, with German and Servian translations excerpted from the Zafername, or Book of Victory, a biography of Timur the Tartar, or Tamerlane." Another work, which he is now publishing, is The Book of the Two Gardens, or News of Two Governments, biographies of the Sultans Nouraddin and Saladin, by the Shafütan, Abu Shamäh, of the thirteenth century. This work is now appearing in the feuilleton of an Arabic newspaper of Beirût. In the Journal Asiatique he is also publishing an essay on the Police System of the Arabs, Persians and Turks in the thirteenth century with reference to the office of Muhtasib, or superintendent of markets and police. Another work upon which he is engaged is a biography of Solyman the Magnificent, compiled from original MSS. and documents. A part of this, viz., extracts from the daily journal of Solyman's campaign in Hungary, in 1528, against the Emperor Ferdinand, and to reïnstate Zapolya, was printed last year as a present to the Philological Congress which met at Vienna. It is said to be the only MS. copy in existence, and made a part of Von Hammer's collection. Dr. Bernhauer is also employed upon an edition of the

. Risála Gahwarijja of Ibn Zaidun, vizier of Cordova in the eleventh century, and in the front rank of the Spanish-Moorish poets. This Risala is a memorial addressed by him in person to Ibn Gahwar, Dictator of Cordova; full of materials illustrating the history and poetry of the Mohammedans. It was edited in the fourteenth century by an Arabic philologist, Salahadin as-Safadi; and in 1831, Prof. Meyers, of Leyden, published a specimen of it. It is to be issued by Brockhaus, of Leipsic, edited from various MSS.

Prof. Gustav Weil has published volume 1 of a History of the Abassides Caliphs of Egypt, a continuation of his general History of the Moslem Caliphs. The period is that of the wars of the Crusaders in Egypt.

Forgeries of John Bunyan.-Some Roman Catholic writers have recently revived the often disproved allegation, that Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress is a forgery copied from an old Popish work on Popery. Mr. George Offor, the editor of Bunyan, and familiar with all the literature, sets the matter again at rest. The work in question is De Guileville's Pilgrimage of the Soul, translated and printed by Caxton in 1483; he also wrote the Pilgrimage of Man, printed by Fawkes in 1505. These are but parts of the full work of De Guileville, which was styled Le Romant des trois Pelerinages; besides the above two, the only ones translated, the third pilgrimage was "that of our Lord Jesus Christ." The book was written in 1330, and printed at Lyons in 1485. This Pilgrimage of the Soul, of which Mr. Offor gives an analysis in his introduction to Bunyan, " commences where Bunyan ends, and shows the soul's horrid estate for thousands of years in purgatory, until released on the intercession of the Virgin Mary." The late Mr. Nathaniel Hill, who had studied this literature very fully, says that De Guileville's Pilgrimage of Man is really the work which Bunyan's most resembles; but "that the allegory which becomes in the hands of Bunyan a fascinating narrative full of vitality and Christian doctrine, is, in the work of De Guileville only a cold and lifeless dialogue between abstract and unembodied qualities." This Pilgrimage of the Soul has been translated anew by Miss Catharine Isabella Cust. Guillaume de Guileville's Second Pilgrimage, entitled, The Booke of the Pylgrymage of the Sowle, translated (as is supposed) from the French by Lydgate, an. 1413, and printed by Caxton, an. 1483, with illuminations from the MS. copy in the British Museum.

Researches and Discoveries in the Levant, by Charles Newton, is announced in one volume; Bentley. The most remarkable part of the work is the account of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus discovered by him, the remains of which are now in the British Museum.

Alexandrine Codex: Codex A.-The Messrs. Trübner have issued proposals for the publication of an accurate edition of this valuable Codex, ascribed to the fifth century. The missing portions, viz., Matt. 1:1 to 25: 6, John 6: 50 to 8:52, 2 Cor. 4: 13 to 12 : 6, will be supplied. It is to be reproduced in modern type, but retaining its peculiar orthography with the exception of contractions. This MS. was given to Charles I. in 1628 by Cyril Lucaris, then Patriarch of Alexandria and afterwards of Constantinople. It is in the British Museum. A fac-simile was published by Woide in 1786: the Old Testament by Baber, 1819. It has nine thousand variations from the text of Mill, including peculiarities of orthography. Marococordato, a member of the Commission for the reduction of the Civil Code

of Greece, has published in modern Greek a History of Russian Legislation from the most remote to the most recent times.

Dschevdet Effendi has just published at Constantinople the first four volumes of his History of Turkey, and the work is reported to sell well. Events are traced in these volumes down to the beginning of the eighteenth century.

The Bohemian dramatist, Wenzel Klicpera, died at Prague, Sept. 15, 1859. The archduke Ferdinand Max, of Austria, son-in-law of Leopold of Belgium, has published six volumes of Travels in Greece, Italy, etc., for private circulation.

The Society of the Hague for the Defence of the Christian Religion has awarded to A. Reville, pastor of the Wallon church at Rotterdam, its prize for the best essay on the Gospel of Matthew in Relation to the Logia of the presbyter Johannes, mentioned by Papias and Eusebius. Among the topics proposed for future prizes are: A History of the Doctrine of Moral Freedom; A History of Materialism, with the Causes thereof; on the Doctrine of Immortality; An Examination of the Views of the School of Tübingen; on the Development and Influence of the Idea of Sin; and a Critical Investigation of the Contents of the Talmud. Each prize is of four hundred guilders. Communications to D. W. A. van Hangel, in Leyden.

The fourth volume of the Bibliographical Notices of all the Works by Jesuit Writers, edited by Augustin and Alois de Becker, has been published at Liege. This publication was begun in 1853.

The Theologia Dogmatica of Archbishop Kenrick, of Baltimore, is now in the course of republication at Malines, Belgium, in 3 vols. 8vo.

A full History of the Raskolniks, or Russian Dissenters, has been published at St. Petersburgh by Schtschapoff. It embraces a sketch of the Russian Church during the seventeenth and a part of the eighteenth century. These dissenters are now treated with great leniency; the government protects them from local persecution. The Emperor has issued an edict, obliging the bishops of the Greek Church to consecrate the bishops and priests of these dissenters.

A Swedish theologian, Petreii, has made a new discovery about the number 666 in Rev. 13:18. He proves that it applies to the Mormon, Joseph Smith. In Hebrew, the letters of Smith's name just make out the number. Joseph Smith is the "beast" and the "false prophet." Those curious in such matters will find the evidence in a letter of Dr. Heinnordh, of Linköping, to Prof. J. P. Lange, published in the Deutsche Zeitschrift, Sept. 24, 1859.

The sixth volume of Ausbrialav's History of Peter the Great is announced at St. Petersburg. It is said to be very full on that hitherto obscure point, the condemnation of the Cæserewitch Alexis; all the papers about this event having been put at the disposal of the author by the Russian government.

The Provisional Government of Tuscany has appointed a Commission to prepare a complete edition of the works of Macchiavelli.

GERMANY.

CARL RITTER, the great scientific geographer, died in Berlin, Sept. 28, 1859. He was born in Quedlinburg, Aug. 7, 1779; the third son of a physician of high repute. His academical education was in the University of Halle. The lectures of Forster,

who had circumnavigated the globe, early turned his attention to that branch of science, in which he attained such eminence. Among his earlier works were charts of Europe, in relief. In 1807 he published, in two vols., a Geographical and Statis tical Picture of Europe. The first volume of his great work, The Knowledge of the Earth in Relation to Nature and History, appeared in 1815. In 1820, he became Professor at Berlin. In 1820, he wrote on The History of the European Nations before Herodotus. Various essays, which he read before the Academy of Sciences have been collected in a volume. Of his larger work, the twenty-fourth volume was published two months before his death. They have given a new character to geographical investigations; and all his writings serve to illustrate the harmony between science and religion. Trained in the most exact methods of science, he was also a humble, devout Christian. In his work on Asia and Africa, he often incidentally refers to the need and value of missionary enterprises. Palestine, especially, was a favorite subject with him; and he loved to show "that the union of the greatest contrasts, as to its position in relation to the rest of the world, is a characteristic peculiarity of the Holy Land." In no writings of the century have nature, geography, history, civilization, and religion, in their mutual relations, and as forming together one whole, been so clearly and impressively exhibited.

F. Wolf's Studies on the History of the Spanish and Portuguese Literature, have boen issued by Asher, of Berlin in a large volume of 747 pages, 4 Thlr. This is the most thorough work upon the subject in the German language; the author has spent upon it many years of labor.

An interesting addition to Melancthon's biography is given in a small work of Dr. L. Kock, on Melancthon's Schola Privata, a private class, by which the Reformer bad, to eke out his salary, which was at first only one hundred florins. It gives interesting sketches of his private life, and of the thrift and care of his wife, Katharina Krapp. This school continued for ten years. "Melancthon was a born pedagogue," says the author, and justifies the position by the details about his course of instruction and method of discipline.

Dr. Hagenbach's valuable work on the Lives and Writings of the Fathers and Founders of the Reformed Church, is continued in the Biographies of John (Ecolampadius and of Oswald Myconius, the Reformers of Basle, by Hagenbach. The work also contains full extracts from their writings.

Brockhaus, of Leipzig, has just published a work on the Philosophy of the Beautiful and its Realization in Nature, Mind and Art, by Moritz Carriere, which is highly commended by the critics.

A work has been published at Leipsic, on Empedocles and the Egyptians, by August Gladisch, illustrated and confirmed by the Notes and Criticisms of Dr. H. Brügsch and Jos. Passalacqua, to show that Empedocles had the Egyptian views and philosophy. Other similar researches have endeavored to trace the views of Pythagoras to China, of Heraclitus to Zoroaster, of the Eleatics to the East-Indians, and of Anaxagoras to the Israelites.

The Jahrbücher für deutsche Theologie, Heft iv. 1859, has the second part of Bertheau's article (pp. 595-685) on the Old Testament Prophecy of the Glory of the Kingdom of Israel in its own Land; a careful review and criticism of all the passages bearing on this subject. Weizsäcker contributes an essay on the characteristics of the Gospel of John, (pp. 685-768,) in view of the recent discussions. Baxman re