rally have here an account of the founding and spread of the church in western Europe; an account which is full and satisfactory in reference to almost every country, and is particulary clear when treating of Germany. Perhaps we might wish that more attention had been bestowed upon the early Christians of Britain; yet, even here, the story is far from being defective.

We cannot conclude without expressing our conviction that Dr. Kurtz has rendered the Christian world an important service, by presenting us so skilful, impartial, and thorough a manual of Ecclesiastical History. While its warmest admirers could scarcely maintain that it ought to supersede, on the shelves of our libraries, the great works of Neander and Gieseler, many will undoubtedly regard it as the manual that is best suited to meet the wants of the student. Certainly it stands immeasurably above Mosheim in arrangement, attractiveness of style, and completeness.

(The second of the works named at the head of the article is a translation from the more concise Lehrbuch of the author, the fourth edition of which was published in 1859. The editor says that he has made emendations, correcting Dr. Kurtz's Lutheran opinions; and that he has also omitted some expressions. We think that he should have first given us Dr. Kurtz's; then, had he chosen, he might in notes have added qualifications and explanations. Some parts of the volume have been written by Dr. Edershein himself, as on Wycliffe, the Lollards, Huss, and the English Humanists. Among the more condensed works on Church History, this is undoubtedly one of the very best. The translation reads on the whole well and smoothly. We suppose that it is intended to complete the work to the present times.)

Theological and Literary Intelligence.

A NEW edition of the Greek New Testament has been published at Rome, by the Barnabite Father, Vercellone, on the basis of the Vatican Codex. This is necessary, in consequence of the careless editing of the Codex by Mai, who often did not distinguish between the original readings and the marginal readings by other hands. Vercellone, in his Preface (published in the Annales de Phil. Chrét.), says that it will contain much more than the recent London (printed at Leipsic) edition. The texts added to the MS. to fill up the lacunæ are all carefully noted.

A newspaper in French, Russian, and Armenian, in parallel columns, is published at Theodosia, in the Crimea, edited by an Armenian bishop, Aivasoffski. It is called The Rainbow, and is designed to make the Armenians acquainted with the social and scientific progress of the west of Europe.

Professor Tischendorf's new Sinai Codex is to be issued in 1862, at St. Petersburgh, in 4 folios; the whole will be printed in fac-simile with types founded for the purpose. Twenty photographic plates will reproduce the most interesting pages. The fourth volume will contain Tischendorf's critical history of this important MS.

The Rev. Lewis Grant, American missionary at Umsunduzi, has just completed a Grammar of the Zulu Language." It is printed at the American Mission press, in 8vo, pp. 432. The Natal Mercury highly commends the work as the fruit of patient and extensive research, and most valuable, not only in its bearings on Christian missions, but on the social and political interests of the colony. The local government made a grant of £100 towards defraying the expenses.

Mr. Mayer, of Liverpool, has a papyrus, brought from Thebes, which contains the 19th chapter of Matthew, in Greek uncial character, which sets at rest that part of the 24th verse relating to the passage of a camel through the eye of a needle, which arose from the wrong reading of the Greek text. The manuscript is said to be older than any other Christian document known to exist.

Mr. Herbert Spencer proposes to publish, in quarterly parts, a series of philosophical works, which he has been preparing for some years, under the title "A System of Philosophy." It will comprise one volume on "First Principles;" two on "Biology; two on "Psychology;" three on "Sociology;" and two on "Morality.'

The University of Moscow dates from 1775. It has four faculties, viz.: History and Philology, Natural Philosophy and Mathematics, Law, and Medicine. The number of students is 1,643, of whom 58 belong to the first faculty, 274 to the second, 412 to the third, 899 to the fourth.

Of these, 120 students are supported by the State, 115 by different institutions, and 20 have free stipends; the rest pay 50 silver rubles annually.

That little work, “The Earth and the Stars," published in 1846, in London, and which had such a large sale (10,000 copies of the 7th_edition alone), was written by a German author, Dr. Eberty, Professor in Breslau, who is preparing, it is said, another work in the English language, in the same original style.

The first volume of the unpublished works of friar Roger Bacon, edited by J. S. Brewer, has been published by order of the Master of the Rolls. It contains: 1. Opus Tertium; 2. Opus Minus; 3. Compendium Philosophiæ. The Opus Majus of Bacon was published by Dr. Jebb, from the manuscripts, in 1733.

Dr. Sorgato has published in Padua, since 1856, a work of a peculiar character: Memorials of deceased persons, prepared by their friends, and paid for at the rate of 63 francs the page, elegantly printed; extra copies are furnished at a moderate rate. The publication is styled Memorie funebri antiche e recenti; and it has now reached three vols. of over 300 pages each, containing accounts of nearly 200 persons. It is not for sale in the usual way; but is sent gratis to the libraries of Italy, and some of the chief libraries of other countries. In some special cases, however, it can be bought at the rate of five francs for twenty to twenty-four sheets.

Bishop John Fisher, of Rochester, executed in 1535, under Henry VIII., has found a biographer in Germany, M. Kerker, of Tübingen, who depicts his life, in a volume of 356 pages, as a "Martyr for the Catholic faith."

Our intercourse with the Japanese ambassadors might have been aided by the Japanese Manual, published in Amsterdam, 1859, by M. Leon de Rosny: Manual de la lecture japonaise, à l'usage des voyageurs et des personnes qui veulent s'occuper de l'étude du japonais, 1859, 12mo, 80 pp., with four Tables; price 5 francs. Another Japanese Grammar is announced in Paris, translated from the Dutch of Leon Pages; and a Japanese and French Dictionary, translated by Leon Pages from the one published in 1603 by the Jesuits, at Negaski, "comprising 26,000 articles, with numerous examples."

GREECE.

Gersdorf's Leipziger Repertorium for March, gives some interesting particulars about theologians and theological works published in Greece. The University of Athens was founded in 1837; its theological faculty consisted at first of the three Professors, Apostolides, Pharmakides, and Kontogones; the first educated in Munich, the second in Göttingen, and the last in Leipsic. Apostolides was made Archbishop of Patras in 1852, and was succeeded by Liberopoulos, for some time pastor of the Greek Church in Manchester; after his decease, Dionysius Cleopas took his chair, 1857, but was soon obliged to retire on account of his feeble health; and last year, 1859, Paniagotis Rombotes, who had studied in Athens, Berlin, and St. Petersburg took the post. Pharmakides lectured on the Encyclopædia of Theology; was Secretary of the Holy Synod; and has published many works, among them an edition of the New Testament, in 7 vols., 1842-47, with the commentaries of Euthymius, Oecumenius, Aretas, etc. As Secretary of the Holy Synod, he has had much to do with the ecclesiastical affairs of Greece. His volume on The Synodical Tome, in 1853, did more than any

other work to procure the independence of the Greek Church; it was written to refute the pretensions of the Patriarch of Constantinople. Kontogones still lectures on the New Testament and Church History. He is also the editor of the 'Evayyɛλikdç Kýový (The Evangelical Herald), published monthly at Athens, since 1857. Among its articles have been essays on the Geography of Palestine; the Poetry of the Hebrews; the Genuineness of the Gospels; the Beatitudes; the Persecution of Christians; Appolonius of Tyana; the History of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception; on Predestination against the Calvinists, etc. Kontogones has also published a Manual of Hebrew Archæology, 1844; Introduction to the Bible, 1859; Critical History of the Fathers, 1846, 2d edition, 2 vols., 1851-3. Pharmakides died May 4 of the present year; his funeral oration was pronounced by Kontogones. The Times reports that the Athenian Star of the East, under date of March 19 (31st, United States), 1860, mentions another of those already too frequent and high-handed violations of the guarantees of the Constitution, which proclaims the freedom of religion and religious worship. The Minister of Education insists that the Catechism of the Greek Church shall be taught in every school throughout the kingdom. The application of this arbitrary order in former years broke up the schools of all the American missionaries who refused to submit to it, as being a direct insult to the rights of conscience. Mr. Hildner, of Syria, is the only Protestant missionary who maintains his school without compromise or concession. But now the Roman Catholic "Sisters of Mercy" have received a notification that they must either instruct their pupils in one of the standards of a church which they consider heretical and schismatic, or disband them. 'With unusual consistency, they have chosen the latter alternative.

HOLLAND.

A. Reville, pastor of the Walloon church at Rotterdam, has received the prize proposed by the Hague Society for the Defence of the Christian Religion, for the best essay on the Logia, mentioned by the Presbyter John (according to Papias, in Eusebius Hist. Eccles. III., cap. xxxix.), and its relation to the Gospel of Matthew. This treatise is to be published by the Society. Among the subjects proposed for future prizes are: The Moral Freedom of Man (in view of the Scriptures and philosophy); Materialism, and the Causes of its present revival; the Belief in Personal Immortality, and its connection with Christianity; the Talmud and its contents; the Development and Influence of the Idea of Sin, etc.

BELGIUM..

The Belgic Chamber of Deputies has had a lively discussion upon the grant to the Rev. Fathers who are continuing and completing the famous Acta Sanctorum, begun by the Bollandists in Antwerp, 1643. Up to 1794 53 volumes were published; the work was then interrupted till 1845. The number of volumes for each month averaged six, until Oct. 14; about 18 volumes more would complete the work. One volume was issued in 1845, Oct. 14-17; in 1853 another, Oct. 17-20; the 2d edition of vols. I.-IV. for

Oct., was published in 1859. The usual governmental subsidy has been 6000 francs a year. It was voted again this year, but with the assurance on the part of M. Rogier, President of the Council, "that he would consult competent persons about the utility of the work." The new volumes are published at 35 thalers each.

Louis Jos. de Potter, born in 1786, and deceased the last year at Brügge, Belgium, not only played at one time a conspicuous part in political history, but through his writings had a wide influence. He upheld a liberal Catholicism, in his History of the Principal Councils, 2 vols., 1816 (frequently reprinted); in his Reflections on the History of Councils and Popes, 8 vols., 1821; in his life of Scipio Ricci, bishop of Pistoia, 2 vols.; and his Philosophical, Political, and Critical History of Christianity, 8 vols., 1836. In 1830 he was the leader in the Belgian Revolution, and a member of the Provisional Government, and published his Personal Recollections of it in 1841-43, in two vols. Since the establishment of the Belgian kingdom, he has lived retired from public life. His last work, 1859, was a Dictionary of the Words most used in the Sciences, Philosophy, Politics, Religion, etc.

GERMANY.

The third centennial celebration of the death of Melancthon was commemorated in Germany on the 19th of April. The Prince Regent of Prussia laid in Wittenberg the corner-stone of a monument to be erected to the memory of the Præceptor Germania. The noble edition of his works, begun by Bretschneider, was completed on that day, by the publication of the 28th volume. Among the publications issued is also a good series of the Men of the Reformation, beginning with Wycliffe and Huss, and embracing fifty portraits of the leading minds in this great contest, including their biographies, etc. This is published at 10 thalers the copy. The original edition of Melancthon's Loci Communes, 1521, has been reprinted; this work went through 100 editions in eighty years, besides numerous translations. A vivid and complete view of Melancthon's personal character and influence is given in J. E. Volbeding's Philipp Melancthon, wie er leibte und lebte, including many half-forgotten incidents of his domestic and social career. Other works issued are, H. Heppe, Philip Melancthon, der Lehrer Deutschlands; Wohlfarth, Melancthonbüchlein; M. Meurer, Philip Melancthon's Leben aus den Quellen; A. Planck, a Memorial. At Bretten, in Baden, the birth-place of Melancthon, there was also a celebration, in which the Prelate Ullmann participated. Prof. R. Rothe, of Heidelberg, read an address on Melancthon's theological position, in the aula of the University.

Rud. Reicke, custodian of the Königsberg University library, has published, under the title "Kantiana," a collection of interesting fragments relating to Kant, found in the collection of Prof. Wald; among them is an address of Wald himself, on occasion of Kant's death, never before published; also extracts from a great variety of materials used by Wald in preparing his address, viz. communications from Borowski, Kraus, Schultz, Wannowski, and others who were intimate with the great Teutonic metaphysician.

The 12th volume of "Herzog's Real-Encyclopädie f. Protest. Theologie" comes down to the word Revolution, including the English and the French, and the Puritan movement in England. Julius Köstlin has an able article