School, was struck from the list of the Fathers of the Oratory, and driven an exile to Amsterdam, where he died.

In February, 1712, a year after the cemetery sacrilege, Clement XI. directed five cardinals and eleven theologians to take in hand the Reflexeons Morales. A year and a half, twice a week in the latter part of the time, the Pope himself presiding, they met. It was a tough task. The New Testament interpreted in any honesty could be no very easy work for such men to permit to live, and yet destroy, as they mustdo at the same time.

September 3, 1713, the famous Constitution Unigenitus appeared. One hundred and one propositions taken from Quesnel were condemned. This stroke, so damaging then, and until now, to the papacy, rejected and abhorred by a vast portion of the Church, belongs, it is said, to Louis XIV. Madame de Maintenon, and the Jesuit Confessor, Le Pellier, and the odd 101 propositions, it is said, were to make good Pellier's pledge to show more than a hundred heresies in Quesnel.

Contempt and rejection met this very foolish decree, and added numbers to the condemned party. The death of Louis, two years after, and the reäction from so much violence, led the French clergy by a majority to appeal from the decree of the Pope to a General Council. Space is wanting to tell the story of this memorable appeal, but the Pope in determined displeasure issued his bull, cutting off all appellants from the church! In varying success the conflict went on a few years, when by compromise, and lack of genuine principle, the party was much weakened. The fickle nation which had been its chief theatre got tired of the name, and of the contentions which distinguished it.

The time of decline had visibly overtaken Jansenism. The world was too far in advance of its highest positions for truth, to leave to them the distinctions of reform, or hope of becoming a reforming power in the church. The popery outgrew the piety of the sect; and in 1727 began a process which speedily tarnished its glory. A saint died, and a story of miracles soon distinguished his tomb. Rollin, the historian, believed in the curative power of his grave; and other names

of distinction gave credit to them. Throngs of men and women hovered on the spot; and soon revolting fanaticism, foaming at the mouth, tearing the hair, groans, hysterics, frightful convulsions, made up the scenes. So gross and revolting became the frenzy, that the King closed the cemetery, and dispersed the crowds. But this was the natural blossom of the popery in the system. It had mastered all the better elements there, and speedily this miracle-madness spread through the portions of the church which had favored Jansenism. The Convulsionaries, Naturalists, Figurists, and other classes which arose out of that last phase of the sect, ruined its good name among men, and merged its prospects in the foul waves of its original Romanism.

A feeble outcast remnant of the ancient school remain, known as the Church of Holland, or of Utrecht, which city is the seat of the Archbishop. Since 1724, nineteen bishops have been consecrated in the three dioceses, and all but one of them have been formally excommunicated by the Court of Rome. Steadily they have dwindled. Three hundred priests were numbered with the leader. Not more than thirty are found now. Two of the three colleges once held by this Church have been wrested from them, "by robbery," as they judge it. But the original temper of resistance to papal tyranny showed itself, in the unanimous rejection of the bull Ineffabilis. A somewhat scriptural protest is on record, signed by the Archbishop and the two Bishops, in September, 1856, against that foolish decree.

This decay is true of the organization only, for all writers agree that the essential doctrine of Jansen is widely diffused through the papal church. All over Europe its secret adherents are spread. Indeed the whole resistance to papal tyranny found in the church, is charged by Romish writers to the spirit of this ancient heresy.

This history is explicit in a few instructions as to the Roman Catholic church.

One is, as before named, that all attempts to reform that Church, and to remain in the Church at the same time, will ut

terly fail. A fairer trial never has been made, never will be made, than this of Jansen and his coädjutors. Born and bred a son of the Church, a scholar, with a mind of rare gifts, winning to himself very eminent and choice connections, a foe to Protestantism, as he saw it, writing powerfully against it, planning, with devout impulses a sphere of piety which would have quickened all that was truly good in the Romish Church and added immensely to her spiritual efficiency among man; but, fatally mistaking the unchangeable enmity of the Papacy to every form of truth, historic and scientific, no less than moral, he tarried within her pale, and behold his fate! Reform within her is impossible. "Come ye out from among them, be ye separate," is the only possible path to any true "life in Christ with God," for those in that Church. A quenchless, fatal hostility pursues any attempt to make salvation by grace, to have redemption through our Lord Jesus Christ. And more and more does it become so, as Romanism perfects its system. Its vital doctrine of Papal supremacy, must hold the conditions, as well as the final disposal, of salvation and of doom. Its claim profanely robs the Godhead of power and right to say how men shall be saved, transfers to its own foul heart the control of the "way, by which men might be saved," and the adjustment of their doom. It is thus an organic usurpation of the Divine government over men.

Logically, therefore, any plan of salvation aside from hers, is fatal to that supremacy, and must be crushed by it. Why did not Jansen and the Port Royalists discern this? Partly because this awful arrogance of the system had not perfected itself in their day as in ours. But theirs, as every other like attempt, failed, because the fact, that the corruptions of that church are so consolidated that any genuine reform would explode the mass, is forgotten. Such new wine cannot be put in such a bottle. The rents in the old garment are made. worse and worse by every new piece fastened in it. They must not be introduced.

The attempts of Cardinal Carranza; of Hermes, professor of theology at Bonn; and of that great movement under Joseph II. of Austria; the similar attempt by the Bishop of Treves; and

the more modern movement under Ronge, all alike followed the fate of the Port Royalists. Lingering in the arms of their fascinating, treacherous mother, each one in turn was crushed to death as soon as they took distinct position against papal supremacy, whether by adopting some cardinal doctrine or by open avowal of resistance.

Other wisdom for Protestants is found, in noticing the place given to Jesuitism in this history. It plainly is the organic and vital working force of Romanism. While the latter lives, the former must live. All through these centuries of papal quarrel, the Jesuits invariably prevail, and their opponents fail.

No matter what the quarrel is; though all the world, and every instinct and conviction of men, yea, and all the known facts of the case, are at the outset against them, they are sure of their triumph in the end. It may take years, a score, or century, may need a belt of lies that will girdle the globe, and of crimes to match them; no matter for terms, Jesuitism is never finally worsted.

The Pope must be found with them in the issue, although in reaching it, one infallible decision knocks another into oblivion, and infallible mendacity overlays infallible arrogance time after time. The history we have recited shows this as plainly as the hand upon the dial. The Emperor of France might as safely dissolve his army, recall commissions, sell the muskets and material at auction, as the Pope undertake existence without the Jesuits. The suppression of them was a pretence. 'Twas giving them a few years' recess.

We cannot omit to point Protestant faith and love to the sure way of access to the perishing children of Romanism. It is by preaching salvation by grace; pardon by Christ. It is a blunder of Satan to have concentrated the vitality of this great way of death, so completely in the opposite terms. Salvation, by the Church, through the priesthood, is a short condition. Its great Divine opposite is too easily made to confront it. The grand force of Romanism centres there. The blessed force of the Gospel is just its opposite.

If Jansenism, with all the disadvantages, finally fatal to its

organization, had such power as an embodiment of this doctrine working within the church; what promise belongs to it, when presented by those without the church! out of the reach of Jesuit malignity, of papal inquisition and prohibition!

We pause to ponder with a new surprise that prophecy of Paul to the Thessalonians about "that man of sin (to) be revealed, the son of perdition; who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God."

"Of whom did the prophet speak?"

ART. III.-ENGLISH LEXICOGRAPHY.

By FRANCIS A. MARCH, A.M., Professor of the English Language and Literature,

Easton, Pa.

An American Dictionary of the English Language. By NoлH NOAH WEBSTER, LL.D., etc., etc. Revised and enlarged by Chauncey A. Goodrich, Prof., etc. With pictorial illustrations, synonyms, etc., etc. Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam. 1860.

A Dictionary of the English Language. By JOSEPH E. WORCESTER, LL.D. Boston: Hickling, Swan & Brewer. 1860.

It is said that the dictionary department of the British Museum occupies nearly a mile of shelf-room; a fair proportion of these works are English dictionaries and glossaries, and yet the demand for more is as urgent as ever. There are two reasons for this constant renewal.

The first is the continual change of the language. Mr. Herbert Coleridge has just published a glossarial index to the printed English Literature of the 13th century. It appears as part of the machinery to be used in the preparation. of the complete English Dictionary which is to be published under the care of the Philological Society of London, and it may be relied on as accurate. A writer in one of the German